The 12th century belongs to the European High Middle Ages (High Middle Ages，11th century to 13th century)，American historian Charles Homer Haskins called it the "Renaissance" period。nj bet365 of Salisbury was a famous church intellectual in England during this period，From his works、This can be seen in letters and scholars’ evaluations of him，No one can fully display the characteristics of his era like nj bet365。Domestic scholars focus their research on nj bet365’s political thought，Little attention is paid to its educational ideas。In fact，nj bet365 was an important figure in the history of educational development in Western Europe in the Middle Ages，His educational thoughts are one of the topics worth exploring。

　Highlight the importance of nj bet365 and learning

nj bet365 believes that education is the key to a good life，The first path to happiness is education，People can achieve it through acquired learning。nj bet365 created a fictional character, Cornicius, in his Metalogicon，Express your own opinion by attacking his point of view。Conificius states: “The acquisition or lack of rhetoric is determined by nature。Efforts to acquire rhetoric are useless or superfluous。" nj bet365 pointed out in response to this point: "When people ignore it，Natural abilities tend to deteriorate，Improvement can be achieved through nurturing and attention...although talent is important，But not by studying，It will never or rarely function... diligent study can build and maintain the lowest level of human essential talent。”Contrary to Corneficius，nj bet365 believes that even if you have talent, you first need to be supplemented by guidance，Then regular training，In order to obtain rhetorical skills。To prove your point，nj bet365 refers to Cicero and Aristotle。Through the writings of Cicero，nj bet365 accepted that human civilization exists in eloquent speech and reason。Speech (rhetoric) is such a mechanism，Translate wisdom into public speaking and persuade people to follow your will，And then live together harmoniously。nj bet365 on Aristotle’s epistemology、The use of ethical and psychological concepts continues to prove Corneficius wrong，People who are eloquent must go through regular training，Until he can fully understand the principles of rhetoric。

nj bet365 further pointed out that students will encounter a series of difficulties in the process of education，For example, teacher’s choice，Some people choose teachers based on their own preferences or the teacher’s reputation，Instead of relying on reason，Some students completely follow the teacher’s instructions，Even if it is wrong。Therefore，nj bet365 recommends doing a lot of research and reading widely before choosing a major，In this way, we can "show the right to make independent decisions，Make wise choices after weighing the value of all options”。The most important educational principle is "always read a lot"。

In nj bet365’s opinion，People can become wise only through learning from actual experience，“Knowledge gained through experience，This is closely connected with action”。In fact this empirical basis considers the path to wisdom，Practice that begins with a specific behavior，Once people clearly want to obtain knowledge (the prerequisite of wisdom)，The power of reason and understanding will enable people to obtain the fruits of wisdom。On the one hand，In nj bet365’s opinion，Educational concepts are acquired through practice，Experience is what a wise man should follow。On the other hand，nj bet365 pointed out: "I do not agree with those who reject the good things of their own time，Complained again about recommending it to future generations。”Our ancestors also made many mistakes，Compared with contemporary scholars，They cannot serve as authorities today。

　Learning the Seven Arts and Classical nj bet365

In terms of specific learning content，nj bet365 believes that it is necessary to learn the seven arts and classical knowledge。The medieval period continued the classical tradition，School teaches seven arts (Artes Liberales，Liberal Arts，In modern times, it is also called liberal arts/education or general education)，Specifically divided into the "First Three Arts" (Trivium) - Grammar、Rhetoric、Dialectics and the Quadrivium—Arithmetic、Geometry、Astronomy、Music。Law、Theology and medicine can only be studied further after mastering these subjects，Where theology is considered the "Queen of all arts"。nj bet365 studied in France for 12 years，Follow many famous teachers，Learned the seven arts and theology。He expressed his defense of the seven arts in his book "On Logic": "'Poetry is the origin of philosophy'，This is an axiom。In addition，Our ancestors told us that learning the seven arts is very useful，Mastered the Seven Arts，Even without a teacher，Also understands all books and texts。As Quintilian said: 'These studies do no harm to those who master them'，But someone who is stagnant。’”

