This year is the 180th anniversary of the writing of "Hegel French Philosophy"。The research on this work at home and abroad has also achieved fruitful results，Criticism in Hegel National Philosophy、Materialist position change、Political philosophy and their historical status, although it has caused some controversy，But it also reached some consensus。Marx once said，"Task itself，Only when solving its material conditions already exist or at least during the generation process，will produce "。Social practice is continuous development，Under different era conditions，There are also differences in the problem domain we are concerned about。Standing today after 180 years，How to re -understand the academic value and meaning of the times based on the history of thought and the context of the East and the West，Still is a topic worth thinking about。

Double Revolution and the Spirit of the Times: The Context of the Play of the Principles of Law Philosophy。Hobbes Bom once will have the era of Marx's life，Called "the era of revolution" (1789-1848)，That is the era of the British Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution。If the UK conquer the world through the economy，So，France re -reshape the world through politics。Compared with Britain and France，Germany has a "chaos of the times": Britain and France have completed the bourgeois revolution，Germany is still in the feudal system; the UK has completed the industrial revolution，Germany has not yet started; the British -French bourgeois system has exposed various disadvantages，Germany is still struggling to catch up; Britain and France have transformed into society's rule of wealth，And Germany emphasizes that national studies are national economics。So，Compared with Britain and France，Germany is not a contemporary person in world history，but the same passersby in philosophy and thought。As a master of the German classical philosophy，Based on "invisible hands" and "spirit on the horse"，Complete the bet365 best casino games speculation and understanding of the British Economic Revolution and the French Political Revolution，grasped the leading spirit of that era with idealism，In the "Principles of Law Philosophy", it is concentrated as "Civil Society/Bürgerliche GesellSchaft" and the country's relationship.，This also constitutes one of the core problems of "The Critical Critical Criticism of Hegel French"。

From the same to the separation: the evolution of the relationship between the civil society and the state。According to Marx's research，During the ancient Greek period，State and civic society are not separated at first，Instead of integrating it，The country is a civic society，Civil society is a political country，"Like Greece，Respublica (National，Republic。Original meaning is public affairs) is the real personal affairs of the citizens ... here，Political State as the real unique content of the life and will of the political state as a citizen "。To the Middle Ages，The same type reached the peak，"The spirit of the Middle Ages can be expressed as follows: the level of the civic society and the level of the political sense are the same，Because the civil society is a political society，Because the organic principles of civil society are the principles of the country "。Just in modern times，Political countries have gradually separated from the public society，Its iconic incident is the French Revolution，"Only the French revolution has completed the transition process from political level to social level，or，Differences in the level of civil society completely become social differences，That is the difference in private life without political significance。This completes the process of separation from the social separation of political life "。At the level of political country，As a citizen，Everyone is a sovereign person; at the social level，As a citizen，Everyone is acting as a private activity，The differences between them are no longer manifested as political differences at the national level，Instead, it is manifested as a private level of social differences。In the "Principles of Law Philosophy"，Hegel regards civic society as a specific link with family and country independence，and clearly Bet365 app download identify that "Civil society is formed in the modern world"，This judgment itself is the premise of the separation of the civic society and the political state。From this perspective，Hegel's national philosophy itself is the result of reflection on the modern society and the French Revolution。

From the political community to the need for mutual dependence: the connotation deepening of the civil society。What is Higgel's civic society? This involves two layers of logic conversion。First, the conversion from the ancient city -state political community to the modern bourgeois political community。Hobbes、Locke、Rousseau and Ferguson have also mentioned civic society，But the civic society here more refers。Second, the conversion from the bourgeois political community to the economic exchange combination。Smith based on division of labor and exchange logic，Elaborate changes from the needs of nature to society: the metaphysics that previously needed rely on your own labor，and now no longer rely on yourself，Instead, it is necessary to exchange it into an intermediary to rely on the labor of others，So，The entire society has evolved into labor due to the reasons、division of labor、Interweater of exchange and demand composition、The need for the need for mutual dependence。Lucari pointed out，"Research on Smith constitutes a turning point in the development of Hegel's thought"。As far as the social theory of the public is concerned，This judgment is correct。Around 1800，Hegel reads Smith’s "National Wealth Theory"，It is also clearly mentioned in 1803-1804 "Jea Lecture".，and position the social position described by Smith as the "system that requires mutual dependence"。According to the Habermas test，At this time, Hegel has not yet used "civic society" to call modern society，This is completed in "Principles of Law Philosophy"。Ferguson's English preface to the English preface of "Civil Social History" pointed out，Hegel's "Bürgerliche Gesellschaft" may come from Ferguson's "Civil Society" German translation，"Hegel reads and uses Ferguson's work，and with the help of Ferguson's translation，The concept of ‘BürgerLiche Gesellschaft’ has become a manifestation of the German academic Bet365 app download circle ”。but but，Ferguson's "CIVIL SOCIETY" and Hegel's "Bürgerliche GesellSchaft" have key differences in connotation。In the "Principles of Law Philosophy"，Hegel pointed out，Civil society refers to "through personal labor and the satisfaction of all other people's labor and needs，Make the need to get an intermediary，Personal satisfaction -that is, the required system "。From this perspective，Hegel is based on Smith to reconstruct the connotation of civic society。

