March 2022，Pargrav McMaren Publishing House in the United Kingdom published a professor at the School of Political Science and International Research, University of Political Science, Australia、Evidence -based policy expert Brian W. Head's new book "Tone Tone Questions in Public Policy: Understand and Copy Complex Challenges"。The book systematically outlines the connotation of the concept of "tricky problems"、Origin、Development、Academic significance and application value。This reporter interviewed foreign scholars on related issues。

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1973，Horst W. J. Rittel, a professor of design science at the University of California, Berkeley, and Melvin M. Webber, Melvin M. Webber professor of urban planning professors, jointly proposed the concept of "tricky issues".，But this concept really received the attention and in -depth analysis of the academic world in two or three decades。

According to Haide Introduction，The 1950s and 1960s，The perspective of the rational system is the main orientation of Western national policies and planning theories and practice。But in the 1960s and 1970s，Black People's Rights Movement、Women's Liberation Movement、The wave of large -scale protests such as the American Indians Movement shakes the European and American social system。Ritters and Weber expressed this，The classic paradigm of natural science and engineering is no longer applicable to problems in an open social system，Diversified "public" pursue a variety of political goals on the basis of a variety of value assessment。

1973，"Policy Science" journal published an article "Dohaies in the General Planning Theory" written by Ritters and Weber，The concept of "difficult problems" is born。The article talks，Find scientific basis bet365 best casino games for social policy issues that are difficult to fail，Because the essence of these problems is "tricky"，Science aims to solve the "docile" problem。In a diversified society，What is "public interest" is controversial，"Equality" has no objective definition; if it is not established in advance, strict limited conditions，The "optimal solution" of social issues cannot talk about。

"Thoughtful problems" refers to problems that are difficult to solve or cannot be solved。The reason for "tricky" includes: incomplete knowledge or contradictions、involved many different perspectives、There is no fixed unified solution、Complicated interaction between other problems。React and Weber summarized the 10 main features of "tricky problems"。First，"Tone problems" does not have an absolutely clear definition，The information required to understand "tricky problems" depends on the idea of ​​solving the problem。Second，"Thoughtful Questions" does not terminate rules，The causal relationship chain that connects the open system of interactivity is not the end point，The process of solving the problem is the process of understanding the nature of the problem。third，The solution of the "difficult problem" solution judgment criteria are not "correct/error"，but "good/bad" or "excellent/bad"。Different groups or individuals may be based on their own interests、Value、A significant difference between ideological preferences and make significant differences。Fourth，The solution of "tricky problems" is not immediately or ultimate test，Because it is impossible to track the influence of everyone's affected within a limited time range。Fifth，Each solution for "tricky problems" is disposable，Because there is no chance of trial and error，Each attempt is of great significance。Sixth，The potential solutions of "tricky problems" cannot be exhausted，All solutions that cannot be proved to a problem have been identified and considered。Bet365 app download Seventh，Every "tricky problem" is essentially unique。If the same solution principle is suitable for a certain number of problems，These problems constitute a category。In terms of "difficult problems"，No such category。Eighth，Each "difficult problem" can be regarded as a sign of another problem。Ninth，A "difficult problem" can be explained in multiple ways，The choice of explanation determines the nature of the solution。Tenth，Planners have no right to make mistakes。Scientists only need to abide by the norms of scientific research，I will not be accused because of the assumptions proposed by myself，But the planner is responsible for the consequences of its actions。

　　Social planning should not "natural science"

The article "Dohaies in General Planning Theory" focuses on comparing the difference between "difficult problems" and "docile" technical issues，reveals the dilemma and contradictions of traditional scientific social planning (that is, social planning to apply natural sciences)，Specific discussions on other solutions that have not been solved on "difficult problems"，But its core idea is to recognize multiple perspectives。React and Weber think，Diversity is the inherent feature of modern society，It is a positive characteristic worthy of encouragement，instead of trouble that needs to be suppressed，This was already a progress at the time。Frank Fischer, a professor of political science at Rogers University in the United States, talked about，Since the 1960s，Western countries adopt technical social planning and policy analysis of technology -oriented，Try to imitate natural science，More guidance with behavioral predictions and control rules，To a certain extent, the dignity of human beings、Value of critical thinking and democratic participation。Professor of St. Annie College, University of Oxford University、Senior Researcher Bent Flyvbjerg (Bente Flyvbjerg) in the book "Makes Social Sciences: Bet365 lotto review Why Social Research Failure and how to success again"，Social science should effectively promote public negotiation and practice，instead of trying to imitate natural science。

