Innovation is the core driving force and engine for long-term economic growth and sustainable development。A new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial changes are reshaping the global economy。In this context，Countries around the world have introduced many policies to encourage innovation，Also includes "Patent Box"。"Patent Box" is also known as "Innovation Box" or "Intellectual Property Box"，The core is to apply a lower corporate income Bet365 app download rate to specified forms of income obtained by enterprises through patents and other intellectual property rights。This system originated in Ireland in the 1970s，Introduced by many European countries in the early 21st century，Aroused widespread attention around the world。

　Has multiple Bet365 app download goals

The inherent external characteristics of innovation will cause social benefits to be inconsistent with the innovative enterprise’s own benefits。To innovate，Enterprises need to increase R&D costs，But you may not be able to obtain all the benefits of innovation，In this case，External factors will hinder enterprises’ R&D investment and innovation activities。And by giving Bet365 app download incentives to innovative companies，The government can regulate the market。Specifically，The policy goals of “Patent Box” are multi-faceted。

The first is to promote R&D investment and innovation activities。Different from traditional front-end Bet365 app download incentives，Patent box is a policy that acts on the back-end of innovation activities。It reduces the Bet365 app download rate on intellectual property income，Increase the income from corporate innovation results to stimulate innovation。Its function can be summarized as follows: 1，Reduce enterprise R&D costs，Increase the expected return on corporate R&D investment，Increase the enthusiasm of enterprises for innovation，Promote R&D investment and intellectual property development；Part 2，Encourage enterprises to apply and commercialize innovative results，Promoting innovation through knowledge flows and spillovers；Part 3，Attract (or retain) companies with large amounts of patents and other intangible assets，Let them invest and innovate in their own countries，Expand intangible asset holdings，Promoting innovation through geographical spillovers, etc.。

The second is to attract the Bet365 app download base from intellectual property income。Although intellectual property rights are important intangible assets that can bring huge economic benefits，But its liquidity is higher，The income generated is also easily transferred from one country to another。With the development of economic globalization and regional integration，Bet365 app download base from intellectual property income flows between countries，Bet365 app download issues related to intellectual property income are also receiving more and more attention from governments of various countries。In order to pursue higher profits，Companies tend to pay as little Bet365 app download as possible，For this reason, it is possible to transfer intellectual property income from the country where the original R&D is located to other low-Bet365 app download countries for taxation。This behavior erodes the Bet365 app download revenue of the country where the original research and development is located，If the enterprise enjoys the front-end incentive policy of the relevant country during the research and development process，The country’s interest losses will be greater。Therefore，Another goal of European countries launching the “Patent Box” is to reduce the loss of their own Bet365 app download base caused by corporate Bet365 app download avoidance，Enhancing the attractiveness of Bet365 app download policies，Increase fiscal revenue。Implementing different preferential Bet365 app download rates on intellectual property income can retain domestic intellectual property-related taxes，It can also attract relevant international Bet365 app download inflows。

Finally, it promotes economic development。In the context of economic globalization，Multinational enterprises with large amounts of intangible assets play an important role in the development of the global economy。By attracting intangible asset-intensive multinational enterprises to invest in the country，Enhance the vitality of the domestic real economy，Create new job opportunities，Thus promoting high-quality economic development，It is also an important strategic goal of the "Bet365 app download"。

　　Bet365 app download contents vary from country to country

Although the core content of each country’s “patent box” policy is to apply a lower corporate income Bet365 app download rate to qualified intellectual property income，But the specific content is different。

First，The types and scope of intellectual property rights covered are different。Except for invention patents，The types of intellectual property rights covered by “patent boxes” in different countries are different。For example，Eligible intellectual property rights in the Netherlands only include intellectual property rights arising from patents and technology research and development activities；Eligible intellectual property rights in Luxembourg include patents、EU Supplementary Protection Certificate (SPC) for medicinal products、Appearance design、Trademark、Utility model patents and software；In Hungary and Cyprus，"Patent box" has wider coverage，includes patents、EU Supplementary Protection Certificate for Medicines、Appearance design、Trademark、Business name、Business secret、Software and other copyrights。In terms of the scope of intellectual property rights，In addition to the intellectual property rights brought by the company’s independent research and development results，The “patent box” of some countries is also applicable to outsourced intellectual property，However, the requirements for outsourced intellectual property rights vary from country to country，Netherlands、Belgium、The UK stipulates that it must be further improved or developed to enjoy the discount，And Hungary、Luxembourg does not have this requirement。Based on the inclusion of marketing-related intellectual property，And whether the outsourced intellectual property requires further development of these two features，The focus of “patent boxes” in different countries is also different。In the UK、Netherlands、Belgium and other countries，The "Patent Box" is more inclined to encourage innovation and R&D activities；And in Hungary、Cyprus、Luxembourg and other countries，"Patent box" is more inclined to attract the Bet365 app download base related to intellectual property income。

