bet365 best casino games

"For Americans，‘Getting of advantages and hard work’ is a righteous axiom that does not prove itself。It can be said，Only the ideal of Meritocracy，‘Social and Economic rewards should be based on achievements rather than origin.’。"Daniel Markovits, a professor of law at Yale University in the United States, in its new book" Only Trap: How "the" basic myth "in the United States has spawned inequality、Weaken the middle income class、Devouling Elite Classes "wrote。

But，From the view of Markovitz，"Only use it" in the United States today，It just created what it originally opposed: the concentration of wealth and privileges and intergenerational transmission。The flowing up to society is almost fantasy for many people，Middle income class is more likely to fall into the work elite。At the same time，The crowds who struggle to climb to the top of the social ladder are also trapped in "Only using a trap"。To get back，They work with overloaded strength，Maximize "squeeze" the high -quality education you receive。This phenomenon is not the result of the ideal of Americans deviated or abandoned the ideal result of "only use"，but directly originated from this ideal success。Over the years，Experience of studying and work in well Bet365 lotto review -known universities in the United States，Malcovitz can observe from the inside to how "only use" how to trap Americans and cause extensive damage to it。He tried to reveal the operating mode and problems of the "only use" mechanism through the new book，and make suggestions for improvement。A few days ago，Malcokovitz accepted an interview with our reporter。

　　"Only use it" to be distorted

　　"China Social Sciences": Who is the ideal beneficiary and victim of the American "only use"?

　Malcovitz:Fundamental speaking，"Only using it" is not conducive to anyone now，It "seduce" the elite class like a gold -plated cage，Exclude others，Although this conclusion may sound amazing。Theoretically speaking，"People should get rewards with their personal achievements、Implementing the concept of flowing up "can give everyone a fair opportunity to succeed，But in fact it created an unfair competition -even if everyone "participates"，Only advantageous groups can win。Take education as an example，The top 1%of students from the top 1%of families from the top of the United States now admitted more than the total number of students from 50%of families after income。This is not difficult to understand why the social liquidity in the United States is lower than other developed countries，and the absolute fluidity has been significantly reduced in the past 50 years，Among them, the middle income class has decreased the largest。

At the same time，Children of a wealthy family are not easy，They must keep receiving various education bet365 live casino games and training、Bittering skills and even distorting your original pursuit to maintain a superior position。"Only using" competition is so fierce，Even the group with the best advantage cannot guarantee your success，Everyone in the whole society failed to fail、Social and economic status is full of fear。and those winning education competitions、Workers who obtain senior positions must also accept oversized working hours，They are rich but not comfortable。

　"China Social Sciences": "Only use" has played a prominent role in the United States? Why is it a "trap" now?

　　Malcovitz:"Only use it" is part of the conscious efforts of the Americans who broke the closed hereditary elite status。Past，Many education and job opportunities are "intergenerational transmission"。After World War II，Famous schools in the United States、Famous companies began to look at everything、The ambitious person opens the door。These reforms quickly changed the composition of the elite class，Students from top schools are smarter、More diligent、More diverse background。The new elite depends on the knowledge and skills of people，Improving income and status。With the "only use" mode, it is established，High -quality education is becoming more concentrated in elite families。In addition，Because innovation is increasingly derived from the skills controlled by the new elite，Therefore, "Skills Leading Technical Progress" said by economists。Skills appreciation of elite education training，Declasses of ordinary skills，The labor market that has been dominated by secondary income work has been differentiated into a small number of high -paying jobs for new elites and a large prospect of other workers.。Final，Education and work trends form a feedback circuit，"Only with unequal snowballs", the greater the greater the greater。

　　Public resources tilt towards the wealthy class

　　"Journal of China Social Sciences": "Only using traps" is closely related to the current universal unequal increase in American society?

　Malcovitz:"Only using it" is a key factor in the rise of the United States that is not equal to the United States，But this does not mean that "the only use is inequality" is inevitable，It does not mean that we should return to the time when we determine the income and status of the origin。"Only using traps" is formed in such a social environment: "superstition"，Emphasis on narrow competition and personal success，But I did not think about whether this competition can really increase social value，Is the goal of competition really worth winning。

Now，The first 1%of Americans in income accounted for about two times the share of national income。There are three main reasons for this situation: first，U of the imbalance of political and economic development; second，The increase in capital income is much higher than the increase in labor income; third，The income of high -skill work is much higher than the income of secondary skills work。We are familiar with the first two reasons，Also real existence，But it is not enough to explain bet365 best casino games why the income of the first 1%of the population increases significantly。The income brought by capital far exceeds the income brought by labor is a global phenomenon，But its impact on the increase in the increasing income of the first 1%of Americans accounted for only about 25%，The remaining 75%of the income transfer from the internal labor，is transferred from medium -class skill workers to high -skilled workers。This is the manifestation of "the only is not equal"。The education level and wage level of the financial industry practitioners in the middle of the 20th century are in the middle range in the labor market，Today, this group is highly educated、High skills、High income features。

　　"China Social Sciences": What role does the US education system and labor market play a role in "only using traps"?

　　Malcovitz:First，​​At present, the US educational policy has led public resources to serve the intensive education investment of rich families with children。Local government appropriations for public schools make the educational funding for the wealthy community higher than the middle -income community，The gap is sometimes as high as several times。Tax reduction of private schools means that a large number of public subsidies are used for education for children of rich families，For this "buried billing" is the middle income class。The government should reform such educational policies。For example，Encourage high -quality private schools to expand enrollment。If these schools do not admit more economic background students，It is no longer possible to enjoy tax reduction and exemption。

2，The tax and labor policy of the United States "punish" middle -income workers。The salary tax provided for the capital of American social security has caused a heavier burden on many middle -income families than income tax，But the upper limit of its tax base is around $ 130,000。This is insignificant for high -income people，But the middle -income person becomes the heaviest production factors in the US economy，Then drives the market to replace them with high -skilled workers。I think，The government should raise the upper limit of the wage tax base，and use this part of tax revenue to provide salary subsidies for middle incomers、Funding workers training project。

　　"China Social Sciences": To build a reasonable place to give full play to the "only talent"，Avoiding a society that can be caught in "only uses traps"，Where does the main obstacle come from?

　　Malcovitz:Main obstacles are not political，Nor technical，Instead, the "charm" of "only use" is uncomfortable。Let people realize that the current dilemma of the middle income class reflects structural inequality rather than personal efforts，This is not easy。What's more difficult is to allow the elite class to give up the existing rich income and superior status。But I think there is still hope，Successful cases in American history，The "Roosevelt New Deal" in the 1930s laid the foundation for the growth of the middle -income class in the mid -20th century.。

　(Newspaper Washington, October 7th)