■ Isabella Weber How China Escapd Shock Therapy: The Market Reform Debate ("How to avoid shock therapy: market reform debate")   Information pictures

　　■ Joey Smith in Beijing: Lineages of the Twenty-FIRST Century (Adam Smith in Beijing "  Information pictures

Current，Although some Western scholars and media judge China with wrong cognition，and discredit and attack China，But more Western scholars adhere to the academic position of objective and rational，Entering the real departure，Fully look at China's development and the relationship between China and the world。A few days ago，A reporter interviewed James K. Galbraith, a professor at the Government Research and Business Relations Professor of the School of Government Research and Business Relations at the School of Public Affairs of the University of Texas University of Public Affairs,，Please share his own modernization of Chinese -style、Western Chinese research and view of Sino -US relations。

The 1980s，Galbreis is the executive director of the Joint Economic Commitee (Joint Economic Committee)、Deputy Director; 1993-1997，The chief technical consultant of the China National Planning Commission (predecessor of the National Development and Reform Commission) macroeconomic reform。Garbreis's father is Canadian American economist、Diplomators，Institutional Economics and post -Cairns Economics, John Kenneth Galbraith, John Kenneth Galbraith,。

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"China Social Sciences": What work experience and academic thinking during the chief technical consultant of macroeconomic reform?

Galbres: 1993，I participated in a project from the United Nations Development Planning Department (UNDP)，The chief technical consultant of the Macroeconomic Reform of the National Planning Commission of China，Term after four years。This is the first time I came to China。Experts from various fields from many countries with me，Including human resources、Industrial policy、macroeconomic regulation、International Economic Policy, etc.。Our main responsibility is lecture、Meeting、The form of a delegation provides policy reference for the staff of the National Planning Commission of China and other Chinese government agencies。For example，In terms of inflation policy，I organize a delegation to go to Brazil，Visit the designer of the "Heterodox Monetary Reform" Policy in the mid -1980s; in terms of industrial policy，We go to South Korea for inspection; in terms of budget and monetary policy supervision，We visited the staff of the US Congress。Scholars invited by me to China, including the new school college (The New School) economics and policy analysis professor、Retirement guarantee expert Teresa Ghialducci，She introduced the operation of the American social security system; professor of economics at the University of California Berkeley、Michael Reich，He introduced the social function of the Independent Trade Union; Professor Stephen Cohen, Professor Stephen Cohen, the UC University Berkeley urban planning and regional planning.，He is an expert in French industrial policy。

I can talk about a deep impression on this critical period。

Bet365 lotto review First，China's national economic planning team has a very open attitude towards discussion，Thinking of traditional economic planning theories from the "free market"，Integrated in your own work, all kinds of thoughts。This is the most surprising and refreshing。I also started to understand，Chinese economic planners have made a lot of research on economic planning measures in the United States，Including my father's research on US prices during World War II。Assistant Professor of Economics at the Department of Economics of Massachusetts University of Massachusetts, Isabella Weber (Isabella Weber) in HOW China Escapd Shock Therapy: The Market Reform Debate (how to avoid shock therapy: market reform debate ") The book expresses the same view in detail。

Second，You can clearly see，The Chinese government is worried that the Soviet Union fails to repeat itself in China，China must avoid。I fully agree with this view。

Comparison，I saw the rules and regulations of modern capitalist economy while working at the U.S. Congress。Comparison，The scale of the central power organs in China is not large or complicated，Especially compared to the national scale。It is worth noting that，The same concept has different meanings in the West and China。For example，"Macroeconomic Management" means that Americans mean currency and tax policies，China in China mainly refers to ensuring that the local government provides sufficient income to the central government to support the operation of the central government。An article I published later，China's reform process of that year was largely from insufficient income、Budget deficit and followed by inflation risk drivers。

fourth，I quickly realized，Adhere to the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics、Based on past achievements and learning from errors, it is very important for China。So，I always remind Chinese colleagues to avoid such a thinking trap: "Development" needs to adopt a specific Western mode or new liberal mode。1995，I organized a meeting on international economic policy in Huairou，and invited Robert Eisner, a professor of economics at Northwestern University of the United States and Jane D ’Arista, an economist of the Bank of the House of Representatives and the Business Committee of the Bank of China.。We do not agree with China to cancel capital control，China doesn’t do this，I think this is a reason why China has suffered from the Asian financial crisis in 1997。This makes me feel that my work plays a positive role in China's development。

　　The main concern of the Chinese government has always been managing home affairs

　　■ As of the end of 2020，New energy vehicles in China's urban bus reached 466,000 vehicles，accounting for 66.2%of the total urban buses。The picture shows an electric bus at a bus station in Beijing。Picture Source: CFP

"Chinese Social Sciences": What do you think is the main difference between Chinese -style modernization and modern countries?

