The 18th century was the golden age in Russian history，This period，Major breakthroughs have been made in many academic fields in Russia，bet365 bonus code louisiana has also reached a turning point。bet365 bonus code louisiana is attracting more and more attention from scholars，And received strong support from Peter I and Catherine II，Specially established national academic institutions with bet365 bonus code louisiana compilation as the main task。After the publication of the Russian Academy bet365 bonus code louisiana in 1789，National standard language bet365 bonus code louisiana has entered a period of rapid development。Afterwards，In just two centuries，"Church Slavonic and Russian bet365 bonus code louisiana", "Dari bet365 bonus code louisiana", "Ozhegov bet365 bonus code louisiana", "Ushakov bet365 bonus code louisiana" and "Modern Russian Standard bet365 bonus code louisiana" and other masterpieces have been published one after another，Russian lexicography theory is also gradually taking shape。It can be said，The entire 18th century，is a key stage in the maturation of Russian lexicography。

　　The evolution of bet365 bonus code louisiana names and the formation of genres

The genre of contemporary dictionaries has a fixed pattern，The formation of this model has gone through centuries of exploration and practice。Russian lexicography activity begins in the 13th century。A bet365 bonus code louisiana in the most original sense is an "annotated glossary" of religious scriptures or difficult words。Then，These words and annotations are compiled into a "word interpretation" that has both Chinese and encyclopedic properties。15th-16th century，People began to call the annotated bet365 bonus code louisiana of foreign words "Ci Quan"。Since the 17th century，The name of Ci Quan was replaced by "Ci Ji"。After the publication of the landmark "Russian Academy bet365 bonus code louisiana" at the end of the 18th century，The word "bet365 bonus code louisiana" began to become the specific name for reference books，Still in use today。A seemingly simple name change，The essence is a fundamental change in genre。

Comparing multiple dictionaries compiled at different stages in the 18th century，You can clearly see the trajectory of its genre changes: in terms of macro structure，In addition to the traditional way of arranging words by topic，For query convenience，Start arranging words in alphabetical order；Microstructure，Gradually possesses a complete structural system and systematic interpretation method，Starting to provide more and more voices、Syntax、Information such as language style，Examples also appear to help explain the meaning。It can be said，The evolution of genre from word list to bet365 bonus code louisiana，Throughout the entire process of Russian lexicography practice in the 18th century，Finally, the genre form closest to a modern bet365 bonus code louisiana was formed in the "Russian Academy bet365 bonus code louisiana"，marks that lexicography has entered a mature period of development。

　　Four main types involved in dictionaries

Entering the 18th century，Affected by many factors such as social changes，The functions of the bet365 bonus code louisiana have changed，Reflected in bet365 bonus code louisiana type。The main types of dictionaries during this period were translation dictionaries、bet365 bonus code louisiana of difficult words、Four categories of specialist dictionaries and detailed dictionaries。What needs to be explained is，These four types are just a regulatory division，Because the boundaries between each type of bet365 bonus code louisiana are not clear，The same bet365 bonus code louisiana often has the characteristics of several types。

A translation bet365 bonus code louisiana is a bet365 bonus code louisiana containing two or more languages，is the oldest bet365 bonus code louisiana type。18th century，With the reforms of Peter I，The politics of Russia and Western European countries、Economy、Cultural and other exchanges are increasingly frequent，Education is also developing rapidly，Meeting oral and written translation and teaching needs became the most important mission of the bet365 bonus code louisiana at that time。Therefore，In all 18th century dictionaries，The number of translation dictionaries ranks first，Many of them became classics at the time。For example, the "Trilingual Vocabulary" published in 1703，Influenced the entire 18th century，Evaluated as "an irreplaceable reference book throughout the century"。

bet365 bonus code louisiana of difficult words is accompanied by technology、Politics、Occurs from the translation of foreign literature such as philosophy。In the process of translation，Translators often have to borrow words from foreign languages、Methods such as imitation of new words or new use of old words，This often causes readers difficulty in understanding，So these words were compiled into a vocabulary to explain，Attached to the document translation。This kind of bet365 bonus code louisiana usually has the nature of a term bet365 bonus code louisiana。Period of Peter I，Also ordered the compilation and personally participated in the proofreading of a "Collection of New Words"，The collection targets new foreign language words that entered Russian at that time。1860s，Independent bet365 bonus code louisiana of difficult words begins to form a trend。The main representative bet365 bonus code louisiana is Kurganov's "Multilingual bet365 bonus code louisiana"、Alexeyev's "Church bet365 bonus code louisiana" and Yanovsky's "New bet365 bonus code louisiana"。