Fehill is the first time that the concept of "tricky problem" is applied to one of the scholars of policy research。The article published in 1993 "Citizen Participation and Policy Professional Democratic Democratic: From theoretical Research to Actual Case，Studies between citizens and experts may be the key to solving the "difficult" policy problem in specific categories。After entering the 21st century，People generally realize and recognize the "difficult" background of contemporary social problems，"Thoughtful issues" become the mainstream language of policy discussion。From this，The frequency of citing the article "Dohaies in General Planning Theory" is gradually increasing，2008，This article exceeds 100 times in the scientific literature summary and citation database "Stegapas"，increased to more than 500 times per year in the next year。By 2021，This article becomes the most cited article for the "Policy Science" journal，The number of references in the middle of "Stegopas" exceeds 7,000 times，The annual references of the "Google Academic" database with a wider range of "Google Academic" database exceeded 17,000 times。

"Thoughtful problems" has now received wide attention from social science and interdisciplinary researchers，Especially in the environment and sustainability、System and Design、Public Policy、Social Policy、Urban planning and other fields。In management, especially the field of business strategies，A large number of studies on "difficult problems" understand the rapid change for organizers leaders、Differential environment and opinions provided the way。John Camillus, Professor of Strategic Management of the University of Pittsburgh, the University of Pittsburgh (John Camillus) wrote in the article "Strategy is a" tricky question "，"'Tone problems' often appear when the bet365 live casino games organization faces changes or unprecedented challenges。The greater the difference between the stakeholders，The more tricky the question。The reason why this problem is difficult to control is that they are both social complexity，It has technical difficulties "。

　　Cross -border efforts to solve "difficult problems"

Hyde said，Today the world is full of "difficult problems"。Some are international，such as war、Military conflict、Trade competition; some are the national level，If structural inequality and social benefits、Economy、Environmental protection and other issues。Many "difficult problems" have controversial politics，Test the government’s strength and legality。Facing many "difficult problems"，Calls on thinking updates and policy innovation are getting more common。Social science can make great contributions to understand and respond to difficult social and ecological challenges。For example，By providing knowledge and evidence for policies discussing participants to improve the quality of discussion，Assist government officials to understand complex controversial issues。In the process of helping the policy improvement，Social science does not provide uniform knowledge，but know、Evaluation、A series of methods and perspectives of discussing complex social phenomena。When social science researchers are familiar with major social issues and join the discussion with policy makers and other stakeholders，can contribute a force to evidence -based decision -making。

Johanna Lönngren) and researcher at the Department of Education, the University of Upusala, Sweden Katrien Van Poeck, told this reporter，Many "difficult problems" that people currently face will constitute long -term challenges。Facing climate change、Loss of biological diversity、Global inequality、refugees and immigrants、Public Health Crisis、violent conflict、Complex challenges such as geopolitical storm，Bet365 app download The international community needs to continue to continue、Repeat multiple cooperations。The "difficult problem" that may become more prominent in the short term includes: ethical problems brought by technological progress、The risks brought by the expansion of arms and reserve in some countries。

Experience in policy research and formulation indicates，Existing social structure、Social culture and social practice to a large extent is not suitable for dealing with "difficult problems"。For example，Legislative and judicial procedures are more suitable for solving "docile" technical problems; most media reports have not fully reflected the social and ecological complexity of "difficult problems"; the political system encourages leaders to win the hearts of the people in the short term，instead of solving "difficult problems" through the overall long -term solution; the education system focuses on evaluating those learning results that are easy to measure，and use this as a goal for teaching and training，Not paying attention to the discussion of "difficult problems"。

From the perspective of Ronglun and Fan Polk，Facing "difficult problems"，Natural Science、Humanities and social sciences are crucial。For the defined clear question，Natural Science is helpful for formulating solutions。Social Sciences Different ways to explore descriptions and definition problems、Reveal the conflict of values ​​and interests，Provided powerful tools。The role of humanities is often ignored，But when people understand the ethical dimension of "difficult problems"、Creatively imagine the new vision of sustainable future，Humanities will play an important role。

In this increasingly complicated world，The academic world has the responsibility to help policy makers and other stakeholders obtain reliable policy knowledge，Wise、Use these knowledge reasonably。Rongglun and Fan Polk said，Cross -disciplinary and cross -cultural cooperation bet365 best casino games will create new knowledge and explore how to be in different society、Ecological、Application of new knowledge in economic background to provide excellent platforms。The academic community needs to improve the spread of scientific research results，Make the opportunities and limitations of scientific research more transparent。Another，Teachers should incorporate "difficult problems" into the teaching content，Let students have the knowledge required for the current and future challenges、Skills and values。