Elite is a social virtue，It is also a manifestation of promoting positive energy advocated by the socialist harmonious society。Bar-Tal believes that altruistic behavior has the following four characteristics: beneficial to others; choice of behavior; for the purpose of favors;。Li's behavior is a kind of pro -social behavior，But the pro -social behavior may not be altruistic，If you have a purposeful grace or compensation behavior, it belongs to a helping behavior in pro -social behavior，but not belonging to altruistic behavior。

People often think that altruism is a dedication that does not seek rewards，While littering，Often accompanied by damage，I rarely benefit from the altruists，This "inability to enter" is not conducive to the survival and development。So，In the evolution of human history，Why can altruism always "defeat" self -ism? Why are so many people in real life showing altruism?

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Darwin's theory of biological evolution originally thought that the unit that naturally selected was an individual，Individuals with strong adaptability will be selected naturally。But altruism will reduce the adaptability of others，Make it in an unfavorable position in the competition，So，Obdoic behavior is obviously contradictory with natural selection。So，Darwin expands the level of natural selection from individual to group，I believe that this behavior is not good for individual creatures，But it may be beneficial to the biological group，"There are many tribes that are ready to help each other at any time and sacrifice bet365 live casino games their members for the same goodness，For most other tribes，It may be the winner; and this may also be a natural choice "。But Darwin did not conduct in -depth interpretation and research on group selection。

The development of the group selection after the group is extremely slow。until the 1960s，The theory of group selection finally rely on Edwards to get a large amount of evidence collected by animal behavior to get preliminary establishment。But the group selection theory was quickly criticized by a large number of well -known evolutionary scholars，I was sentenced to death soon。Since then，Group selection theory disappears。

　　Alternative theory of group selection

The death of the group selection theory was sentenced，But the contradiction between the altruistic and natural choices still exists，To find a reasonable explanation，A number of new theories have been proposed in succession，The following is two representative theories。

First, internal adaptability theory。This theory is also called the theory of choice of kinship，Proposed by Hamilton in 1964，Used to explain the behavior between relatives who have close relationships。Internal adaptability theory believes，Natural choices tend to be characterized by the genes that can promote the spread of the body，instead of whether the organic body can directly breed off the offspring。Relatives carry the same genes that are the same as yourself，So，Compared to strangers，Individuals are more willing to help relatives who have a genetic relationship with yourself，Kin Altruism。Knowing Leisure's behavior is affected by the proner coefficient，The more close the relationship is, the more closely the active altruistic behavior will occur。

Second is the theory of mutual benefit altruism。bet365 best casino games This theory was proposed by Trivers in 1971，It is mainly used to explain the evolutionary mechanism of non -affinity benefit altruistic behavior (that is, the behavior between strangers)。This theory thinks，The altruistic behavior between non -close individuals is mutually beneficial，One individual risks to reduce his adaptability to help another individual who has no close relationship with himself，It is to get a certain return when they meet the beneficiary in the future。Mutuality benefits him with the purpose of seeking future rewards，Therefore, this kind of altruism is actually to benefit in the future，Lisa has become a "condition" or "investment"。In a complete mutual reciprocal altruistic cycle，The two parties are in a relationship of cooperation。Of course，Due to various subjective or objective reasons，Not all altrules can get the beneficiary's return，Therefore, there is always a choice for altruistic behavior，and bear the corresponding risk。

　Multi -level selection theory

Group selection theory, although he was sentenced to death in the 1960s，But some supporters did not give up here，Hamilton discovered the evidence of sex ratio imbalance，Non -in -depth research，Finally, the situation was reversed with the joint efforts of other scholars，Multi -level selection theory also came into being with it。

Multi -level selection theory Consid by，Natural selection occurs between multiple levels，Gene layer、Individual level and group level，It can be selected at the same level，It can also be a cross -level selection。When the choice of different levels appears contradictions，Behavioral behavior will appear。For example，In social insects (ant、Hornet、Bee、termites) bet365 Play online games group，Infertile workers or workers or workers cannot complete genes in the same level，Therefore, they dedicate their lives to the bee or ant king，Building and protecting honeycomb or ant nest，Foraging and nurturing larvae，This kind of altruistic behavior is used to ensure the continuation of the race (group)。