Galbres: Compared with the West，China's development (not only in modern) the most significant feature may be that there is no period of imperialism or colonialism。The focus of China's development has always established a safe and stable society in China，instead of external battle。Adam Smith pointed out in the 18th century。Italian economist Giovanni Arrighi (Adam Smith in Beijing: LINEAGES of the Twenty-FIRSTCH) also emphasized This point of view。The main concern of the Chinese government has always bet365 Play online games been to manage the country's affairs and prevent other countries interfere with Chinese affairs，This is an extremely prominent and important feature of China's modernization。Thanks to this，China Social and Infrastructure Construction is developing rapidly in the peaceful age。

His past trauma has also had a huge impact on China's development process。Chinese people who belong to the same generation (born in the early 1950s) have experienced suffering，But they also got a lot of important understanding of their own country and nation from it。My mother -in -law who has died is Chinese，Their generation has experienced a very difficult period in the first half of the 20th century。Learning from the difficulties of the past is a kind of ability and power source，In this regard, China has a sharp comparison with countries with better conditions。If you forget the struggle about the past、Struggle for struggle，is dangerous。but but，As far as the Chinese I met，The depth of their memory of those common experiences、Deep affected by it，left me a very distinctive impression。

Another，After the founding of the People's Republic of China, it has an advantage in land policy。There was an article that made me remember，This article is called，The land policy of New China is deeply affected by the 19th -century American economist、The influence of Henry George, an advocate of land reform。Henry George believes that almost all economic issues come from "the land that everyone depends on the survival is turned into some people's unique property"，He advocates promoting a single land tax (Single Tax on Land)，Just in the natural state、Unused land tax levy。In his opinion，The value of the land contains natural value and use value (build landscapes on the land、Architecture, etc.)，The value of unused land comes from the demand for fixed quantitative land，instead of the sacrifice or opportunity cost of the land owner。Because the value of the land has not been used in the value of non -labor income，taxes for it will not affect productive behavior or land supply and demand relationship，Can increase public income and reduce economic inequality。

Can the land rent for land use (especially in the province、At the city level) is the key factor in ensuring the success of major infrastructure project financing，Infrastructure construction will cause land rents to rise，Form a benign cycle。The development speed of Chinese cities is unprecedented in human history，The above -mentioned institutional facts play an important role。Most countries outside China，Land rent is private，Leisure to the land can bring a return to the speculators。As far as I know，This phenomenon is rare in China -Chinese cities have not been deserted into a large area of ​​parking lots。

"China Social Sciences": What do you think of modernization of Chinese -style in developing countries?

Galbres: Every country has its own history、System、Resource foundation and international background，I am not inclined to summarize the law。Economic and social models may not be universal，Of course, except in the most common sense of moral behavior mode。Chinese scholars should discuss in detail in response to China's development experience，in order to provide research and practical reference for southern countries，Then they can get their own conclusions。

Looking back on the modernization of China，I have the following bet365 best casino games thoughts。First，Peace and Social Stability is important，The conflict area cannot achieve good development。2，Internal control of financial activities is the key to long -term stability of the development process。This needs to combine two aspects: to keep the control of domestic banks and other financial institutions，Establish a complex、Strong regulatory mechanism，The latter for China、The United States and many other countries are a challenge。third，The state needs to reserve and trained well -trained technical talents，If the population science and culture are low or healthy level，It is difficult to achieve achievement。fourth，System diversity is an advantage，Help to promote constructive competition。Fifth，Reasonable planning infrastructure construction can avoid traffic、Energy、Water supply and other systems continue to be in a state of tension。Of course，This requirement is based on reasonable and feasible plans，Establish a solid mechanism to ensure that the resources required for infrastructure investment can be available。other，At present, there are a large number of discussions on the transformation of China's population。China is not the first，It will not be the last big country that has experienced a decrease in population，This is one of the major challenges in China to deal with。

　　Western policy affects its academic discourse

"China Social Sciences": What do you think of Western scholars' research on Chinese -style modernization? Will these studies have an impact on Western policies on the West?

