The World Trade Organization made a ruling on October 2，In view of the EU "illegal" subsidies to the European Airbus Company，The United States has the right to impose revenge tariffs from the European Union。After the results of this ruling were announced，The Office of the US Trade Representative announced that it will impose tariffs on a series of EU products，Effective on October 18。Relevant EU officials said，Feeling concerns about the United States' intended tariffs，The EU considers taking countermeasures。The development of trade disputes between the United States and the European Union has attracted the attention of many European scholars。Our reporter interviewed relevant scholars on this issue。

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CECILIA Bellora, a researcher at the French International Outlook and Information Research Center (CEPII), told this reporter，For a while，The United States has taken a series of trade protectionist measures，The EU has also been affected bet365 live casino games by relevant measures。The United States has imposed tariffs on EU steel and aluminum products since 2018，The EU has also taken countermeasures。After that，The trade negotiations between the two parties are more difficult。

She said，US trade protection measures have a direct impact and indirect impact on the EU。Steel aluminum, etc. It is expected to decline in the U.S. exports directly targeting the trade protectionist measures of steel aluminum.。From the long term，The price of these products may also be adjusted down。At the same time，These trade protection measures will also have an indirect impact。To get rid of the predicament，European companies may develop new markets。other，Because many countries have been affected by similar measures，The price of other products may decrease，There will also be many products that are more low -priced to enter the EU market，Perhaps it can make up for the loss of the EU to a certain extent。

Professor Lionel Fontagne, a professor of economics at the First University of Paris, believes，Given the value chain has achieved global distribution，Each part of a product may be manufactured by different countries，Products often move to multiple countries Bet365 app download before they finally reach consumers。If some countries want to return some parts of the value chain to some parts of the value chain through trade protection measures，Is not in line with economic laws。

From the historical perspective，Trade protectionist measures are mostly targeted at the final product，Most of the recent measures in the United States are to increase trade barriers to intermediate products。This will not only hurt the target country，It will also bring adverse effects to the United States。In addition to the direct impact of counter -control measures in the target state，There are two other factors that are playing a role。On the one hand，Affected by high tariffs，The price of imported products will increase mostly，Then raise the price of goods in the domestic market。On the other hand，Although the final production process of some products is carried out in the United States，But its parts may be produced abroad。Rise of import prices，will lead to an increase in industrial production costs，Competitiveness affecting the product，Especially it will reduce the competitiveness of these products in the international market，Ben affects the performance Bet365 lotto review of the United States in exports。That is，The rise in the price of intermediate products will reduce the competitiveness of the downstream industry。and import tariffs on the final product are not conducive to domestic upstream industries，Because certain products may complete the final production steps abroad，The parts are produced in the United States。In the tariff war，Especially when the value chain distribution is very complicated，Countries that adopt trade protectionist measures often eat their own fruit。

　Ensure that the international trade system is stable and developed

　　Bellara thinks，The international trading system depends on the rules and standards agreed by countries that are jointly agreed by various countries，One of its goals is to ensure the stability of international trade and predict。but，The measures taken by the United States now have not been recognized by relevant international organizations，and all implemented in the name of maintaining national security in accordance with US law。This allows these measures to be different from previous trade protectionist measures，Not only is it undermining the stability of the international trade system，It is more likely to have a negative impact on the international trade system。

But she also said，The current international trade rules may indeed need to be improved。For example，Many negotiations on international trade rules are performed when trade activities involve only when they involve goods。But now the service trade is becoming increasingly important，Many countries have advantages in service trade。Inside some international organizations，If in the World Trade Organization，The rules of specifications and protection of service trade are relatively vague。In view of the structural problems of the international trade system, the increasingly prominent and decline in the legitimacy of international institutions，It seems difficult to return to the situation before the crisis。But whether it is abandoning the existing rules，Still reforming the World Trade Organization，The cost will be very high，It is difficult to estimate the impact。Despite this，Governments and international organizations are still necessary to formulate long -term strategies，Make more systemic reforms。These reform measures should not be just a purely bet365 Play online games commercial or economic aspect，It must also reflect the perspective of sustainable development。

Director of the French International Outlook and Information Research Center, Sébastien Jean, said，In this uncertain environment，Maintain a regular multilateral trading system、Make sure these rules are conducive to fair competition、It is urgent to ensure that they are correctly used。but，It is not enough to call on the establishment of the established system framework.，We must strive to promote its continuous improvement and development。International trade policy should be able to promote growth and innovation，Protective employment and sustainable development。Highly consistent action within the European Union，firmly defending your own interests，Formulate long -term counter -control and guarantee measures for targets。