■Daniel bet365 ohio promo code Interviewee/Photo provided

　“For Americans，bet365 ohio promo code is a self-evident axiom that ‘advantage should be gained through ability and hard work’。bet365 ohio promo code can be said，The ideal of meritocracy，That is, ‘social and economic rewards should be based on achievement rather than origin’ is the foundation of the ‘American Dream’。" Daniel Markovits, a professor of law at Yale University in the United States, in his new book "The Meritocracy Trap: How America's "Basic Myths" Create Inequality、Weakening the middle-income class、Written in "Evoking the Elite"。

However，In Markowitz’s view，“Meritocracy” in today’s United States，bet365 ohio promo code creates exactly what bet365 ohio promo code was originally opposed to: the concentration and intergenerational transmission of wealth and privilege。Upward social mobility is almost a fantasy for many people，The middle-income class is more likely to fall into the working poor than to rise to the professional elite。At the same time，People who strive to climb to the top of the social ladder are also trapped in the "meritocracy trap"。To get rewards，They work with overloaded intensity，Maximize "extracting" the high-quality education you receive。This phenomenon is not the result of Americans deviating from or abandoning the ideal of "meritocracy"，But the success directly stems from this ideal。over the years，Experience of studying and working in famous universities in the United States，Allows Markowitz to see from the inside how meritocracy traps Americans and causes widespread harm。He attempts to reveal the operating mode and problems of the "merit-only" mechanism through his new book，And make suggestions for improvements。Days ago，Markowitz accepted an interview with this reporter。

　　“bet365 ohio promo code talents and talents” is distorted

　　"China bet365 ohio promo code News": Who are the beneficiaries and victims of the American ideal of "meritocracy"？

　bet365 ohio promo code:Fundamentally speaking，“Meritocracy” does not benefit anyone now，bet365 ohio promo code “traps” the elite like a gilded cage，Exclude others，Although this conclusion may sound surprising。Theoretically，“People should be rewarded for their individual achievements、The concept of "achieving upward mobility" can give everyone a fair chance to succeed，But in fact bet365 ohio promo code creates an unfair competition - even if everyone "participates" according to the rules，Only the dominant group can win。Take education as an example，The top colleges in the United States now admit more students from the top 1% of families than from the bottom 50%。bet365 ohio promo code is not difficult to understand why social mobility in the United States is lower than other developed countries，And absolute liquidity has decreased significantly over the past 50 years，The middle-income group has the largest decline。

At the same time，Children from wealthy families don’t have bet365 ohio promo code easy either，They must constantly receive various education and training、Work hard on your skills and even distort your original pursuit to maintain a superior position。The competition for “meriting talent and application” is now so fierce，So much so that the most advantaged groups cannot guarantee their own success，Everyone in the whole society is afraid of failure、Fear of declining socioeconomic status。And those who win the education competition、Workers who obtain senior positions must also accept long working hours，They are rich but not comfortable。

　"Chinese Social Sciences Journal": Has "the principle of meritocracy" ever played a prominent and positive role in the United States？Why bet365 ohio promo code has become a “trap” now？

　　bet365 ohio promo code:“Meritocracy” is part of Americans’ conscious efforts to break the closed hereditary elite identity。Past，Many education and job opportunities are "intergenerational"。After World War II，Famous schools bet365 ohio promo code States、Famous companies begin to target all talented people、Open doors for ambitious people。These reforms rapidly changed the composition of the elite，Students from top universities are smarter、More diligent、More backgrounds。The new elite relies on superior knowledge and skills，Increased income and status。With the establishment of the "only those who use talents" model，High-quality education is increasingly concentrated in elite families。In addition，As innovation increasingly stems from the skills mastered by new elites，Thus, what economists call “skill-biased technological progress” appears。Appreciation of skills cultivated by elite education，Normal skills depreciated，A labor market that was once dominated by middle-income jobs has fragmented into a small number of high-paying jobs for the new elite and a large number of bleak-prospect jobs for other workers。Finally，Trends in education and work create feedback loops，The snowball of "meritocracy and inequality in employment" is getting bigger and bigger。