nj bet365 also attaches great importance to the acquisition of classical knowledge，Considers that it is very necessary to read and study the works of ancient philosophers，The knowledge they provide is valuable: "Ancient philosophers were famous for their gifts，Their contributions in their fields are accepted by the public。By learning from these gifted people，Provides access to puzzling questions，With their help，There are many successful discoveries，Causing us pleasure and admiration。”Don’t be afraid to read the works of pagan philosophers，Because careful and intelligent readers will reject errors，The reading range should be broad，"All works must be read except those that are proven not to be read，Because all works are practical，Although sometimes used incorrectly"。Be focused when reading，For example, works on moral philosophy need to be read carefully。It can be seen from nj bet365’s writings that he quoted a large number of classical works。Of course，nj bet365 as a clergyman，Strive to integrate classics into Christian beliefs，When classical classics are inconsistent with Christian ideas，nj bet365 undoubtedly no longer refers to the classical classics。

　　Attach importance to ethical nj bet365

　nj bet365 formed his own moral ethics based on Aristotle's view of virtue。First，Virtue is a relatively stable state，A habit of character。Second，Virtue has the principle of moderation，Find the middle point between excess and under，The habitual application of the principle of moderation is very important to moral life。Third，nj bet365 believes that knowledge is very important to the acquisition of virtue。Knowledge helps to understand what virtue is，Decide on what is appropriate。

nj bet365’s concept of education includes ethical factors—“My book (Logic) is concerned with morality，Because I firmly believe that the good things I read and write are useless，Unless they have a positive impact on one’s lifestyle。Any philosophy that does not cultivate the fruits of virtue and guide people，It’s invalid。”His view fully illustrates，Learning is not simply about making people smart or knowledgeable，If what you learn cannot help establish a correct character，Then a good education is of no value，And the techniques used by people in the process of acquiring knowledge are all subject to moral judgment。Proper learning is not only determined by the amount of knowledge learned，Also includes the quality of the educational experience。In nj bet365’s opinion，Morality and intelligence are both important。Useful knowledge does not simply allow people to gain wealth、Power and status，Otherwise, you will be sensual and indulgent，The purpose of education is to enhance wisdom and virtue，We must improve the quality of our souls，Finally achieve happiness。

It’s worth noting，nj bet365 studied in France for 12 years，Although I did not personally witness the intellectually active period of Chartres school，But he was greatly influenced by Chartres scholars。Tierley who taught nj bet365、Both William and Gilbert were famous scholars at the School of Chartres，Plus nj bet365 and other teachers and students，They mastered new texts and new methods，Different from the previous church school，Represents the most cutting-edge academic level at the time，As ​​Southern said: "[Their ideas] are not the product of one man's intellect and the short-lived school，Rather, it represents a stage in the continued development of Western scholarship and medieval humanism。”nj bet365 is a student of “Humanities”，Also a "humanist"。The majors of humanists during this period were mainly literature and philosophy rather than theology，They seek to defend the Seven Arts as the basis for all learning and training。Despite nj bet365’s lack of accuracy in his references to the classical classics，And fake classics，But because of his rich classical knowledge，Still known as "the greatest classical scholar of the Middle Ages"。In his treatises and letters, nj bet365 expressed the view of pursuing happiness in secular society through education，As it is summed up in the last paragraph of the Tractatus Logic: "Let the reader pray，Eliminate the darkness of neglect，It will uproot the empty vanity，Inspiring knowledge，Make me an active researcher，Lover and observer of truth。”

(This article is a phased result nj bet365 Shandong Province Social Science Planning Youth Project "Historical Investigation nj bet365 Thoughts and Activities of Medieval Western European Intellectuals" (18DLSJ04)

(Author’s unit: nj bet365 of History and Culture, Shandong Normal University)