Alert Scriptures are called "Cet in Cetrot" in Tibetan，means "Dharma Debate"，That is the meaning of Indian Buddhism。After being introduced from India into Tibet，After the reform of monks for generations，。Among them, the most contributed monk Chabaqu Sang。The "Righteousness of the Lunaries" he wrote lays the basic form and specific advanced learning of the Tibetan Debate Classics。It is rumored，Chaba Qu Sang found in the process of studying because of obscurity and obscurity，and the name of the name、Concept learning is also important。So，He specifically wrote "The Righteousness of the List" to explain Chen Na、The theory of Yinming, known as the law，and summarize it as a quantitative theory system formed by the eighteen pairs of categories，From Xiaoli Road to Zhongli Road，Then to Dali Road，From Yi to difficulty。This set of "cameras" -based debate forms，It constitutes an important part of Tibetan Buddhism's unique temple education system and argumentation system。A simple and complete debate scripture is mainly subject to dispute questions、The two parts of the offensive and defensive and the rules of the debate。Usually，The party standing on the debate field is the attacker，Because it always buys the topic in the construction formula，Therefore, it is called the refutor;，Get used to call it enemy theory，It can only respond in four basic answers。In the process of debate，Answering and answering both offensive and defensive parties。

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The formula originated from ancient India，"Ying Cheng" means "should be"，is to explain what opinions the opponent accepts or what views must be accepted according to his position。15th Century，Gelu Pakka Zhujie will be equivalent to the same formula and can be broken。Therefore，Bet365 app download Yingcheng formula, also known as the demeanor argument or inference，Drama Lin called it as a language form of the Spear Spear Spear。Specifically，A formula is composed of Zongzhi and Yinzhi，Expressing it in explicit term，​​Its basic form is "Qian Qian Chen has law，Should be the post -Zong Chen，Is for some reason "。Yingcheng formula is the same as Chen Na's three discussions and laws.、Different French style is both connected and different。First，From the perspective of composition，Chen Na's three discussions from Zong、cause、Meter three composition，The same is called、Different French styles consisting of metaphors and Yinzhi，omitted Zong Zhi，The should be composed of Zongzhi and Yinzhi。Second，From a functional perspective，Chena's three discussions and the same method of law、Different French style is used for the "capable" theory of establishing Zizong，and the formula should be used to break his "capable" theory。

other，If you use three -paragraph term expressions，The basic form of the formula is "small words，It should be a big word，It is the middle word "。For example，Three paragraphs "Everyone has death，Zhang San is a man，So Zhang San is dead "，where，"Zhang San" is a small word，"Death" is a big word，"People" is the Chinese word，Translating it into a formula is "Zhang San has the method，It should be dead，Is the reason for people "。This can be seen，Three paragraphs and the formula can be translated。

So，Three -stage theory that meets the effective reasoning nature is translated into a formula，Are these properties also retained? The answer is yes，Because a three -stage theory is effective，In the small words it contains、Chinese Ci、Satisfy a certain relationship between the three words。These words are translated into the formula，The role they played by them、The role played has not changed。As in the previous example，"People" is in the form of the formula，Still plays an intermediary role; "Zhang San" is Zongqian Chen，Is the subject of Bet365 app download Zongzhi，Still the role of a small word; "dead" is the post -Zonghou Chen，Is the predicate of Zongzhi，Still role of a big word。"Zhang San has method，It should be dead，It is a person。"" There is a weekly relationship with the queen of the Zong，That is, mortals are dead，So once the enemy theory admits "Zhang San is a person"，It is necessary to accept "Zhang Sanying is dead"。That is to say，In a non -error formula，As long as the enemy theory admits this deserved cause，At the same time, it is also acknowledged this formal weekly relationship，Then it is necessary to admit that this deserved sect。As the "Dignity of Quantity" said, "The Sexual Phase of the formula，Establishment and weekly on the other party's understanding (thought)，and can be removed from Zongyi Xianxian sentence "。

　　Four basic answers of the enemy theory

For the should be formula thrown by the refutor，How should enemy theories be answered? In general，There are four basic response methods，is Cheng Xu、、Not all over the same time。The first is affirmative answer，Whether the remaining three types of fixed answers。The reason why the enemy theory has these four answers，It is because these four answers are exhausted in front of Zong Chen、Zonghou Chen、Due to the relationship between the three。

May wish to explain it with specific examples here。For example，Refutant throws out "mercury is law，It should be metal，When it is a solid "，Since mercury is metal，So the host must respond to "Su Xu，mercury is metal "，To indicate that he accepts the demeanor conclusion。Another example，Refutant throws out "mercury is law，Should not be metal，When it is a solid "，Because the enemy's theory cannot accept mercury, it is not metal，Can't accept mercury as a solid，So the enemy theory responds to "mercury is solid，Because it cannot be achieved "。Another example，Refutant throws out "mercury is law，It should be vinegar，When it is a liquid "，Although compared to the case,，The mercury of this example is indeed liquid，But the liquid is not bother with vinegar，Therefore, bet365 Play online games the enemy theory should answer "If the liquid is not around is vinegar"。Also like，Refutant throws out "mercury is law，Should be stone，When it is a liquid "，Although compared to the case,，The mercury of this example is indeed liquid，But the liquid is not a stone around，So the enemy theory should answer "If the liquid is not a stone"。