　　Public resources are tilted toward the bet365 ohio promo code

　　"Chinese bet365 ohio promo code Journal": Is the "meritocracy trap" closely related to the increasing inequality currently prevalent in American society？

　bet365 ohio promo code:“Meritocracy” is a key factor in the rise of inequality in the United States，But this does not mean that "meritocracy and inequality of use" is inevitable，bet365 ohio promo code does not mean that we should return to the era when income and status were determined by birth。The "Meritocracy Trap" is formed in such a social environment: "superstitious" talent，Valuing competition and personal success in a narrow sense，But I didn’t think about whether this kind of competition can really increase social value，Or whether the competitive goal is really worth fighting for。

Now，The top 1% of Americans’ share of national income is about twice what bet365 ohio promo code was 50 years ago。There are three main reasons for this situation: First，Unbalanced political and economic development；Second，The growth rate of capital income is much higher than the growth rate of labor income；Third，High-skill jobs earn much more than mid-skill jobs。We are familiar with the first two reasons，bet365 ohio promo code is also real，But bet365 ohio promo code is not enough to explain why the income of the top 1% has increased significantly。bet365 ohio promo code is a global phenomenon that the income brought by capital far exceeds the income brought by labor，But its impact on the income increase of the top 1% of Americans only accounts for about 25%，The remaining 75% comes from income transfers within the labor force，That is, moving from medium-skilled workers to high-skilled workers。This is the embodiment of "inequality in meritocracy"。The education level and salary level of financial industry practitioners in the mid-20th century were in the middle range of the labor market，Now this group is highly educated、High skills、Characterized by high income。

　　"Chinese Social Sciences Journal": What role does the American education system and labor market play bet365 ohio promo code "meritism trap"？

　　bet365 ohio promo code:First，The current education policy in the United States has caused public resources to serve wealthy families’ intensive investment in education for their children。Local government funding for public schools makes educational expenditures in wealthy communities higher than in middle-income communities，The difference is sometimes as high as several times。Tax breaks for private schools mean massive public subsidies go to educating the children of wealthy families，bet365 ohio promo code is the middle-income class that "pays the bill" for this。The government should reform this type of education policy。Example，Encourage high-quality private schools to expand enrollment。If these schools don’t admit students from more economically diverse backgrounds，You will no longer be able to enjoy tax exemptions。

Second，U.S. tax and labor policies “punish” middle-income workers。The payroll tax that funds U.S. Social Security places a heavier burden on many middle-income families than income taxes，But its tax base is capped at around 0,000。This is trivial for high-income earners，But bet365 ohio promo code makes middle-income earners the factor of production with the heaviest tax burden in the U.S. economy，Thereby driving the market to replace them with highly skilled workers。I think，The government should increase the upper limit of the payroll tax base，And use this tax revenue to provide wage subsidies for middle-income earners、Subsidy for labor training projects。

　　"China Social Sciences Journal": bet365 ohio promo code is necessary to build a reasonable place that can give full play to the principle of "appropriate talents"，bet365 ohio promo code can also avoid falling into the "meritocracy trap" society，Where do the main obstacles come from？

　　bet365 ohio promo code:The main obstacle is neither political，Also non-technical，bet365 ohio promo code’s that the “charm” of “meriting talent and practicality” is irresistible。Raise awareness that the current plight of the middle-income class reflects structural inequality rather than a failure of individual effort，bet365 ohio promo code’s not easy。What is even more difficult is for the elite to give up their existing generous income and superior status。But I think there is still hope，There have been successful cases in American history，The "Roosevelt New Deal" in the 1930s laid the foundation for the growth of the American middle-income class in the mid-20th century。

　(our newspaper, Washington, October 7)