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In the field of scientific research，The first direction of my European Welfare State Research，While studying welfare countries as a special national system，Sort out the social security system of European countries，and provide some information and own understanding for China's reforms in related fields。Before leaving the University of Branseus，I visited the famous social welfare philosopher Professor David Kiel at Hyle College。Professor Keel asked me，"A lot of disciplines involved in the field of social security and social welfare research，Which angle do you want to cut in from? "I said，According to my foundation and interest，I still want to focus on the history and philosophy of social security。He recommended me a batch of books，Among them, the "Industrial and Social Welfare" of Verensky and Lebo、Remlinge's "Welfare Policy and Europe、Industrialization of the United States and Russia "、Polish "Big Turning" (also translated "Giant Change")，and Aisbin Anderson's "Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism"，There are some other books，Professor Keel said，These books are the foundation。I managed to buy or copy these books and brought back to China。

After returning to China，Some international institutions invite me to work，For example, the United Nations International Development Agency，I also give the World Bank and the United Nations Children's Foundation as a consultant in social security reform and the reform of the medical and health system。The doctorate of the University of Branseus still had a certain market value at the time，The salary of many units promised is dozens of times my salary in the European Institute，or even hundreds of times。But I have no special feeling for how much I make money，But I always count how many things I have to do，How much time can you do，Sometimes the urgency that sometimes does not wait。For the position of international organizations，I am not completely unlimited，My professional standard is to see where you can play a greater role，How many things can be done。Think about less than half a day，I am determined to give up the work of international organizations。There are some other job opportunities，For example, my father had worked in Hong Kong at that time，Some Hong Kong rich people heard that I have completed my studies，I proposed to provide me with a job working in Hong Kong。But bet365 live casino games my father strictly banned his children from going to Hong Kong for duties，Second, those who make money are far from my accumulation and interest in many years，So I am not in my consideration at all。I am used to economic constraints，It is enough to be enough。When I returned home for the first time，It is indeed a bit nervous。Salary of 97 yuan per month，30 yuan for the son's little nanny，30 yuan for rent and water and electricity miscellaneous fees，30 yuan I booked milk at the beginning of the month、Buy all food and oil and salt，remaining 7 yuan，Buy 2 corners of meat every day for my son to wrap meat buns。Actually enough to use it，I am also satisfied with my "financial management ability"。When I returned to China for the second time，monthly salary rose to 365 yuan，I also feel enough。Actually，I decided to continue to work in the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. There are about three.，First, I think as a person who is studying abroad，It deserves to be exhausted for the development of the motherland; the second is that I am confident that I can make some positive contributions，For example, it can help colleagues get better research conditions，Raise the research in related fields in China by one grade; the third is to hope that there will be more autonomous time，Written my understanding and discovery of social security and social welfare at that time as a book。I felt at the time，This book responded to the reform of relevant domestic fields.。After a few years，I met some university professors，They just say the first sentence when they see me，Read "Analysis of Western Social Welfare"，The horizons are open，and then embarked on the road to social security research。Knowing that my little book does play a little effect，I really feel relieved of the choice of the year。

Analysis of Western Social Welfare (This is the title of the editor，To remain consistent with the other volumes in the series，and I am used to referring to this book "Analysis of Welfare") The first edition of printing was in 1996，Later, a set of studies with Oriental Publishing House published the Western Series in 1998.。The length of this book is not long，The purpose of writing is to clarify the difference between social welfare and occupation (or department) welfare。Because I saw the various views of the domestic academic community at that time, I was very chaotic，The market economy is starting，The importance of creating a social mutual benefit and re -distribution system that supports the market economy is far from being widely recognized。Many people think，The market itself has a balanced bet365 live casino games and fair effect，No social welfare system is not required; many people think，Social security is a form of departmental benefits，Mix social welfare with the human resources policy of the department。If this understanding，Social security tools will be used for mutual competition between departments，A kind of force to become a distorted market。So，I think it is necessary to make clear the relationship between the market and society in the social security system。