D. S. Wilson (D. S. Wilson) of Multi -level selection theory has commented on，"Self -favorable war in the group wins the victory of others，Between the groups of the group defeat the self -interest group "。That is to say，Individuals' sharp behavior, although it will cause itself in the group to be in an unfavorable position，But it can improve the adaptability of the group。

To sum up，Group selection theory believes that the individual's altruistic behavior helps the survival and development of the group。Internal adaptability theory believes that relatives benefit him for continuation of racial genes。Mutual Elite Lisa Theory believes that the behavior between non -close individuals is mutually beneficial，Lee is for future returns。Multi -level selection theory is considered to occur between different levels，Li's behavior is a product of choosing contradictions between different levels。

The above theories are all from the basic level of evolution (that is, survival)，I believe that altruism is to improve the individual (gene)、Group、The survival adaptability of the race。Studies indicate，Li's behavior is not just altruistic，It is also beneficial to the altruists，This benefit is not only reflected in the adaptability of survival，It also emphasizes a kind of physical and mental benefits to the altruis itself。

　　Physical and mental interaction thoughts and "self -incentive effects"

We often say "Eyes are the windows of the soul"，Although it is a literary Bet365 lotto review metaphor，But also implies that the body and mind are related。For individuals，Body and mental is a whole，Psychological changes can be reflected on the body，Physical changes will also affect psychological changes，The influence of body and heart is two -way。For example, we usually experience，People will laugh when they are happy，Contrary to，Laughing will also make people become happier，And this two -way role has been confirmed by many research institutes。

Self -motivation effect is also the result of physical and mental interaction，The direction of its interaction is "from heart to body"。The altruists can generate a positive resource or energy within their own behavior。This internal positive gain can make up for the external utility that is lost when it is favored。So，Although the altruists lose their own resources，Reduced your external adaptability，But at the same time, altruism can bring a certain degree of internal utility gain to the altruists。When this part of the internal utility gain can make up for or even surpass the loss of external utility，Based on the altruistic behavior "bonus" of other altrules receiving，The adaptability of the altruists will be higher than the individual who is self -interest，Thus can survive and evolve in the group。

When the benefit of altruism brings more adaptability to others，Lisators are more inclined to do the behavior of altruism，This forms a benign dual cycle: a ring is an outer ring，That is the external utility of the benefits of the altruis; the other ring is the inner ring，That is the increasing internal gain of the benefit of the altruis，Healthy psychology。

　　Dual path model that benefits him to increase the adaptability of people

Xie Xiaofei and others proposed the dual -path Bet365 app download model that benefits him to increase the adaptability of others (as shown in the figure)。Internal path means that the behavior of altruism can be through the internal process of self -motivation，Positive interaction to promote the physical and mental of the help of people，Bring internal utility gain，So as to improve its adaptability at some moment。The external path passes the signal that shows the quality of the help of others，helps to improve the mainland of its group and increase cooperation、Sab selection opportunity。Then，The altruistic behavior can be saved in the evolutionary choice of individual and group levels。

If a person shows the behavior of altruism，Especially at the time that is needed and critical，Then a good image will be left in the hearts of others，It also helps personal impression management。This external utility is not just on the surface，It will also generate more and longer invisible value，For example，Have more opportunities for cooperation in the future development，After all, compared to the self -interest，People are always willing to cooperate with the altruists; in the group，The altruists are considered more fair and selfless，It is more likely to be elected as a leader; the altruists can also get more praise、Agreement、Acknowledged, etc.;，It is easier to have broad human network resources; everyone will encounter difficulties and setbacks，Those who have survived altruism，It is more likely to get the help of others through the difficulties; in addition，Lisians are also more likely to be favored by the opposite sex，Especially women have a better impression on the men’s men。

To sum up，The behavior of altruism plays an important role in the development of human society，Elite bet365 Play online games can help others，It can gain weight，Is a win -win move，It should be actively practiced and spread。

(Author Unit: School of Education, Suzhou University)