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　　Scholar Biography

Feng Tianyu，1942 Born，Hubei Hong'an people。Professor of Humanities and Social Sciences of Wuhan University，Research on the history of Chinese cultural history and local history of Hubei。Main works include "History of Chinese Culture", "The Spirit of the Chinese Yuan Code", "History of Chinese Culture", "History of the History of the Ming and Qing Dynasties", "The Research on the Ideological Research of the New People" in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties " "Comment", "New Language Exploration", "Feudal" Examination Theory ", etc.。He has been awarded "the country with outstanding contributions to the country" and "Jingchu Social Sciences Masters"，It is also the Chinese Book Award、Outstanding Achievement Award for Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education、Tang Yongtong Academic Award、Hubei Provincial Government Humanities and Social Science Outstanding Achievement Award winners。Multiple research results have been translated into English、Day、Spain、​​Publishing Korean。

Before 2015，Reporters have encountered Feng Tianyu many times at academic activities or cultural relics exhibitions。He is very humble、easy -going，Once at the venue、Interview with reporters at the exhibition site。

2015，Feng Tianyu experienced a major surgery，Dangerous after surgery; 2016，He was diagnosed with cancer，At that time, the doctor said it was extremely optimistic。More than 4 years after more than 4 years，He is hospitalized many times。On the bed，He insisted on reading，Written farming，Economy and publishing multiple monographs。

June 17, 2021，When a reporter visited Feng Tianyu，He slowly walked out of the study。This study in his daily desk work，10 big bookcases are full of three walls that are not relying on the window。On the open computer document，The reporter saw a manuscript of the "Weekly and Qin System" written by the reporter，Nearly 200,000 words at the time。To finish the manuscript at the age of 80，Feng Tianyu works seven or eight hours a day。

During the conversation，Some publishing house calls，Communicate the manuscript translation。The reporter learned，January 2021，"Classic China International Publishing Project" Office launched this year's project，Feng Tianyu's "Ten Lectures on the Chinese Cultural Yuan Code" and "Chinese Cultural Ecological Ecological Outline" at the same time，Published in English overseas、Published in English overseas。

　　Expo Juveniles are deeply influenced by history

Feng Tianyu from Book of Book Fragrant House，Father Feng Yongxuan is a professor of history，In the early years, I studied in Wuchang Gao Master (predecessor of Wuhan University)，Study from the famous language and literary scholar Huang Kan，After entering the first phase of the Chinese Academy of Chinese Studies in Tsinghua University，Master from Liang Qichao、Wang Guowei。From a small family cultural environment，Let Feng Tianyu contact historical relics earlier，Deeply influenced by history。

Feng Tianyu loved literature from childhood。The third grade of the elementary school to the high school period，He lives in Library in Hubei Province with his mother。Provincial Figure "Housing Eight Years"，Expo Chinese and foreign masterpieces，Is a beautiful reading time。Feng Tianyu said，Although these classic works are rarely read in the future，But the Chinese and Western Cultural Receptions obtained from literature and history books in the early years，For the later understanding of historical issues，Especially the comparative research of Chinese and Western culture is very helpful。

When you are a teenager，Feng Tianyu likes to read the travel notes and geographical books，Even the outline of the provinces and regions of China and countries around the world can be drawn.，If a few treasures say the area of ​​various places、Population、Brief history and the total output value of the national economy。The 1980s，Feng Tianyu and the accompanying foreign friends talk about the nature of the country、Economy，Surprising the other party。He said，Geographical common sense can make people feel a real sense of space，Read more geographical books、Travel Notes、Familiar with the map，Familiar with the map，The history of the history of the Bet365 lotto review governance of the ancient times "left the right history" and "know the world" said，Inspect the ancients of the ancients as the realm。

Seeing Feng Tianyu's love of literature，Father Feng Yongxuan is very pleased。In the early 1960s，He taught Feng Tianyu for several consecutive winter and summer vacations to teach the full text of "The Analects" and "Mencius" and "Historical Records"。"Get up every morning，Father never holds a piece of paper，Not only can you chant the classic original text，and recite the journey、Zhu and other types of notes，Contact ancient and modern history，Discussion vertical and horizontal。And I recorded it all the time。Occasionally plug in，My father reports it again。So，From morning to night，Mother's meals are often cold and hot，Hot and cool。"Feng Tianyu said，When he was a kid, he did not read the group when he was a kid，It is the so -called "good reading without asking for understanding"。Really read from pan -viewing and read out，Silent consciousness，It started from his youth，The turning point occurred during the period of the father's trial from 1962-1965。I did not realize its meaning at the time，Until later embark on the road of academic research，Only know it is important。