More general，The response formula given by the refutor "S is in method，It should be P，Mom M "，Enemists must first consider "S is P?"，When the enemy theory agrees S is P，Enemists should answer "Cheng Xu"，The complete answer is "Cheng Xu S is P"; when the enemy believes "S is not P"，Enemists need to consider "Is S M is m?"，If "s not m"，Enemists should answer "Failure"，Its complete agency is "S is m，It is not possible "; if the enemy believes" S is not P "and" s is m "，Enemists need to consider "Is P m?"，Enemists should answer "Not around"，Its complete promise is "If M is not around"; if the enemy believes "S is not P", "S is m" and "P is not m"，Enemists should answer "weekly violations"，Its complete promise is "If M is not P"。

It is not difficult to find，In the specific argument，Enemists usually follow a certain path to help them make a choice between the four answers，that is when a formal formula is given，Enemists must first consider whether Zong Zhi is established，If it is established，then a positive answer to "Cheng Xu"; if otherwise，further examine the relationship with Zongqian Chen。If it is not the attribute of Zongqian Chen，then answer "cannot be done";，Then consider the relationship with the queen Chen after the Zonghou。If there is a sect, Chen is the cause，then answer "not around"; if not otherwise，Then answer "weekly violations"。This choice path looks a little troublesome，But is the easiest to operate，Once you are cooked, you can make a coincidence，can quickly respond in the fierce argument。

　Explore the rules of the "red and white" color debate

Tibetan biography can be divided into preparations in the process of argumenting the scriptures、Three stages of confrontation and announcement results，Here we use the "Red and White" color Bet365 app download debate of "Photography" as an example.。The fundamental claim of the enemy theory is "if it is color (color)，Pass is red "。The refutor does not recognize this proposition，On the contrary，He believes that there is a color but not red，Such as "White French snails"。

In the preparation stage，Refuters confirmed that the fundamental proposition of the enemy theory first is "if it is colorful，Pass is red "。This not only shows the proposition of the enemy theory，It also shows that the retroers' strategy is not rushing to deny its point of view。This is somewhat similar to the "production assistance" of the ancient Greek Socrates，All along the other party，Push down step by step，What can you see，I feel that I want to seize the cause。

In the confrontation stage，In order to make the enemy theory actively abandon the fundamental proposition，The refutor will set up a series of should be formulas，One after another，Holdings，Just like beads。In "China Logic History Data Selection", because of the Ming volume，Huang Mingxin referred to this form as "Ying Chenglianzhu"。Just as in the debate of the "red and white" color，The refutorer chose a "white method color show" that is both colorful and not red as an example，Start from the fundamental claim of the enemy theory，Loggingly launching a conclusion，Makes enemy theories have to admit that "the white method of the white method is red"。This argument，Similar to the "argumentation of argument" as Aristotle said，That is, the argument that contradicts the specified propositions in accordance with the premise of generally recognized。

In the stage of announced the results，Enemists acknowledge that "White French snails" is an anti -examples in his fundamental claim，As a result, "if it is colorful，Pass is red "."。

The most exciting part of the Tibetan Biography is the confrontation stage。So，In the confrontation stage，How to set up the referee should become a bead，What do the enemy theory must accept the view that contradicts themselves? For the refuters，bet365 live casino games The most important thing is cloth good bureau，Build a series of interlocking and intertwined beads，On the one hand, the enemy's theoretical response can only be "inheritance" or "inaccessible"，On the other hand, it is necessary to ensure that once the enemy's theoretical response has made "inheritance"，then the conclusion will inevitably logically launch。To build a formal formula that meets these special requirements，It must follow the following three rules: first，It is necessary to enable the enemy theory to recognize the relationship between Chen and Yin in the post -form formula，That is to ensure that the extension of the cause is contained in the extension of Chen's extension。2，It is necessary to ensure that the cause of each formula is converged on the extension between the cause of each formula and the cause of the previous formula，The purpose is to find the cause that can be accepted by the enemy theory。third，In order to ensure the "Ying Lianzhu", this string is a convergent sequence，In terms of technical processing，It is necessary to ensure that each of the post -form formula is the "cause" of the "cause" in the previous formula。

Although the form of the Tibetan Scriptures is very flexible，Specific process of each scripture，Its demonstration method may be different，If in the primary stage，The two branches of the formula are generally a single layer，And to the middle、Advanced stage，Shopping formula often adopts multi -layer composite，But the rules used in the debate of the "red and white" color are essentially the same。The general form and rules of debate by extracting the scriptures，On the one hand, it can help us recognize the essence of the scriptures，that is, it is an effective way to exclude contradictions，Adopt the method of returning to the false method in the argument。On the other hand, it can help us quickly master this set of sutra skills。Tibetan debate is enduring，In addition to because it can break the evil opinion、Improve the righteousness and is generally accepted bet365 Play online games and used for monks，Also because of this form of debate, it can provide space for rational and critical thinking，Not only applies to the field of religion，It is also suitable for learning from various disciplines，even life and other aspects，is a rare way of thinking training。

　　(This article is a major project of the National Social Science Foundation "Historical Development of a Broad Logic Paradox、The Son of theoretical Frontier and Interdisciplinary Research "Son Project" Research on Paradox Ideal in Ancient Chinese Classics "(18zda031) phased achievement)

(Author Unit: School of Philosophy of Renmin University of China)