We are all familiar with a story in the history of philosophy: one morning in 1889，bet365 free bets saw an old horse being whipped by a coachman in the square in Turin。bet365 free bets suddenly rushed forward，Holding the horse’s neck and crying，Then he collapsed on the ground、Insanity。In the same year he was admitted to a mental hospital，Never fully recovered throughout his life。Actually，In Dostoevsky's famous work "Crime and Punishment"，There is a similar scene: the protagonist Raskolnikov dreamed that drunkards in his hometown tortured a skinny horse that could not pull a cart to death。bet365 free bets read this novel，And praised Dostoevsky as the only psychologist from whom he benefited greatly。

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Some psychologists may not be able to bear to see great philosophers wither and decline，Therefore another destiny was arranged for him。Irvin D, Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry at Stanford University. Yalom) has tried this before，In his book When Nietzsche Cried，The Austrian psychiatrist Josef Breuer, who was also a teacher and friend of Freud, tried to use middle-class values，Redeeming Nietzsche with the talking cure。Breuer first gave a psychological explanation of bet365 free bets Superman philosophy，“(Nietzsche) viewed any expression of positive emotion as a surrender of power，The initiative is being taken away”。bet365 free bets “power to be powerful” is understood as the initiative to express positive emotions。

Due to bet365 free bets strong will to power，After hypnosis and talk therapy failed，Breuer changes treatment strategy，Swapping roles with Nietzsche。Nietzsche as therapist points out that Breuer “stands outside life”，His prescription was for Breuer to redesign his life。But the philosopher’s prescription is obviously risky and costly，Breuer saw the tragic end of the life he designed through Freud-assisted hypnosis，Escape from the wilderness and return to the original bourgeois warm and happy family。However, the counselor’s frankness and warmth finally melted the ice in the heart of this great lonely philosopher，Nietzsche, who wanted to be a superman, admitted in Breuer's compassionate smile that "you and I are both mortal" - "I just don't want to die alone，I don’t want my corpse，Discovered by someone following the stench”。The patient’s “resistance” has finally been resolved，He embraced the therapist passionately。Nietzsche confided in Breuer: “I like to say it，No one has ever said that to me。”Nietzsche was finally made to cry。At this time，The one who declares "Who will eventually shock the world，I will keep silent for a long time；Who will eventually ignite the lightning，Nietzsche will never be able to recall the Nietzsche who will always be like a wandering cloud，What we see seems to be a child who has done something wrong and is forgiven by his mother。Last，Breuer is secretly glad to have returned safely to the loving and happy family of Bourgeois，With a smile, Nietzsche bid farewell to Nietzsche, who set out on his own journey to find Dionysus with tears in his eyes。This is a great metaphor: the era of psychology is slowly opening，Emphasis on autonomy、Safety、Harmony、Positive psychology emerges as a winner。bet365 free bets Superman philosophy was so easily dispelled and deconstructed by psychology。After what seems like a slightly lengthy introduction，We pose an open question here: could psychotherapy help Nietzsche？Do philosophers need psychotherapy？What will happen if a philosopher receives psychotherapy？