Academic Life in the Study of Cultural History，In Feng Tianyu's own words, it is "for a long time，Send in Natural "。In the late 1970s，He encountered a professional opportunity to choose a professional，Adjustment to the Department of History of Hubei University。"I only entered the academic door wall in my 30s，That is, the theoretical thinking is important。Reading some ideas of thought history，Gradually being attracted by "Reading the Tong Jian", "Mingyi to be visited", "Philosophy of History"。I often read it often from young to now。"Feng Tianyu said，The "New People" view of "Mingyi to visit"，Become a pointer for his history of pursuit of Chinese thought; he has repeatedly read "History Philosophy"，The overall view of its overall history、Enlightenment of Dialectical History。These 3 books have become Feng Tianyu's "housekeeping book"，Both "watch its big abbreviation"，Obtain the theoretical structure of cultural science; and adopt the "read classic multiple times、A method of overcoming a theme every time，Familiar with its essence。

　　In -depth exploring Chinese culture generation mechanism

Starting in 1980，Feng Tianyu is committed to the study of cultural history。For more than 40 years，He has always regarded cultural ecology as an important cutter。From "The Mystery of Chinese Ancient Culture", "History of Chinese Culture" to "History of Chinese Culture Genesis"，Feng Tianyu is constantly studying and exploring，Make a significant contribution to the theory and research method of cultural history。

Feng Tianyu thinks，Cultural history is not limited to the performance description of individual cultural heroes，Not the family genealogy of the emperor's general appearance，​​but the creative "common business" of hundreds of millions of people in a specific ecological environment。Deep "cultural structure" that is synthesized by geographical environment -economic soil -social organization -political system，It is the decisive force of promoting and restricting the historical process，It also determines the collective survival method of the nation -state。In the "Chinese Cultural Ecological Ecological Outline" published in March 2021，Feng Tianyu emphasized，"Human ecological strategy must make path choices，It should abandon the inertia thinking of straight -line evolution，Dialectically integrated all human ecological experience "。

During the study，Feng Tianyu pays special attention to the motivation mechanism to inspect the development of cultural development。His not only researching the "externalization process" and "internalization process"，Also study the intercourse penetration of the process of externalization and internalization、Push with each other。Pay attention to structural analysis，Reveal hidden in the deep、By determining the structural strength of the collective survival while，Feng Tianyu does not ignore people's historical initiative，Always adhere to the method of using materialist history and systemism，Comprehensive interpretation of Chinese cultural characteristics，to analyze the internal generation mechanism of Chinese culture。Every stage of academic career，Feng Tianyu always emphasizes that the historical information has been raised to a certain theoretical height，Deliven to illustrate historical bet365 live casino games truth and historical laws。Zhang Yinian once called the history of culture、"Important Contribution" in the history of ideological history。

Always care about social reality problems，and provide the unique value of theoretical research from a long period，is the tone of Feng's academic research。Fu Caiwu, Dean of the National Cultural Development Research Institute of Wuhan University, told reporters，Cultural modernization of social transformation，The propositions of history and cultural history are closely related，In this process，Feng Tianyu reflects the theoretical consciousness as a scholar，both quoted the times to enter the academic，Urgent need to echo the times with academic ethics。

In the "multi -dimensional structure" that affects social and cultural development，Feng Tianyu's discussion on the two aspects of "institutional culture" and "ecological culture" in recent years。"Weekly System and Qin System" is the two national systems that have long -term interoperability interaction in ancient Chinese history，The doctrine of Confucianism and legalists is the ideological basis of these two national systems。In the "Title" of the "Zhou System and Qin System" compiled, "The" weekly — Qin system "is a basic category of Chinese institutional history，They generate in a specific cultural ecology、evolution，Not by some individuals' top -level design "。The ecological environment continues to maintain in the leather，Three thousand years of week system and more than 2,000 years of Qin system have not become a yellow flower tomorrow，Several mutated elements still travel with our generation。"The purpose of its writing is:" Overview Weekly、Qin system connotation，Brief analysis of the historical function of the two，and its effect in the construction of modern society。"Previous，Feng Tianyu once involved this question in books such as "feudal" test theory "and" History of Chinese Culture Generation "，It's not as good as，Therefore, use the dual evidence method and the comparative method of ancient and modern Chinese and foreign，Sequel Decision，To restore the two -system appearance。This is also the focus of Feng Tianyu's current efforts。