Galbres: Except for a minority special case，Including the Joevani Ariji I just mentioned、Isabella Weber，I do not agree with Chinese research in the Western academic community。These studies are too addicted to ideological debate，For example，Chinese -style modernization is a successful case of transformation to capitalism，Is it a successful case of socialist modernization? Is China succeeded through the use of Western rules or to break the Western rules (no matter what the rules are)?，These problems are not valuable，It is not conducive to deepening understanding of China。A sad fact is，Some Western scholars are still repeating 18、In the 19th century, the habit of "others" in the 19th century -dwarfing China into a carication，Similar to the old "Oriental Despotism" metaphor。This is only for political reasons，and not constructive。

In my opinion，Western policy for China has always been rooted in geographical policy considerations，Sometimes use or attract academic discussions，The purpose is to correct the policy formulated for other reasons。December 27, 2001，The United States has officially announced the status of permanent normal trade relations to China (that is, the original most beneficial country treatment)。The driving force for the United States to make this decision is that domestic companies and banks seek to enter the Chinese market and produce products in China，and academic narratives rationalized it into "Promoting Democracy and Freedom"。Now，This rationalized turning direction，Change to support the hostile policy to China。Generally speaking，Policy affects the tone of academic discourse and public discourse，instead of the opposite。This explains why most of the research on China I read about China's research。

"China Social Sciences": Whether Chinese -style modernization is given to develop economics、International cooperation and other Bet365 lotto review fields bring new ideas?

Galbres: The development economics of the Western "existing" originated from the Cold War，After being transformed by neoliberal economists into a branch of macroeconomics。This branch is generally focused on Latin America、India、Southara South Africa，Most of the experience in China is indifferent，Western experts generally do not really participate in the development process of China。So，Research on Chinese modernization is more of Chinese experts instead of "proprietary activities" of developing economists。Of course，This distorted perspective of development research and other related fields。

　　The interruption of normal economic relations with China is a great risk for the United States

"China Social Sciences": Except modernization、System reform、National Governance and other grand problems，The perspective of studying contemporary China in Western academic circles is also increasingly diversified，If there are many young people about Chinese today、Middle income class、Research on Internet Culture。At the same time，China is chasing the world's leading level in many fields，Its international influence is beyond the traditional industry (such as textile、Iron and Steel)，Award to the high -tech industry。Western academics' new research on China and China's own high -speed development have prompted Western society to update China?

Galbres: For Western scholars to study China's new angle，As far as I understand，In recent years, the West has a lot of discussions on Chinese social media。These discussions are concentrated in social credit、Content review、Public opinion control and other problems，Most of them look at Chinese experience with severe and harsh attitude。This leads to a question: Who compares China with? in the West，There is also a review on the network platform built by private enterprises、Monitoring、Management and control phenomenon，It's hard to say whether this comparison is reasonable。

In the United States now，There are very few positive evaluations of China。From the 1990s to the early 21st century，At that time, the level of scientific and technological development in China was not as good as the West，The basis of Sino -US relations is the complementarity of the economy of the two countries。In various consumer goods manufacturing industries，Chinese companies introduce a large number of Western design、Western standards，It has also imported a certain Western machine and equipment，products produced or assembled into Western countries and Chinese markets。Remember when I first came to China，Only more than 100 auto manufacturers (mainly Western countries or Japanese brands) export cars to China;、High cost、Poor quality，and need to pay high tariffs。and now，China has become the country with the largest production volume in the world; in traffic engineering、Advanced electronic components、Aerospace、Communication and other fields，​​China also challenges the dominance of Western countries。In addition, China has not fully opened the financial market，The key economic departments of Western countries naturally regard China's rise as a threat。