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Actually，Nietzsche developed his own unique psychology。In his words，“My writings show that I am an unparalleled psychologist”。bet365 free bets Psychology in Apollonian and Dionysian、Health and Disease、In the tension between ordinary man (dasMan) and superman，Embarked on a completely different ideological path from psychoanalysis and humanistic psychology。The nature of the world of Apollo, the sun god, is "dream"。Nietzsche first revealed how ordinary people sink into the Apollonian world built with dreams，The appearance of the world beautified by the dream of the luminous one is dazzling。This dazzling appearance shrouds the ended history、Psychological psychology，And those who think I am me。And for Dionysus，His nature is "drunk"。It means the dissociation of the identity of the self，Freedom from ready-made fixations and the law of sufficient reason，“From nature arises an ecstasy full of bliss”，Knowing by not knowing，Seeing the formless form。Ordinary people who are addicted to the dream of the sun，“Due to lack of experience or sensory dullness，Complacency in one’s own health，Avoid “Dionysian Passion” with irony or pity。They “unexpectedly”，While the fiery life of the Dionysian chorus boiled around them，How their ‘health’ will be as miserable as a corpse，Like a ghost”。In bet365 free bets view，This weakening of life instinct means degradation。Vegetarians refuse to eat meat to prevent harmful substances from entering the body，But in this way, the body cannot distinguish harmful substances，So there will be no corresponding resistance。Disease itself can be the stimulant of life。And under the magic of Dionysus，Not only are people reunited，Also distant、Hostile、The enslaved nature also celebrates the festival of reconciliation with her prodigal son, human beings。“The earth automatically gives its tribute，The ferocious beasts in the dangerous cliff desert also come kindly。Bacchus’ chariot is loaded with garlands of flowers，Tiger and leopard drive it。”

Actually，Nietzsche tried to revalue all traditional values ​​in the drunken eyes opened by Dionysus，And thus opens the history of a new mode of human existence (Superman)。Not long before going crazy，Nietzsche wrote "The Antichrist"。The last sentence of this book is: "People calculate time according to the bad days (from which bad luck begins)，——Counting from the first day of Christianity！—but why not start counting from its last day？——Start Today？——Revaluation of all values！”His so-called Christian rhetoric is a representative of Europe’s old morality and culture。Under the dominion of Hebrew religion and Greek philosophy，Western civilization has always been committed to finding the smallest connotation、The ultimate entity with the largest extension。It is the soul of the world as the immovable mover，The cogito that is absolutely self-evident，Or the self is externalized into objects and then returns to its own absolute spirit。In this sense，Whether psychoanalysis or humanistic psychology，They are all components of the Western cultural value chain。Nietzsche attributes the starting point of this chain to “the beginning of doom”。Because it involves the diverse world into the poverty and paleness of identity dominance。Milan Kundera understood this point，cai commented meaningfully，bet365 free bets insanity is “Nietzsche is apologizing to the horse for Descartes”。

In bet365 free bets view，Traditional Western culture advocates object-oriented knowledge systems and technical operating procedures。But the basis for its establishment is not the absolute truth and the only morality，But a power struggle of perspectivism。"As long as the word "know" has meaning，Then the world is knowable: but the world can be interpreted differently，It has no hidden meaning，But it has countless meanings，This is ‘Perspectivism’。It is our needs that explain the world: our desires，And its pros and cons。Every desire is a desire to dominate，Everyone has their own perspective，Everyone wants to regard their own perspective as the norm，Forced on other desires。”The identity perspective wants to take itself as the norm，Imposed on all things，Just like psychoanalysis wants to make itself the norm，Forced on Nietzsche。However, what is truth and morality，Nietzsche gave his own standards。What is truth？“‘Real’: in terms of feeling—that which most strongly stimulates feeling (‘self’)”。As far as moral standards are concerned，"What is good？——Every feeling of increasing power、The will to power、Even to the power of man”。Those who have the courage to apply these two standards，It is possible to become what Nietzsche calls a superman。If ordinary people are the research object of traditional psychology，Then this new mode of human existence is the emancipated subject of bet365 free bets psychology。“Nietzschean Superman，Although it feels too slim，But judging from the facts of the existing human races in the world，But we can be sure that there will always be particularly noble and nearly perfect human beings in the future。At that time，Ape above，Afraid of adding the term ‘ape-like’。” (Lu Xun’s language) bet365 free bets “Thus Spoke Zarathustra” has clearly identified Superman’s evolutionary transcendence of ordinary people: “I teach you to use ‘Superman’，People are something to be surpassed，What have you done to surpass him？...What are apes to humans？Nothing but a laughing stock and a painful embarrassment，For ‘Superman’，The same is true for ‘people’。...Man is a polluted river。In order to accept this dirty river without polluting yourself，People must be the sea。...Superman is the sea；Your great contempt will sink in the sea。”Lu Xun almost copied bet365 free bets words。Superman reminds us of the meaning of earth，What we have to worry about is not how to “treat” people into adulthood，It’s not like machines will surpass humans at the singularity moment，But people sink into ordinary people，Even people become machines。

