Ming and Qing Dynasties，Western missionaries and diplomats in the West wrote Chinese textbooks such as Chinese textbooks，These books have promoted overseas communication of Chinese and Chinese culture and Chinese and foreign cultural exchanges。Where，Nursery rhymes and other easy -to -understand texts are widely involved，The effect of communication is better。Italian diplomat Baron Guido Vitale and American missionary Isaac Taylor Headland collectively collected and translated the Nursery rhymes in Beijing in the late Qing Dynasty，I will introduce the relevant information of its English translation results here，Analyze their communication effect。

　bet365 Play online games

Willdre published it called "Beijing Children's Songs" (Chinese Folklore: Pekinese Rhymes) Nursery rhyme set，When studying Chinese as a foreign country。The first edition of the book was in 1896，The earliest collected by foreigners、Organization、One of the translated Beijing children's song sets。"Beijing Earcost" was printed by the more important Catholic Printing Institution PEI-T ’Ang Press，Total 220 pages，Included 170 widely circulated nursery rhymes，The relevant content of each nursery rhyme consists of three parts，That is the original Chinese、Notes and Translation。The annotation part includes both explanations of nursery rhyme backgrounds，Singing Bet365 app download in any occasion、Whether it is accompanied by a certain movement during singing，It also includes the word interpretation of the word that follows a certain body，Explain its meaning first after the voices。Most of these interpreted words are selected，Not only is it more distinctive，and can reflect Beijing's folk culture。The translation part is often the translation of the original sentence of the original Chinese text。

He Delan sorted out the Beijing nursery rhymes collected as "Grass Song" (Chinese Mother Goose Rhymes），Published by Fleming H. Revel Company in 1900。"The Map of the Step" has a total of more than 160 pages，Including cover、Baizi Figure、Foreword、Four parts of the text，Use thick five -color forest paper to printed with the Coro version，Very exquisite。This book is in typesetting，is English -based，Elimination is used in accordance with the usual method of English -speaking countries，Another way to attach the original Chinese text。The text part of its text includes a total of 138 nursery rhymes，In addition to the original Chinese text、English title、English translations to introduce these nursery rhymes，He Delan also attached a picture that is closely related to the content of most nursery rhymes，Very rich life，Show the folk customs of Beijing in the late Qing Dynasty。

These two works have a certain impact on the later research of Beijing historical folk culture。Chinese scholar Zhou Zuoren quoted the nursery rhymes included in "The Tuzi Song Map"，Modern folk scholar Chang Hui also believes that the "Grasson Song" better shows the Bet365 lotto review social state of Beijing at that time。

　The main factors that cause differences in overseas communication

Although Widale and He Delan are considered as pioneers collected by Chinese nursery rhymes，But compared with "Beijing Earcost"，"Xunzi Song" has a wider impact overseas。The publishing of "The Graduate Song" deepened the overseas scholars' understanding of Chinese nursery rhymes，and promote some scholars to start related research。These scholars later said，The nursery rhymes in the "Steak Songs" show the daily activities and living environment of Chinese children; the irony and certain moral norms contained in these nursery rhymes are worthy of thinking，and the views of the advantages and disadvantages of children，Similarity to Western countries。

"Beijing Children's Songs" and "Graphic Song" are the same style，And the Westerners are collected and translated and translated，But its overseas communication is relatively different。I believe that the generation of this difference is related to three factors。One，Publishing Place and Publishing Company。Published is concerned，"The Map of the Steak" published in the United States，Let more Western readers be able to get in touch with this book close; "Beijing Earlier Songs" published in China，Compared to "The Map of the Steak"，Need to cross a farther propagation distance，Traffic in the end of the 19th century、Communication and other are underdeveloped，Its communication is naturally adversely affected。As far as publishing companies，"Xunzi Song" is published by Richler, which is famous for publishing Sinology, published，Its influence bet365 live casino games in overseas also exceeds the Beitang Printing Pavilion。

Its two，Creative purpose and target reader group。The creative purpose of the "Steak Song Map" is to show the daily life of Chinese children in American children，Including their family life and the games they usually do, etc.; "Beijing Earlange" is a Chinese reading material compiled for Chinese learners，It is designed to introduce Chinese culture，Help Chinese learners improve reading ability and Chinese level。Therefore，The audience of the "Steak Song Map" is wider than "Beijing Earlier Songs"，It will also attract more people's attention。

Its three，The effect of the arrangement method。Most of the nursery rhymes included in "The Grass Song Map"，All include four parts，That is the original Chinese、English title、English translation and illustration。The typesetting methods of each part are more flexible，Sometimes Chinese is above，Sometimes English is above。illustrations for each nursery rhyme，Generally, a nursery rhyme is equipped with a picture，But there are also two or three pictures，and the content of the picture can often vividly reflect the content of the nursery rhymes; compared to the "Big Song Map"，The typography of "Beijing Children's Song" must be a lot serious，All the tops are based on the original Chinese text、Notes、The format of the translation，Strictly unified typography，This has made many non -Chinese learners, especially children, and children who look forward to some extent。

　　Grasp the key factors to promote the cultural "going global"

American scholar Harold Bet365 app download Lasswell (Harold Lasswell) has proposed that cultural communication needs five elements，that is "5W" mode- "Who" (WHO)、"Says What"、"In what Channel"、"To whom" (to whom)、"Will Effects"。This highlights several key links in the communication process，is the propagner、Information、Media、audience and effect。Although the scholars supplemented the theory of Laswell later，But basically there is basically no scope of these factors。Today's Chinese culture communication also needs to consider the impact of these factors。

From the perspective of the communicator，Let Chinese excellent traditional culture "go global"，First of all, take a proactive attitude，To seek the effective dissemination of Chinese culture overseas。

From the perspective of information，Chinese culture has rich connotations。When choosing a transmission carrier，Not only should be selected for various classic cultural classics，Cuncro -rhymes、Popular literary works such as modern and contemporary novels cover it，Select a variety of works for translation，To a greater extent meet the needs of different readers，Show the image of contemporary China at the same time。

From a media perspective，The differences between the place of publishing and the publishing company have brought great impacts to the overseas communication of "Beijing Children's Songs" and "The Grass Song Map"，This is because the place of publishing determines the translation distance of the translation。If published in China，The dissemination distance between the place of publishing and the audience may be relatively long; if it is from abroad、Publishing companies, known for publishing Bet365 app download Sinology works or other authoritative publishing companies，The distance will not only become shorter，It will also enhance the audience's sense of closeness to the work and the credibility of content。

From the perspective of the audience，Overseas communication of Chinese culture needs to seek mutual understanding between culture，"Others" how to view Chinese culture、What kind of feelings do you feel about Chinese culture，This is a question that we must consider when we are communicating overseas，It is also necessary to observe our culture from the perspective of "Others"。For this，We first need to clarify the actual needs of "Others"，Refer to this needs to determine which texts to choose、What method is used and which translation strategy is used，Analysis of the reasons for the different situations of overseas dissemination of "Beijing Parery Restaurant" and "Xunzi Song"，can also make us see this impact。On the basis of clarifying the actual needs of the audience，As much as possible to make the translation conform to the aesthetic taste of most people，will help spread Chinese culture in a larger scale。

From the perspective of effect，We can spread according to Chinese culture overseas，constantly adjust your own communication strategy。In different countries or regions，Adaction to local conditions，On the basis of full survey，Formulate different strategies，Seeking the maximum communication effect。

(This article is the results of the Renmin University of China in 2020.

(Author Unit: School of Literature, Renmin University of China)