Over the past half century，Some bet365 withdrawal in the United States are experiencing significant urban decline。Intrinsic causes surrounding the decline of American bet365 withdrawal、Issues such as the impact and effectiveness of urban revitalization plans，Our reporter interviewed relevant scholars。

The process of bet365 withdrawal decline is accelerating

Dean of the School of Architecture and Planning, State University of New York at Buffalo、Professor Robert G. Robert G. Shibley) told this reporter，End of World War II to present day，Among U.S. bet365 withdrawal with a population of at least 50,000，More than 60 bet365 withdrawal have seen their populations decrease by more than half。These bet365 withdrawal were mainly in the second half of the 19th century、An industrial town and business developed in the first half of the 20th century、Service Industry Center。Mid and late 20th century，In deindustrialization、Economic Globalization、Under the influence of the trend of labor automation，These bet365 withdrawal suffered economic decline、Population and employment loss、Problems such as backward urban construction，And facing severe transformation challenges。

In Sibley’s view，Some bet365 withdrawal decline while others thrive or recover，Mainly the result of the joint action of three factors，The global economic transformation in the post-industrial era，Infrastructure and other elements that support regional development，Unique local strategic advantages or disadvantages。In addition，Coordinated governance related to these three elements is also very important。for example，When the American Bethlehem Steel Company closed its plant in Buffalo，People have not agreed on how to be in the Federation、Serious discussion of a coordinated response at the state and local levels。When the company ceased operations in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania，Federation、State and local governments took coordinated, well-orchestrated action。Therefore，Bethlehem’s population loss was smaller，The economy recovers quickly，While Buffalo is still recovering。

American Economist、Syracuse University Professor Carl J. Schram (Carl J. Schramm) talked about，In 1970 United States Census，St. Louis is the first city to have 25% fewer residents than in 1950；By 1980，Nine major U.S. bet365 withdrawal have populations that have decreased by at least 25% compared to 1960。This trend continues to this day。The population loss in many bet365 withdrawal is alarming，For example, Detroit’s current population is only 44% of what it was in 1960。While losing population，The number of poor residents in these bet365 withdrawal is increasing。

Since the Great Depression of the 1930s，The United States has implemented the "bet365 withdrawal renewal" and "slum clearance" policies，Encourage the construction of innovation centers、Technology corridor, etc.。However，These measures will help slow down the trend of bet365 withdrawal decline、There is no success in reversing the increasing population loss。

　　bet365 withdrawal resilience and flexibility

Schramm thinks，An important reason for accelerating urban decline is，Urban development relies too much on a single industry，Lack of economic resilience。Technological innovation brings labor market transformation and economic globalization competition，bet365 withdrawal should actively adapt to changes in economic structure，Seeking new economic growth points。bet365 withdrawal also need to have political creativity，Continuously adjust governance methods，Guarantee a good quality of life for residents。

In addition，The teaching level of public schools in these bet365 withdrawal is low、Poor quality of education，It is difficult to cultivate a high-quality workforce。1960s，Many U.S. bet365 withdrawal give control of public schools to teachers unions，Teachers can decide their own teaching standards and are not responsible for the quality of teaching。Reduction in education level，Directly affects the long-term healthy development of the city。

Public services play an important role in improving the quality of urban life，Including good security、Quality school、Clean environment、Perfect infrastructure, etc.。Proposed by American economist William Jack Baumol，An important characteristic of public services is labor intensity，Improving productivity through technological alternatives is not easy。This means over time，The cost of providing high-quality public services will increase，But the increased costs cannot be easily offset by increased productivity。Therefore，The urban private sector should continue to innovate，Guaranteed tax base growth。At the same time，bet365 withdrawal should reform public service provision through flexible political policies，Ensure sustainable economic development。

Another important reason for the decline of American bet365 withdrawal is the lack of political diversity。The long-standing political monopoly in the United States has suppressed different voices，Unable to challenge traditional interest groups。These bet365 withdrawal should actively explore ways to reverse urban population、Business、Various ideas on the declining quality of life，Reduce financial dependence on the federal government，Increase political options for bet365 withdrawal。

　Adjusting bet365 withdrawal revitalization and development ideas

Actively build new industrial clusters，Revitalizing the U.S. bet365 withdrawal economy and residents’ livelihoods。Mentioned by Michael Porter, professor at Harvard Business School，Every city should continue to explore new areas of technology，Guide local entrepreneurs to establish complementary business clusters to form new markets。But in Schramm’s opinion，This approach ignores the fact that the earliest technology-based industrial clusters in the United States were not the result of planning，It developed organically。Schramm’s research findings，In the city that needs new business the most，Government regulations and taxes will put huge cost pressure on startups。

To gather more entrepreneurial companies，Many bet365 withdrawal choose to redevelop old industrial parks。Suggested by Richard Florida, an American urban research expert，Declining bet365 withdrawal redevelopment of old industrial parks，Converting an old factory into a loft apartment、Studio、Shops, etc.，Attract the “creative class” to drive local economic development。However，A city that has basically lost its historical industrial foundation in reality，Almost few create a large number of new jobs by absorbing foreign creative talents。Schramm’s research findings，Most of the creative people attracted are artists、Lifestyle store owner，Rather than being able to set up a business and create jobs、Entrepreneurs who deliver important products to domestic and international markets。

Schramm said，Common urban redevelopment plans in the United States also include the construction of light rail、Sports venues，Merger with wealthy suburbs, etc.。Constructing urban light rail can facilitate residents’ commuting and be environmentally friendly，But the cost of light rail is high、Low flexibility，Unlike buses that can penetrate into residential areas and adjust their operating routes as work and living areas change。And，Debts arising from light rail construction are not conducive to new business、The formation of new jobs。A way to build city center sports venues to attract tourists and thereby boost the economy，Does little to slow urban decline。Construction jobs disappeared after the stadium was completed，It is difficult to guarantee the number of event days for hotels、Stable demand for catering and other leisure and entertainment facilities。Merging declining bet365 withdrawal with surrounding affluent suburbs，Aims to encourage suburban residents to share the city’s physical infrastructure、Education、Cost of social services，But no obvious results have been achieved。

Sibley thinks，The geographical advantages of the city、Transportation infrastructure、Primary existence value such as natural resources disappears or declines，When it cannot be replaced with a new value or a different value，The city will begin to decline。The government and all sectors of society should strive to provide the economic and social support needed to maintain a good life for residents，bet365 withdrawal should be strategically located、Plannedly、Catalytic use of support。The decline of former industrial bet365 withdrawal is not just a problem in the United States，Also common in Europe，And the situation is similar。Urban revitalization plans should pay full attention to the importance of establishing and improving urban culture。Strong culture of public participation，It will put continuous pressure on the city to improve，And oppose development plans that threaten residents’ quality of life。bet365 withdrawal can also adopt a “shrink in order to expand” strategy，Giving new uses to existing infrastructure through strategic investments，Building more efficiently、Stronger Government，And find ways to share resources and services。

Government、Business community、The scientific community must establish a common vision，Strengthen and expand support for non-governmental organizations、Empowerment of Nonprofit Organizations，Enhance citizens’ influence on the community。Basic Education、Workforce Building、Entrepreneurial activities should focus on unique local characteristics，Solve urgent issues、Leverage strategic advantages。Sibley representation，bet365 withdrawal should be created more abundant、More flexible public spaces，Creating better urban spaces and urban landscapes while meeting safe distances。