　　Continue to promote regional culture research

Feng Tianyu's regional cultural research began in the early 1980s with He Juefei, "The History of the Head of Wuchang in Xinhai"。At that time，He Juefei gave Feng Tianyu a large number of manuscripts and information cards。Striking in carefully、Digestion and absorb these materials，Feng Tianyu focuses on a series of micro -problems that seem to have concluded before and after the first righteousness of Wuchang，Climbing one by one，Re -examine。

"Do History Research，Live in the historical scene，Interview with the parties，It is necessary to fully collect oral historical materials。He reminds me at the same time，People are emotional animals，Study a character for a long time，I will prefer this character，Study a place for a long time，It will produce a local complex。Therefore，When analyzing historical materials，Learn to eliminate the impact of personal emotional factors，Can't determine the right and wrong of the ancients with the good and evil of the people。Should be as wide as possible as possible，With a neutral attitude，Fairly argument。"Zhou Rong, Director of the Ancient Book Department of Wuhan University Library，In "The History of the Head of Wuchang, Xinhai"，Feng Tianyu has corrected a lot of interview materials with this attitude。

Different from historical records、Important historical events of the academic community，Feng Tianyu further examines for further examination，I have proposed a lot of new conclusions for different habits，Among them, it includes the research results from the partner He Juefei: The first revolutionary group in Hubei is the garden mountain party hosted by Wu Luzhen，Scientific Tuition Institute is just an inheritance organization; "Dajiang News" commented on "The Chaoswen，Save Chinese Medicine also "The author is not Zhan Da Bei，and Huang Jigang; Hankou Baoshanli Organization is October 9，Not on October 8th; the first shot of the first righteousness was launched by Cheng Zhengzheng，Not Xiong Bingkun; wait for。These research conclusions have attracted much attention from academic circles。

"Do academic research enter the two key questions entering the forefront: new materials and new problems。Master new materials，Used to discuss new problems，Fang can participate in the academic trend of the times。"Feng Tianyu said。His writing habits are different from others，bet365 best casino games Material Collection、Temporary Temporary Refining、Structure formation，Most of them take longer，Generally, for more than a few years，Some preparations are not 10 years。For historical materials required，Feng Tianyu as much as possible to get exhausted and fishing，and insist on giving a thorough verification。In terms of historical sources，Pursue the original historical materials as much as possible; in form，Not only does it include text historical materials，It also includes a variety of historical relics carrying rich history and culture，even extended to the oral historical materials obtained by interviews in person; in time span，strive to trace from the source，No omissions;，Not only historical materials in the territory，Including a variety of valuable historical materials abroad，As long as you can and，Always spare no effort to pursue。

1996，Feng Tianyu goes to Japan Aichi University (East Asia Tongwen Academy) as a professor，Start contact with the historical data survey of the Chinese Academy of Tongwen, East Asia。1998-2001，He talks about learning Aizhi University，Broadly browsed these documents and do preliminary research，After visiting the International Japanese Cultural Research Center in Kyoto，Related documents, including the Chinese survey including East Asian Tongwen Academy。Professor Liu Berlin with Aichi University interviewed a number of East Asian Tongwen Academy in the world alumni，Get oral historical materials is quite abundant，Gradually know that the Meiji of Japan -Dazheng -During the Showa years，Gradually understand the academic value of the above literature。

Since 1996，Feng Tianyu's enlightenment of "Japanese" Chinese Studies "in Japan -Access to Aichi University"，The first to introduce the Chinese survey of the East Asian Tongwen Academy to the Chinese academic community，Several selection of survey materials for the compilation and publishing translations，For example, "Shanghai East Asia Tongwen Academy's Big Travel Records", "East Asian Tongwen Academy China Investigation Information Selection Translation", etc.。other，He has also completed several other works that are closely related to this，For example, "Chitose Pills" Shanghai Walk -China Observation of the Japanese in 1862 "" The Cultural Origin of Japan's Expansion "。

