Research on development assistance as a branch of bet365 tennis bet relations discipline

Welfare State Research，Comparative study of welfare states in particular，may lead to many other research directions，For example, you may deepen your knowledge in the fields of welfare economics or welfare politics，But I turned to the field of bet365 tennis bet，There are several reasons here。First of all, I think，As a staff member of the International Studies Discipline of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences，In addition to having relatively professional knowledge (such as European welfare state research)，Should also contribute to the discipline of international relations。When I was a student at Brandeis University，Have taken classes from famous international political scientists such as Robert Keohane and Robert Alt，Also attended some courses at the Fletcher School of International Relations，But I have no special interest in Western international relations theory。The international relations I pay attention to belong to the pragmatic category，That is, those relationships that really happen between countries，For example, economic and trade relations between countries、Political and diplomatic relations、Social interaction and cultural exchange，There is also the aid relationship that has been rarely studied for a long time。The era we live in，International relations have undergone profound and structural changes，Globalization breaks down the borders between countries at many levels，Make the relationship between countries more colorful than ever，Traditional diplomatic theory is far from being able to explain various new phenomena。Aid relations (often referred to as “international development cooperation” internationally) since World War II，Going through development and changes，From the beginning, it only reflects the national will and interests，Developed a complete set of institutional mechanisms and discourse systems that relatively transcend national interests and will，Become an important part of the global governance system，It not only profoundly affects the development of both recipient and aiding countries，And participated in shaping contemporary international relations。While studying in the United States，I also worked briefly in an international development organization，Have a general understanding of the situation and energy of more than 600 international non-profit organizations and non-governmental organizations that had consultative status with the United Nations at that time，Understand that much of the financial support for these organizations comes from international development aid channels，So I have always hoped to have the opportunity to systematically sort out the ins and outs of bet365 tennis bet。Of course，bet365 tennis bet, social security and social welfare are theoretically connected，The former is a cross-border financial transfer，The latter is a domestic fiscal transfer，The factors that determine these two transfers are different，But there are striking similarities in logic，It’s very interesting to compare。

Foreign aid involves many aspects，There are also many formal names，For example, "official development assistance", "bet365 tennis bet", etc.，All belong to the category of foreign aid discussion，Some countries also include military assistance in the calculation of foreign aid，But most countries’ foreign aid mainly focuses on development issues。In order to better reflect the principle of equality between countries，More and more countries refer to their foreign aid as "bet365 tennis bet"。

Foreign aid discusses development issues a lot、Trade issues、Social issues、Legal issues，And increasingly serious global problems: such as population growth and mobility、Environmental pollution and water shortage、The prevalence of infectious diseases、Drugs and other criminal issues, etc.，These are areas of knowledge rarely covered by traditional bet365 tennis bet，But it has already entered the foreign affairs agenda。This phenomenon poses difficult problems for researchers scattered in various fields to choose analytical tools and communicate with each other。

To understand the nature and form of foreign aid，There is also a need for a deeper understanding of the entities providing assistance，For example, a sovereign country。The outbreak of World War II was caused by the serious imbalance of the capitalist system，The cause of the war was the irreconcilable conflict between the demands of the market and organized society。After the end of World War II，Traditional capitalist countries in Western Europe no longer advocate using liberal principles to rebuild countries destroyed by war，But to effectively balance the competitive labor market、The political system of mass democracy，And conduct protective intervention in society，Let the economy、Politics、Social mechanisms are relatively balanced、Mutual constraints。The Bretton Woods system led by the United States，Backed by the bet365 tennis bet capital market，Take advantage of controlling the banking system，Mobilizing the world capital market，Promote economic growth and balance of payments in the Western world，But global imbalances have not been resolved，On the contrary, it becomes more serious。