I remember the difference between learning and history with my father once.。He said，Literary and History，There are texts in history，There are texts in history。Comparison，History Chinese More，Good historical works are often good literary works at the same time，So I still have interesting history。Father prefer literature，But he does not advocate that I learn from。I later left literary history，Entering the study of the world，He shook his head and said he couldn't understand。Maybe it is affected by his father，I often warn myself and students，Writing an article is letting people read，No matter what you write，You must find a way to let people understand。So，When writing boring "Analysis of Welfare"，I specifically quoted my hospitalization experience in the preface，Compare the "welfare" enjoyed by several patients from different units，This is used as the starting point of attracting readers，Then gradually break down the different concepts and responsibilities of social welfare and professional benefits，Misunderstanding the Chinese people's misunderstanding of Western benefits，and introduce the welfare system in the West。Some readers tell me，They remember this story，As a result, interested in the concept of social welfare。The main point of my book in that book is: the mechanism of social welfare is social stability and social mutual benefit，The mechanism of professional benefits is incentive and attracting talents，Both cannot be confused with each other，Welfare belonging to society should be social，The welfare belonging to the unit should not take social benefits，Otherwise it will damage the social justice of social welfare。Simply speaking，Social welfare should pay attention to "send charcoal in the snow"，Professional benefits include the meaning of "icing on the cake"。Many readers remember this conclusion and the story of the hospitalization。

"Analysis of Welfare" after the publication，I started to bear a large number of research work in the institute，So the follow -up research of social security and social welfare can only be carried Bet365 app download out intermittently，But I write one or two related questions every year。Research on the European Union is also concentrated in the field of social policy，Occasionally opportunities to use meetings abroad，Go to the organization and other organizations to dig some new information，Write some small articles with new discoveries。Remember one time I went to the library that I went to Paris Economic Organization，See a small book "Private Nutrition and Public Policy"，It was published in 1992，Only 42 pages，There are similar perspectives as I discussed in the Analysis of Welfare。The book discusses the international comparison of private career annuity，This reminds me of the differences in the national pension system in the United States and mainland Europe。High replacement rate of public pensions in mainland Europe，Most people do not need additional private professional pensions or personal pensions，It can also have a good economic guarantee for old age。So，In the European countries，Vocational pensions are far less popular than popular in the United States。In the United States，Many industries have their own professional pension plans，These vocational pensions paid by employers and individuals enter the capital market through management and operations，Form a huge fund，Call the wind and rain in the financial market，promoted the financial internationalization of the 1980s。Individuals who enjoy private career pensions in the United States can report through fund operations，Ray to understand the profit and loss of your professional pension assets at any time，Professor Martin Ryan from MIT called this phenomenon "people's capitalism" or "mass capitalism"。He thinks，Due to the different pension system，The power generated by American capitalism through personal savings pension，Pushing the capitalist system to a new stage，European capitalism is still in the stage of collective welfare。

Since private professional pensions have such a big influence，You should understand it。I ask Berry Friedman how to get started，He recommends that I go to New York's "employer committee" to touch luck。Once I went to the United States to meet，I took the time to a trip to the "American Employer Commission" in the city center of New York，Explain after coming to，The opponent shook his head and said，The occupational annuity provided by the employer to the employee is all commercial secrets，Can't make it public，This is also the need for competition。Afraid I don't believe it，I also took me a circle on that floor，I saw the net is bet365 Play online games a large iron leather cabinet with locks，How high is one person。I took a closer look at the data in the book of the Economic Organization.，There is no complete data，Intermittent，Unparalleled。I know that the Economic Organization has a strong expert research team，Make it like this. I verified the phenomenon I saw at the "American Employer Commission"。Big capitalists want to make money，Professional pension as an incentive mechanism，Used to compete in the market，So I will not easily disclose these data。

