In the past half a century，A significant urban recession trend in some cities in the United States。Internal reasons for the decline around the American city、Impact and the effects of the urban rejuvenation plan，The reporter of this newspaper interviewed relevant scholars。

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Dean of the School of Architecture and Planning, the State University of New York State University、Professor Robert G. Shibley told this reporter，Since the end of World War II，Among the American cities with a population of not less than 50,000，The population of more than 60 cities has decreased by more than half。These cities are mainly in the second half of the 19th century、The industrial town and business developed in the first half of the 20th century、Service Industry Center。In the middle and late 20th century，In industrialization、Economic Globalization、Under the influence of the trend of labor automation，These cities have encountered economic decline、Population and employment loss、backward urban construction and other problems，and facing severe transformation challenges。

From Hebrew's view，Some cities are declining and other cities are prosperous or recovered，It is mainly based on the results of the common effect of three factors，That is the global economic transformation in the post -industrial era，Elements of infrastructure and other support areas，​​The unique strategic bet365 best casino games advantage or disadvantage of the local area。In addition，Coordination and governance related to these three elements is also very important。For example，American Berry Heng Iron and Steel Corporation Closed in the factory of Bafa Luo，People have not just been on the Federation、Coordination of the state and local level should be consistently cope with serious discussions。When the company stopped business in Berry Heng, Pennsylvania，Federation、Prefecture and localities adopted carefully arranged collaborative operations。Therefore，By Heng's population loss is small，Economic recovery is fast，Buffalo is still recovering。

American economist、Professor Carl J. Schramm, a professor at Xuecheng University, talks，In 1970, the US population census，San Louis is the first city with a decrease of 25%compared with 1950; by 1980，There are 9 large American cities' population at least 25%compared to 1960。This trend continues to this day。Many cities' population loss scale amazing scale，The current population of Ru Detroy is only 44%in 1960。While the population is lost，The number of poor residents in these cities is increasing。

Since the Great Depression in the 1930s，The United States has implemented the policy of "urban renewal" and "slum removal" policy，Encourage the Construction Innovation Center、Technical Corridor, etc.。But，These measures to slow down the trend of urban recession、The situation of the constant population loss has no effect。

　　Lack of toughness and flexibility

Schram thinks，An important reason for accelerating the decline of the city Bet365 app download is，Urban development is too dependent on a single industry，Lack of economic toughness。Technological innovation brings a labor market transformation and economic globalization competition，City should actively adapt to changes in economic structure，Seeking a new economic growth point。Cities still need political creativity，Continuous adjustment of governance methods，Ensure that residents' good quality of life。

other，Public schools in these cities are low in teaching、Education quality poor，It is difficult to cultivate high -quality labor。In the 1960s，Many American cities will control the control of public schools to the teacher union，Teachers can decide their own teaching specifications without need to be responsible for the quality of teaching。A decrease in education level，directly affects the long -term healthy development of the city。

Public services have an important role in improving the quality of urban life，Including good public security、High -quality school、Clean environment、Comprehensive infrastructure, etc.。U.S. economist William Jack Baumol (William Jack Baumol) proposed，An important feature of public services is labor dense，It is not easy to increase productivity through technical alternatives。This means that over time，The cost of providing high -quality public services will increase，But the increase in cost cannot be easily offset due to increasing productivity。Therefore，Urban private sector should continue to innovate，Guarantee tax base growth。At the same time，The city should Bet365 app download reform public service supply through flexible political policy，Guarantee the sustainable development of the economy。

Another important reason for the decline in American cities is the lack of political diversity。The long -term political monopoly existing in the United States makes different voices suppressed，Unable to challenge traditional interest groups。These cities should actively explore to reverse the population of the city、Business、Various ideas of quality of life，Reduce the fiscal dependence on the federal government，Increase the political selection of the city。

　Adjust the idea of ​​urban rejuvenation and development

Actively build a new industrial cluster，Revitalize the livelihood of American urban economy and residents。Michael Porter, a professor at Harvard University of the United States, mentioned，Each city should continue to explore new technical fields，Guide local entrepreneurs to establish a complementary corporate cluster to form a new market。But in Schram's view，This way ignores a fact: the earliest technology -based industrial cluster in the United States is not the result of planning，but it is organically developed。Schrame Studies Discovery，Cities that need new business most，Government rules and regulations and taxes will bring huge cost pressure to startups。

To gather more entrepreneurial enterprises，Many cities choose to re -develop the old industrial park。American city research expert Richard Florida recommendation，Cities in the decline in re -developing the old industrial park，If the old factory is transformed into a attic bet365 Play online games apartment、Studio、Store, etc.，Attract the "creative class" to drive local economic development。But，Cities that have basically lost their historical industry in reality，There is almost no new positions through absorbing foreign creative talents。Schrame Studies Discovery，Most of the creative people who are attracted are artists、Lifetime shop owner，instead of being able to establish an enterprise and create employment opportunities、Entrepreneurs who transport important products for domestic and international markets。

Schrame said，Common American cities re -development plan also includes construction light rails、Stadium，merged with the wealthy suburbs。Construction of urban light rails can facilitate residents to commute and be friendly to the environment，But the cost of light rails is high、Low flexibility，Unlike buses, you can go deep into the residential area and adjust the operating line with the changes in the work and residential area。And，debt generated due to the construction of light rails is not conducive to new business、Formation of new employment positions。Construction of the city center stadium attracts tourists and then drives the economy，It has a small effect on slowing down the decline in the city。Construction positions disappear after the establishment of the venue，The number of days of the event is difficult to guarantee to the hotel、Stable requirements of catering and other leisure and entertainment facilities。Merge the decaying city with the surrounding wealthy suburbs，It aims to promote the sharing urban entity bet365 live casino games infrastructure in the suburban residents、Education、The cost of social services，but did not achieve obvious results。

Hebrew thinks，Geographical advantage of the city、Traffic infrastructure、Natural resources, the primary existence of value disappear or decreases，and failed to replace it with new or different values，The city will begin to decline。Government and all sectors of society should strive to provide the economic and social support required to maintain the good life of residents，City should be strategically、Planning、Catalytic use of support forces。The decline of the former industrial city not only exists in the United States，It is also very common in Europe，Similar situation。Urban Fuxing Plan should fully attach importance to the importance of establishing and improving urban culture。Powerful public participation culture，It will exert continuous improvement pressure to the city，Development plan that opposes the quality of life threatening residents。The city can also adopt the "contraction to expand" strategy，New use of existing infrastructure through strategic investment，Construction is more efficient、stronger government，and find ways to share resources and services。

Government、Business circles、Common vision must be established in the scientific community，Strengthen and expand non -governmental organizations、Empowerment of non -profit organization，Strengthen and expand non -governmental organizations。Basic Education、Labor Construction、Entrepreneurship activities should be focused on the unique features bet365 best casino games of the local area，Solve the problem of urgency、Give full play to strategic advantages。Hebrew Representation，The city should create more abundant、More flexible public space，Shape a better urban space and urban landscape。