A specialist bet365 bonus code louisiana is a bet365 bonus code louisiana that describes industry terms，Produced before the 18th century，Can be regarded as the predecessor of terminology bet365 bonus code louisiana and encyclopedia。18th century，There are many specialized dictionaries translated from foreign languages，For example, the Russian translation of Diderot's "Encyclopedia"、Appendix Glossary of Russian Translation of "Business bet365 bonus code louisiana"。There are also dictionaries compiled based on the translation of various foreign language materials and the actual situation of the country，For example, in multiple German languages、Culinary bet365 bonus code louisiana and Gardening bet365 bonus code louisiana based on French and Russian books。18th century，Comprehensive specialist dictionaries also appeared，Such as "Russian History、Geography、Political and Civic bet365 bonus code louisiana》，Collected words from the military、Religion、Law、Business、Science、Education and many other fields，Referred to as “Russia’s first self-written encyclopedic bet365 bonus code louisiana”。

There was only one detailed Russian bet365 bonus code louisiana in the 18th century，The "Russian Academy bet365 bonus code louisiana" was born at the end of the 18th century。This bet365 bonus code louisiana was the epitome of research on the Russian national standard language at that time，The pinnacle of 18th century dictionaries。bet365 bonus code louisiana collection of words、Filter、The arrangement and processing are more complex and scientific。The entry includes the pronunciation of the word、Form、Syntax、Explanation of rhetoric and other information，Definition of words and examples of usage。The emergence of detailed dictionaries means that the history of Russian dictionaries has entered a new stage。

　　The academic value of lexicography

　Russian lexicography in the 18th bet365 bonus code louisiana has important academic value。It can be simply summed up into three aspects。

First，Promote the development of Russian lexicography practice and theory。Provided entries for the first comprehensive bet365 bonus code louisiana of Russian standard language，Making it a blueprint for later bet365 bonus code louisiana compilation。bet365 bonus code louisiana is more organized in terms of organization，Adopt the working method of writing a bet365 bonus code louisiana outline in advance，Used to formulate the principles for writing dictionaries，Strengthened the unity within the bet365 bonus code louisiana，Provides experience for subsequent lexicography。On the microstructure processing of dictionaries，Start to pay attention to the division and arrangement of polysemous words。The "normative" issues accompanying the first detailed bet365 bonus code louisiana，It laid the foundation for the formation of lexicon theory。

Second，Promote idiom learning、Rhetoric、The development of grammar and other language sciences。Dictionaries specializing in collecting proverbs and sayings appeared in the early 18th bet365 bonus code louisiana。At the same time，Idioms are also included in comprehensive dictionaries，This prepares the prerequisites for the emergence of idioms，Provides rich corpus for subsequent idiom research。Lomonosov’s “trilingual theory” and grammatical theory were specifically applied in lexicography in the second half of the 18th bet365 bonus code louisiana，These measures, in turn, have promoted the dissemination and development of relevant theories，And continue to improve in the compilation practice。

　Third，Provides information for historical linguistics research。For example, the "Comparative Vocabulary of Global Languages" edited by Pallas at the end of the 18th century includes a vocabulary comparison of 200 languages。At that time, the study of historical comparative linguistics was rising，The emergence of this bet365 bonus code louisiana has attracted widespread attention，Aroused great interest in linguistic research。

Lexicography in the 18th century also had important social value。First，Due to the mixing of Church Cyrillic and Russian and the input of multiple languages，Russia faces outstanding language problems，In the process，Dictionaries play the role of standardizing language，Promoted the establishment of Russian standard language。Secondly，Specialist lexicography in the 18th century provided an indispensable reference book for learning professional knowledge，Played an important role in cultivating professional talents。Last，In the context of the Enlightenment，The bet365 bonus code louisiana also promotes cultural exchange and dissemination between Russia and other European countries，for Russian literature、Art、Making important contributions to the development of science and technology。

　　(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund Project "Research on the History of Russian Lexicography" (19BYY208)

(Author’s unit: Russian Language, Literature and Culture Research Center of Heilongjiang University)