Professor Zhou Jianbo, a professor at the Department of Economics and History of the School of Economics of Peking University, said，Feng Tianyu when studying the survey information of the East Asian Tongwen Academy，Special attention to the motivation of the Japanese to inspect China that year，and reflect on the development of domestic investigations; attach importance to research associated with cultural history。With Feng Tianyu strongly appealing and active efforts，The sorting and research on the data of the East Asian Tongwen Academy has gradually received the attention of the academic community，Supplement and improve in the translation of basic data，Use the survey data in different industries、Studies in different regions are continuously expanded。Since 2015，Line Installation Bookstore and National Library Press have successively published the "Chinese Provincial Provincial Full Records" compiled by the East Asian Tongwen Academy (50 volumes)，The "East Asian Tongwen Academy China Investigation Manuscript Series" (200 volumes) and "East Asian Tongwen Academy China Investigation Manuscript Series" edited by Feng Tianyu (200 volumes)。This provides convenient data conditions for the study of the Chinese survey of the East Asian Tongwen Academy，It is the most important contribution made by Feng Tianyu to the study of East Asia Tongwen Academy。

Autumn 2017，Feng Tianyu conceived the detailed outline of the book "Research on the Research of the Chinese Investigation of the East Asia" in the sick bed。After two years of research、Discussion，Several easy manuscripts，The first draft of the book was completed in the summer of 2019。2020，This book was supported by the National Social Science Fund to support major projects for major projects。Feng Tianyu emphasized，Discovery、Set up、The significance of studying the relevant literature of the East Asian Tongwen Academy is: one，Specific understanding of the deepening of the intention of exploring China in modern times、Diligence，To attract as a warning;，Enhance the importance of Chinese people's attention to social surveys，Phase to change the information asymmetric situation of information about the national conditions in bet365 Play online games the middle and Japanese conditions;，Get the study in the late Qing Dynasty and the Economy of the Republic of China、Politics、Society、Culture's huge empirical materials，and learn from its system、Precision survey method。

"The information of the East Asia Tongwen Academy has been sealed for a long time，But Mr. Feng Tianyu can be keenly discovered by the value through a few limited academic exchanges，Work hard to discover it during the 20 years，Actively introduce to the country，This is by no means accidental。"" In Zhou Jianbo's view，Feng Tianyu can be found first，Breakthroughs in the field of investigation data in East Asia，It is because of Feng Tianyu's academic field of wide academic vision，Good at combining Chinese culture and foreign culture。He practiced the "dual evidence" methodology，Long -term dedicated to excavating exotic historical materials，Therefore, you can re -examine the existing historical conclusion。

　　Study on the "Historical and Cultural Seminology" of Poly Polybination

Feng Tianyu History，Always pursue righteousness、Research、Ji Ji Ji Ji，Strive for macro grasping the blending of micro -inspection。

"The spirit and method of the pioneer father for my future research，Most of the infiltration、Enlightenment。Father taught me to give me the skills。"Feng Tianyu recalled，Shao often listen to his father's mention of the Qing people's examinations，Speaking must be based on，If a judge trial，Lone Syndrome，Seeking Syndrome、Anti -evidence; a series of evidence developed from the same source of mother and child，Several evidences that are not as good as the source are valuable。After adulthood，He has been in contact with Qianjia scholars' discussion，After engaging in research work, more often read these books。This makes him understand，The spirit of the exam is a compulsory homework for all scholars，For historian workers，Both "actual records" as the goal of governance，It also needs considerable research skills。

Examine the concept of ancient and modern conversion、Chinese and foreign docking，It is the long -term intention of Feng Tianyu。"Words of expressing concepts (words)，It is a micro -world with independent significance in the language，is literature、The epitome of culture。"The meaning evolution of the meaning of excavation keywords in ancient and modern —，Come to welcome the "Reading Age of Cultural History Research"。Feng Tianyu thinks，This "Knowledge Archeology"，It can help us see "what the predecessors didn't see"，The subjectivity of the tough culture of Chinese characters、Han Yong Wanfang's tolerance and endless vitality，Maybe to watch the fire during the period。