Second，Intellectual property income coverage is different。In addition to royalties that are commonly included in “Bet365 app download boxes” in various countries，Some countries also provide transfer income、Embedded income (sales income from goods and services with embedded intellectual property value) and other intellectual property income discounts。The “Bet365 app download boxes” in these countries not only encourage companies to commercialize intellectual property rights，They are also encouraged to use technological innovations in their own production processes、Products and services, etc.。

　Third，Different Bet365 app download rate preferential ratios。The “patent box” preferential Bet365 app download rates in various countries can be divided into three levels: the first level is less than 5%，The second level is 5%-10%，The third level is higher than 10%。The proportion of the “patent box” preferential Bet365 app download rate to the ordinary corporate income Bet365 app download rate in each country can be roughly divided into three categories: France、UK、Hungary’s preferential Bet365 app download rate accounts for nearly 50%，Spain’s preferential Bet365 app download rate accounts for about 30%，Netherlands、The preferential Bet365 app download rates in Luxembourg and Belgium are less than 20%。

　Fourth，Different Bet365 app download calculation basis。European countries that implement "patent boxes" handle related costs differently，In particular, there are differences in the treatment of current expenses and R&D expenses incurred in the past，The main difference lies in whether it can be deducted before Bet365 app download。Hungary、Belgium and Portugal use total income as the basis for Bet365 app download calculation，And Britain、France、Netherlands、The basis for Bet365 app download calculation in countries such as Luxembourg is operating profit。

　　The effect Bet365 app download policy is controversial

Although the "Bet365 app download" is popular in Europe，However, this policy has also been questioned and criticized，Some international organizations and scholars believe that its implementation effect is not ideal。

On the one hand，Use the Bet365 app download policy tool “Patent Box”，Potential loss of global Bet365 app download base、The adverse consequences of vicious competition in Bet365 app download systems in various countries。The “Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Action Plan” released by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in 2013 lists “patent boxes” as a potentially harmful Bet365 app download practice。The action plan considers that Bet365 app download incentives for intellectual property under the “patent box” are not aligned with substantive R&D activities，The Bet365 app download preferential system that lacks connection with substantive R&D activities may be used by companies to transfer profits，Unfairly eroding other countries’ Bet365 app download bases，Locations that may also distort capital, service activities, etc.。As more and more countries begin to implement “patent box” policies，The general reduction of Bet365 app download rates in various countries is considered to lead to a “race to the bottom” in the corporate income Bet365 app download system，Enterprises may apply zero Bet365 app download rate to some of their income through Bet365 app download planning，Both countries that have implemented the "patent box" policy and countries that have not implemented the "patent box" policy will suffer losses。

On the other hand，“Patent box” as an innovation policy tool，It does not seem to be an effective incentive for companies to conduct more R&D activities。Because the "patent box" acts on the backend of innovation activities，Only those who successfully commercialize their results and obtain profits can enjoy Bet365 app download benefits。However, the process of enterprise innovation activities itself has greater risks and uncertainties，Compared with front-end Bet365 app download incentive policies such as R&D credits，“Patent Box” encourages innovation、The effect of reducing corporate risks is limited；It is difficult to solve the problem of insufficient investment in corporate R&D just by increasing the net income from innovation achievements。In addition，The role of “patent boxes” in attracting corporate investment in innovation has also been questioned。Relevant systems give enterprises room for Bet365 app download planning，Companies may simply use the "patent box" to transfer eligible income to achieve the purpose of paying less income Bet365 app download，without changing the location where it conducts its actual research and development activities。“Patent box” may also lead to opportunistic behavior。For example，Companies may apply for low-quality patents that are not conducive to technological progress in order to obtain preferential treatment，Instead of conducting valuable R&D activities。

In order to enhance the international competitiveness of the country’s Bet365 app download policy，Create an environment attractive for innovative activities，When countries optimize their Bet365 app download policy systems in the future，It is still possible to consider the "Patent Box"。But the problems and disadvantages of the "patent box" cannot be ignored。In order to comply with the standards set out in the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Action Plan，Some countries have modified their own “patent box” policies or introduced new policies。In the author’s opinion，Improving the correlation between the Bet365 app download incentives provided by the “Patent Box” and substantive R&D activities can reduce corporate Bet365 app download diversion to a certain extent，Increasing the “patent box” to encourage innovation、Positive impact in promoting economic growth。The effectiveness of the “patent box” is closely related to relevant institutional arrangements。Anyway，The still young “patent box” still needs the supervision of international organizations and the adjustment and improvement of governments in order to function better。

(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund general project "Research on the Mechanism and Path of China's Advanced Manufacturing Industry Embedding into the Global Bet365 app download Chain" (17BJY075)

(Author’s unit: Business School of Hunan Normal University；Institute of Chinese Bet365 app download History, Hunan Normal University)