　　"Being healed into bet365 free bets"

Zeng Qifeng, the founder and first president of Wuhan Sino-German Psychiatric Hospital, once reviewed another book by Yalong, "Schopenhauer's Treatment"。In Mr. Zeng’s opinion，The protagonist in the book "Philip in order to get rid bet365 free bets control of desire，Ask Schopenhauer，Turns out to be a monster with only thoughts。In Julius’ therapy group，He initially played the role of being ‘cured’ by Schopenhauer，And try to help others in a similar way。Unfortunately，No one likes him，He himself is not really free from pain。Later，In his emotions as a human being，To be precise, after the emotions of an ordinary man are activated，Schopenhauer’s ideological edifice has collapsed，A real person is born”。Philosophy and thought in Mr. Zeng’s opinion，"Almost in every sense，They all isolate emotions and relationships”，And "Fortunately, there is such a thing as psychotherapy in the world... The goal of psychotherapy is to make the client accept his current situation as a person、Having human emotions and human relationships”。Good words，But what is "a person's current situation"？What is “having human emotions and human relationships”？In the final analysis，What is "person"？Is it the image of a "psychological person" provided by "Fortunately... things like psychotherapy"？Can we really do what the preface to the book Schopenhauer so ambitiously claims，"Being treated as a person"？

Actually，In Yalom's world，Individuals who are maladjusted to capitalism have been included in social health insurance to make them affordable、A psychological counseling and therapeutic apparatus that claims to give them "unconditional positive regard"。After psychological treatment and repair，They are once again sent back to the capitalist reproduction system。Such a comprehensive and flexible "therapeutic regime" as a new form of capitalist political governance，The revolutionary agenda of the proletariat has been shelved again。As Han Bingzhe keenly pointed out in his "Burnout Society"，Positive dogma blocks all senses。From this，The collective action that Marx desired to change the world is now psychologically transformed into an individual pursuit actively involved in self-actualization。And this system is not afraid of these individuals’ individual or unique psychological needs，It promises to provide a variety of consumable commodities for the realization of various individual needs。Adorno pointedly commented on this: "A technology intended to cure their bourgeois illusions further makes them succumb to the illusion of liberation。It trains those whom it encourages to overcome their instincts to become useful members of the destructive whole。”Psychoanalysis is even often cited as a philosophical colleague of Nietzsche，Also often part of this healing chain。Freud has a famous saying，“Wo Es war, soll Ich werden”（Where It was, shall I be)。Jones translated it as "Where is the Self，Wherever there is self"。The translation of Princess Bonaparte is，"The self will be replaced by the original self"。Lacan translated it as，"Where it is，I will be born there”。This means that psychoanalysis is dedicated to strengthening the power of the self，Use reason to control the irrational、Libidinal desire，Free man from the shackles of his unconscious，Thus eliminating all kinds of repression and neurosis。“The ultimate goal of psychoanalytic treatment is acceptance of the reality principle，This means that the individual accepts the instinctive needs of civilization，Especially the control of sexual desire”。Psychoanalysis is at loggerheads with the identity logic of Western civilization at the front door，But in a blink of an eye, he went to the back door to shake hands and make peace。So Nietzsche is destined to be lonely。Nietzsche is a great philosopher who stands on the top of a lonely mountain，Instead of worldly visitors floating in the waves of mortal world。If you want to understand bet365 free bets thoughts，You need to adapt to the cold air at high altitudes，A winter trek in every sense of the word、Cold weather and high mountains。

　　(bet365 free bets article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund’s major project “Research on the Overall Logic and Strategic Path of Building a Socialist Cultural Power by 2035” (21ZDA072)

(Author’s unit: Department of bet365 free bets, Xiamen University)