But，If the economic relations between China and the United States are decoupled now，It is impossible for the United States to not be hit hard。China's semiconductor imports account for about half of the global，If an advanced semiconductor company in the United Bet365 app download States loses the Chinese market，Unable to obtain huge income required to invest in the semiconductor industry，The high -end design process led by these companies will also collapse。China is still the country with the largest rare soil reserves in the world。Rare earth is an important industrial raw material，The manufacturing of electronic components is inseparable from rare earth，The production of rare earth for renewable energy is also important。

In June 2021, the U.S. government issued a report on how to reduce the fragile of the US supply chain "Construction of Tough Supply Chain、Revival American manufacturing and cultivate a wide range of basic growth "，US Department of Commerce、Energy Department、Ministry of Defense、The Ministry of Health and the Public Service Department wrote the main chapter of the report "Semiconductor Manufacturing and Advanced Package", "Large -capacity Battery", "Key Minerals and Materials", "Drugs and Drug Activities"。Although the report only focuses on the supply chain of four types of key products，It is not specifically targeted at China，But we can analyze and maintain the necessity of Sino -US relations。

The semiconductor industry is extremely specialized、Uninterrupted technical progress、A model of scale economy and global labor division。American leading design and integrated production，Japanese production wafer (WAFER)，Taiwan, China and South Korea's main attack high -end manufacturing，Mainland China has undertaken a large number of low -end chip production and chip packaging。Semiconductor supply chain is like a network composed of many independent nodes，Each company may have only one upstream supplier、A downstream customer，Bilateral Monopoly。So，Any failure on the chain may cause the entire system to interrupt。In view of China's weight in the semiconductor industry，Even small conflicts may immediately have a big impact on the United States。

For large -capacity batteries，The primary supply chain problem is not the design and engineering of scientific drive，but the acquisition of key raw materials。The driving force for the development of the large -capacity battery industry is the demand for power storage，One of the sources of this demand is the automobile industry。China can produce large -capacity batteries at low cost lies in China itself is the largest user，China and Europe consume 40%of the global large -capacity battery output，The United States only accounts for 13%。2018，A total of 425,000 electric buses in the world，Among them, 421,000 vehicles are in China，Only 300 vehicles are in the United States。For this，Report recommends that the United States boosts domestic demand。"Key Minerals and Materials" chapter lists 38 minerals with direct import dependence in the United States，Among them, the first largest supplier of the 18 kinds is China。China has a huge demand for these materials，Being able to profit from the corresponding supply chain investment; so，Choose this general amount all over the world、Low -cost producer。

In each field，This report is criticized for China，Public investment、Subsidies to the country、State funded industry rationalization、Subsidies for issuing (electric vehicles) to consumers (electric vehicles) are described as "from top to bottom" and "distorted market"。But，Report's suggestions for the United States and the actual practical Bet365 lotto review practice of the US government are very similar to the Chinese development strategy they criticized。For example，In terms of lithium ion battery，In March 2021, US President Biden called for an investment to stimulate demand，Including the launch of subsidies of $ 100 billion to encourage American consumers to buy electric cars。For the semiconductor industry，The report is recommended to set up an incentive mechanism for the US federal government to promote the new or expanded semiconductor manufacturer;，To support semiconductor assembly、Test、Construction of facilities required for packaging activities、Expansion and modernization。So it seems，What are the differences between the incentives of China and the United States? The report does not give a clear explanation。

Based on the above thinking，What are the conclusions I have to come on。First，In the vital economic field，Sino -U.S.。The interruption of normal economic relations with China is a great risk for the United States，This is an objective reality。

Second，China's advantage lies in the pragmatic economic development plan，Including infrastructure and human resources。China is vast，Can make full use of large -scale production and the vast domestic market，Reduce costs in various industrial fields，This is difficult for other countries to imitate; a system with social stability and growth rather than short -term profit and financial contracts also play a consolidation role。China's advantage is its product of successful development of the road，This can be traced back to the establishment of New China，Establish a central government that has fully controlled national land and resources。These are the facts that cannot be changed，It can be created by virtue of tricks or improper behaviors。

Comparison，Global economic integration cannot be disintegrated。China is a large population、Social Stability、The more developed country，Suppressing China will bring destructive consequences to the world。In short，Even the relative status of China and the United States may change over time，But what can be sure is，Towards the peace of the two countries are more favorable choices。