Although these efforts have not met my expectations，But I finally decided to write out the knowledge I have learned，This forms an article entitled "The role of the government from the Symptom of the European and American Pension System"，Published on the 6th Issue 6, 1999。The article compares the similarities and similarities of the responsibility of European and American countries in the field of social security，I believe that the responsibility of European countries in the field of endowment protection is greater than the market，And the social security system in the United States is only the basic insulation，For higher levels and different types of pension needs，The U.S. government is through the formulation of fiscal and tax reduction policies，Encourage enterprises and individuals to use the market to accumulate funds for more abundant personal pension guarantees。Not only that，Because private professional pensions are "determining payment" type，and it is full accumulation，Therefore, naturally formed a huge pension fund and pension fund interest group that can control the social and political situation，These pension funds also affect the development of the US capital market。In the United States，The developed real estate market、Stock market and mature fund management and monitoring system，These have the help of professional pensions，It is also a necessary condition for the marketization of vocational pensions，But the profit and loss of vocational pensions is not the government's responsibility。The impact of the market brought to professional pensions is generally individual、Digestion of Family and Enterprises，No matter the government。In Europe，The government promises a lot，A lot of burdens。In the pension mechanism of European countries，Additional pensions are also public，It is also responsible for the government。Later, Britain took the lead in reform system，An important measure of the "Schale Revolution" is to decompose the government with "additional pension"，Let the individual freely choose the various opportunities bet365 best casino games provided by the market，As a source of supplement for the elderly。at the time，The proportion of public pensions in the income source of the elderly is only 29.78%(1979)，In Germany, as high as 54.14%(1981)，Structural division is obvious。Studies by the Organization Organization show，This structural difference has nothing to do with social fairness，Because the Gini coefficient of the German retired elderly is almost equivalent to the Gini coefficient of the elderly in the same age in the United States，So for the group of retired elderly people，High government investment does not mean a higher level of social fairness。There is no doubt that it is，The social security system model in the United States is closely related to the rapid development of private professional pensions，The development of private professional pensions is closely related to the rapid development of the US capital market。According to statistics from the US Labor Bureau，The types of private pensions in the United States were only 7311 before 1946，reached 800,000 kinds in 1989。The amount reserve has also grown from US $ 13 billion in 1950 to 1.836 trillion dollars in 1989。

Small studies of the above types can always attract my interest。One time，My appointment of Chen Zhirui, director of the editorial department of "European Research"，Write an article about the social policy of the European Union。There are many foreign activities at that time，Administrative affairs are also very busy，I am too busy all day，Occasionally see some comments on social policies of the European Union，It doesn't feel like logic。Chen Zhirui's draft just gives me a little motivation to clean up the ins and outs of the European Union's social policy。I caught the gap for a few days，Find laws and regulations related to social policy on the EU website，Check up from the European Communist period，As a result, I found that many of the past knowledge was not correct。Social policy since the establishment of the European Communist body is the problem that European builders consider，But after decades of development，It still does not form a social security mechanism at the EU level，The existing policies are basic labor measures formulated to adapt to market development，And the European Union has not established a plan and ambition to establish a unified social security mechanism for a long time。So，Many European scholars criticize the European Union as a tool of "new liberalism"。

Correctly understand the status and role of the EU in the field of social policy，It is important for us to understand what the EU is a political system。After all，If there is no strong political Bet365 app download power and extensive social identity，The social security mechanism involved in social re -distribution is unable to implement。The EU's "open negotiation method" implemented by the EU in the field of social security just illustrates the inconsistency of the EU government，The absence of the social security system indicates that the EU as a political power，In fact, it is very weak。Although many of the EU members are typical welfare countries in the world，But this does not mean that the EU can easily become the "Welfare Alliance"。Compared with the "new liberalism" promoted by the United States，EU is a protectiveist，Compared with European welfare countries，EU is liberals again。So，The EU does not meet the source，Double opposition and squeezing from the extreme left and right right。Through this study，I have repeatedly warned young people，Writing an article must be rooted in the bottom、Tracking the source，Use first -hand materials，Never look at Wenta，Do not just start writing an article when you look at how others commented，Be sure to see what the original material is，Then make your own judgment，Other people's comments can only be used for reference。China's social sciences are still in the middle stage，Compilation and publishing various books at this stage is important for popularizing knowledge，But if you want to develop China's own social science，You cannot just compile，You still need to dare to touch hard，Even in a very small field，On a very small question，Start with independent research。

　　(This article is excerpted from "Zhou Hong: Zhou Hong: between" Tea "and" Coffee "，There are cutting)