but but，Hegel's purpose is not to agree with Smith，but to surpass him，Or is to propose a German national philosophy and governance plan that is different from Britain and France based on the German -French national philosophy。Smith thinks，The universalization of exchange will inevitably form a "invisible hand" without any personal will.，Under the role of the latter，The entire society will eventually realize the coordinated development of personal interests and overall interests。So，Smith adheres to the principle of "freedom release"，Against the country's intervention in civic society。and Hegel thinks，"Invisible hands" means，Personal rationality can not only control citizens，Instead, it will be controlled by it，evolved the social society into the battlefield of all people against all people。So，It is impossible for Germany to follow the principle of liberalism，Must take the opposite road，That is, the country -collective rationality to overcome the two rhythms of the public society，This is also the internal logic of Hegel's proposal to determine the country's society。The national philosophy of Hegel itself is a criticism of political economics。In this case，If you don’t understand the British Economic Revolution and Classical Economics，Don’t understand the historical changes in western European society，The context of wanting to enter the "Principles of Law Philosophy" is still difficult。

From "copy" to "Original" criticizing: Marx's theoretical advancement。After encountering material and interest problems，Marx questioned the view of Hegel's rationalist country。In order to understand the relationship between the country and the society in the history of Europe，Marx has read a lot of Bet365 lotto review history -political books，I wrote "Crozana Note" of 5 notebooks，Based on this，Directly pointing the criticism of the criticism of Hegel's country and the philosophy of law，Completed "Hegel French Critical Criticism"。but but，At this time, Marx did not read the "Civil Society" part of "Principles of Law Philosophy"，Instead, it starts directly from the "State" chapter，Coupled with at this time Marx has not studied classical political economics，As a result, Marx's obvious lack of economic background in the social theory of Social Theory of Hegel，And these are exactly only completed later。From Marx's view，Hegel’s country is just the embodiment of the absolute spirit in the real world，When he uses the philosophy of idealism to abandon the objective reversal of the civil society, it is a logical mysteriousism。So，Marx's criticism of Hegel first starts with the criticism of the "copy", that is, the criticism of national philosophy，He uses Ferbaha's main predicate reversal method，reveals the essence of the Surprus of Hegel's country and the philosophy of law，The transformation from general idealism to philosophical materialism。but but，As Marx said，"The abstraction of the country itself is only modern only ... The abstraction of a political country is a modern product"。Hegel's national philosophy is just a modern and abstract speculative product，Therefore, it is not enough to stay in the field of philosophy，The criticism of the "copy" must be promoted to the criticism of the "original" that is, the modern political country itself。From Marx's view，Modern ages are essentially "the government of private property"，What kind of civic society is there，What kind of country will there be，The separation of the two will inevitably lead to their own political alienation。So，To eliminate this alienation，It is necessary to eliminate the separation of the country and the civic society，to eliminate the latter，It is necessary to expand the right to election，The development of Locke -style disciplinary democracy into a real people's democratic system in the sense of Rousseau。I got here，Marx realizes，Although Hegel saw the paradox of modern civic bet365 best casino games society，But he uses conceptual logic to solve realistic contradictions，This is an idealistic philosophy reversed。As a backward Prussian Kingdom，The Germans have not experienced British French civic society in politics and economy，Hegellitu builds a national philosophy different from Britain and France based on backward Germany，with a view to overcome the paradox of the British French -style civic society，This is just a beautiful period in the German era。Hegel does not understand the country that was born on the basis of modern civic society.，It is not possible to be a country that he has set as an absolute spiritual incarnation; more importantly，This country not only cannot solve the inherent contradictions of the civil society，This country not only cannot solve the inherent contradictions of the civil society，A protective cover of private property。

In short，"Hegel French Critical Criticism" is a Marx's early work，Many of them are still brewing、Formed and developed，But from the later Marx's ideological development and the development process of British Germany and France，The thoughts revealed by this work still have contemporary value that cannot be ignored。On the one hand，It clarifies the evolution logic of Western modern individuals -civic society -national structure。Hegel and Marx, although there are the opposite knowledge on some issues，But as far as the evolutionary logic of modern western society is still highly consistent，That is, modern civic society constitutes the social foundation of Western modernity，Personal — Civil society — the country constitutes the inherent structure of modern western society。In Marx's words，Modern civic society can only be bred only in the Western Christian world; only by Christianity，It is possible to cut off all blood margins -semi -blood margin、Fa -Dharma -Half -French Relationship，Liberated the individual from the community and various restraints，Atomic individuals in the contemporary sense; the same，Only on the basis of modern civic society，Only a political country in the modern sense of Western in the West。On this question，The important promotion of Marx's doing is: Although Hegel has read Li Jiatu's work，But he just understood the public society as a need for mutual dependence Bet365 app download in the sense of Smith，That is to locate the essence of civic society based on the needs of society; and Marx pushes the narrow -minded civic society (different from the general civic society of "the sum of the relationship between material life") to the height of the critical method of capitalist production，Complete the essential positioning of modern society and Western modernity。But ironic is，The country's intervention in the country's society，In the later Roosevelt New Deal、The practice of Keynesian and welfare countries has become reality，But，The "country" there is not the "country" in Hegel's sense，but a bourgeois political country; what is even more paradoxical is，Whether it is Smith's civic social logic or Hegel's national logic, it has not solved the paradox of the civic society，Even today's power in Western countries has once again "output"，Still failed to escape Marx's judgment of the year: not the country's decision to be citizens，Instead, the public society determines the country!

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