Since the 1980s，Feng Tianyu's analysis of core terms such as "revolution", "republic", "science", "culture", "geometry", "God"，Revealing the late Ming Dynasty to fall，Especially when the Chinese and Western -Japanese Cultural Conferences of the Republic of China and the Republic of China, especially the state of thought,。During the Japanese period，Feng Tianyu exposed to the language spread of East Asia，Start studying modern new words，Published "New Language Exploration -Chinese and Western Cultural Interactive and Modern Chinese Character Terms" and other works，to reveal the spread of cultural terminology between Chinese and Western and Japan since modern times，Show the conflict and integration of Chinese and Western culture between ancient and modern Chinese and Western culture。From this，He is committed to exploring the research mode of "historical and cultural semantics"。

The essence of "historical and cultural semantics" is to explain history more accurately on the basis of concept determination; focus on key terms and core concepts as the focus，Make historic survey through concepts，Exploration of the rich historical and cultural meaning behind the concept of analysis。Fu Caiwu said，This semantics、History、Sociology、Cultural and other research paradigm，Show its academic meteorology of "Rong Nai Da"，In the ancient and modern conversion of key terms in the test theory and the docking of China and the West，Show the academic tension of "one word, one world"。

In specific research，History and cultural semantics is divided into two paths，The "New Language Source" and "Feudal" Examination theory "of this paradigm classics represent these two paths。The former focuses on the "face" of a group of terms in a particular historical stage，Examination of new term terminology groups in modern society and culture，to build a understanding of modern Chinese history and culture; bet365 best casino games the latter emphasizes the "point" of a concept in the entire historical development process，Time analysis of the concept of "feudal"，Grasp the process of Chinese historical development from the overall structure，profoundly explained the "Explanation of the word，Is the essence of a cultural history "。

"Feudal" is an old word that expresses the ancient Chinese political system，It means "Fengtu founded the country" and "Feng Jue Jian Fan"，Before modern times in the Chinese character cultural circle (Chinese、Yue、Chao、Day) General，Unclear objection。In the middle of the 19th century, Xixue East gradually fell，China and Japan use the term "feudal" the word "feudal" to translate Western history academic term Feudalism、Caiyi Lord System)，It is a new name that expresses social forms。The basic connotation of this new name is still connected with the original meaning of "feudal"。Starting in the 1920s，Strong advent of the "generalized feudal" view from the Soviet Union and Russia，Chinese society from Qin, Han to Ming and Qing Dynasties is regarded as "feudal society"。Since 1949, it will be descended，The officially presented historic textbooks and most social science theories and the entire cultural publicity system follow this.。

When Feng Tianyu first entered academic research，Use this argument without thinking。"After the mid -1980s，After reading classic historical works in the system，I am doubtful for ‘pan -chemical feudal view’。Organization of thinking、Clear and gradually deepening，Thanks to the discussion with Chinese and Japanese teachers。”

"Feudal" Examination Theory "2006 Edition，Print 3 times in a year，All sold out，One time Luoyang paper expensive。On the basis of absorbing the opinions of all parties，Combine your further historical data analysis and righteousness，Feng Tianyu supplemented the first revision of the first edition，Published in September 2007, the 2nd edition。Soon，The book was selected into the first series of "Library of Contemporary Chinese Scholars' Works" in China Social Science Press。Based on the 2nd edition，Feng Tianyu made a structural summary adjustment，Contents are also correct，Completed the revised version of the "Feudal" Examination theory in December 2009，October 2010。Since then published a line -up book version，From 2020, a total of 5 editions。

"Feudal" Examination Theory "was released，That is, a strong response caused by the academic community。October 2006，Wuhan University held a "feudal society 'to understand academic seminar"; October 2007，Beijing History Communities held an academic seminar on "Feudal 'and Realism and Marxism -Leninism"; December 2008，Wuhan University China Traditional Culture Research Center、Suzhou University School of Social Sciences、The School of Humanities of the School of Humanities of Suzhou Institute of Science and Technology jointly organized an academic seminar for "feudal and feudal social problems"。Liu Zhiqin, a researcher at the Institute of Modern History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, once said，"A book for 3 consecutive years in southern China、The cultural center of the north and the central region causes chain discussion，It is a rare phenomenon in the historical world，This itself indicates that its influence is extraordinary。"Zhang Guangzhi, a professor at the Department of History of Fudan University，The academic contribution of the "Feudal" Examination Theory is that "the" feudal theory "that has been used for a long time should be questioned，This ‘Modern Fable’ generated by this must be cracked，Also its original meaning，This is what the book wants to tell us "。