After World War II，In the West，The Marshall Plan was dedicated to rebuilding markets while rebuilding European countries；In the East，The central government plays a huge role in planning businesses and society。The two camps of sovereign states and the East and the West respectively represent different national bet365 tennis bet paths due to their different internal structures、bet365 tennis bet methods and relations between countries。The foreign aid activities of the United States and the Soviet Union serve the construction of their respective camps。In the East，The Soviet Union assisted in the reconstruction of socialist countries，Played an important role in the construction of the socialist system and the growth of the world socialist camp。In the West，The United States reconstructed postwar Western Europe through the "Marshall Plan"，The capitalist economic and social order was consolidated there。

After World War II，Former colonies in Asia, Africa and Latin America gained independence，Becoming the “grey area” between the two camps，Subsequently due to the importance of its strategic position, it successively received assistance from both the East and the West。In some developing countries，There were even situations where the United States and the Soviet Union competed to provide assistance。Countries that receive Western bet365 tennis bet often introduce capitalist institutional models at the same time，Countries that receive bet365 tennis bet from the East learn the socialist system model。Due to the strategic and institutional confrontation between the East and the West，North Korea、South Korea once became the country that provided the most bet365 tennis bet to the United States and the Soviet Union。

Starting from the "Marshall Plan"，Foreign aid policy plays a huge role in the aftermath of bet365 tennis bet and regional conflicts，Not only that，Foreign aid also involves broad areas that are not paid attention to by the news media，Deep into the internal economy of developing countries、The level of social and even political life。In some institutions specializing in foreign aid work，It is common to hear the comment that development aid is not always successful，But aid plays a role in all successful development experiences。

China in the early stage of reform and opening up，Use of foreign aid funds，Invest in much-needed infrastructure and energy development，Later invested in market construction、Health and education, environmental protection and other fields。Foreign development assistance has played a positive role in promoting China’s economic reform and development。China is also an aid country，Since entering the 21st century，Foreign aid allocation and intensity are increasing，Attention of the world。As a donor，China pursues equality and mutual benefit、Respect sovereignty、Principles such as focusing on practical results。Either as a developing recipient country，Also be a responsible member of the bet365 tennis bet community that provides emergency humanitarian assistance to other developing countries，China needs to have a relatively complete and thorough understanding of the theories of bet365 tennis bet foreign aid providers、Organization、Policies and Methods，Provide useful reference for China’s reform and development and foreign policy。

Foreign aid also involves many transnational actors、Complicated interest relationships、Complicated behavioral rules and behavior methods，As well as the profound historical background and special relations between countries。When I started to get involved in research in this field at the end of the 20th century，Superior、Colleagues and friends still don’t quite understand，Thought I was paying attention to the "unpopular among the unpopular"，Even in the academic world of international relations，Few people care about the issue of foreign aid。Some well-intentioned opinions suggested that I give up research on bet365 tennis bet，Focus on the study of major issues in North-South relations。But I think，As a practical link for deep exchanges between countries，Someone needs to study it，And because bet365 tennis bet involves multidisciplinary integration，So through this small hole, you may get a glimpse of the earth-shattering scene。Therefore，In the more than 20 years since then，I am working outside my main business，Follow the developments in the field of foreign aid from time to time，Foreign aid research has gradually become another hobby of mine。I never expected that I could develop my hobby into a certain scale。With the conclusion of the "United Nations Millennium Development Goals" and the heated discussion on the "Post-2015 Agenda"，The issue of bet365 tennis bet has gradually changed from "unpopular" to "prominent"。In fact, this topic is far from what people understood it in the 20th century，It is not a technical topic at all，On the contrary, it can be involved in politics、Economy、Society、International relations issues in many fields such as technology，Because I am in awe of the hugeness and complexity of this topic，I designed some clear steps when I started my research，And organized an international team。

(This article is excerpted from "Zhou Hong: Between "Tea" and "Coffee"", one bet365 tennis bet "Everyone's Elegant Affairs" series published by Social Science Literature Publishing House，With deletions)