　　Tibetan treasures are the world's public

　　■ Feng Tianyu (third from left) with experts and scholars with Wuhan social sciences。 Author/Figure

Feng Tianyu's hard work，Everyone who knows him has heard and watched。In recent years，Feng Tianyu is suffering from serious illness，Still plowing diligently，Even the operating table just after many times，I buried my head in the book of the book。

"Mr. Feng is particularly diligent，No matter what kind of space -time environment，He can think and write quietly。"Guo Qiyong, Dean of the National College of Wuhan University, said，His old age in his old age is in the ward、Written on the sick couch。Doctors have long sentenced his life to the deadline，But he seems to have no time to eliminate Shen Sadness，Instead, hurry up and seconds for seconds，Focusing on specializing the theory、History Questions，Writing a book。With a high -quality monograph with a deep "problem consciousness", a depth of "problem bet365 Play online games consciousness" came out，His spirit and physical life can be sublimated，You can extend，After that, the sick demon retired miraculously。His old friend、Liu Dajun, a lifelong professor at Shandong University: "This kind of essence can generate positive energy after God，Sticky stasis，Drive the vitality of the vitality。It can be described as exquisite into God! "

Feng Tianyu's pursuit of academic heartlessness，In various honors、In front of the title，He is always modest。In the late 1970s，Feng Tianyu has repeatedly rejected "entering Beijing as"; 1984、1986 twice refused to be the appointment of the principal。More than 10 years I have taught at Hubei University for more than 10 years，Leaders have negotiated several times to let the position of the principal，He resigned。For this，He wrote a letter to the Secretary of the Hubei Provincial Party Committee and Governor，Detailed description of ideas，Repeated declaration of this arrangement is to avoid its director，Short it with its own，Please change more suitable candidates in the organization。

"Far power、Refusal Fortune "is the" uncomfortable home training "。"Parents have poverty -stricken self -defending life，Light look at money，‘You can eat with meals，Why pursue more wealth 'is the Feng family mantra。"Feng Tianyu said，The food and clothing at home is very simple，Half of salary is used in purchasing books、Antique。Over decades，Quantity，And many good products。"Someone bought it in the 1950s and 1960s，Father always takes 'non -selling products' corresponding。"Feng Tianyu told reporters，2015-2018，The album of Fengjiazang cultural relics he organized "Feng's Tibetan Ink", "Feng's Tibetan", "Feng's Tibetan" was published by Changchun Publishing House，"Feng's Three Tibetan" is gradually known，Mainland and Hong Kong want to contact him directly or indirectly at high prices，All of them are rejected。

early 1979，The Feng family will donate all the ancient currency of the hidden ancient coins in Wuhan Normal University.。Affected by parents，Feng Tianyu's brother adheres to "collection without selling" "from society，Give Return to Society's Feng Family Principles。2018，The two generations of Feng family will donate all the treasures collected for half a century.。The Feng family "takes the guardian culture as the job，The spirit of seeing the Tibetan Treasure as the World "，Can be called this world beauty talk。

Due to the huge number of cultural relics and arts donated，There are more than 400 pieces of painting and calligraphy，Wuhan University specially set up the "Feng's donation collection"，and held the opening ceremony on December 3, 2018。At the opening ceremony，Some local media interviews asked: What is the value of the collection? Reporter has participated in the report，I still remember，Feng Tianyu said，His knowledge about the cultural relic market is almost blank，Also here is difficult to live in interest。In childhood，His father has every harvest，All are the historical values ​​and artistic charm of cultural relics、Drunk。

"Recall today、Try to figure out，Refer to the clues provided by the collection and related literature，Every time you can open a new cognitive door diameter。"Feng Tianyu said，For more than 40 years，From time to time, he turned out to check the picture of the picture on the Qing night、Play the collection，Drunk in the sense of history，Dialogue with the sages、Phase and debate，Si Yishen Super，Occasionally burst out of the spark of the image of the image，This has undoubtedly become a kind of knowledge supplement and inspiration for Feng Tianyu to study the history of Chinese culture。