18th century is the golden age in Russian history，This period，Many academic fields in Russia have made major breakthroughs，Dictionary compilation also ushered in a turning point。Dictionary compilation has attracted the attention of more and more scholars，and got strong support from Peter I and Yekaterina II，National academic institutions with dictionary compilation as the main task。1789 "Russian Academy Dictionary" was published，The National Standard Dictionary has entered a period of high -speed development。Since then，In just two centuries，"Church Slavic and Russian Dictionary", "Darr Dictionary", "Avo Fugu Dictionary", "Ushakov Dictionary" and "Modern Russian Standard Dictionary" and other masterpieces have been released.，The theory of Russian dictionary learning has gradually formed。It can be said，The whole 18th century，is the key stage of the Russian dictionary compilation that gradually becomes mature。

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The genre of the contemporary dictionary already has a fixed mode，The formation of this model has been explored and practiced for several centuries。Russian dictionary compilation activity starts from the 13th century。The most primitive dictionary is the "annotation table" for religious scriptures or unknown words。and then，These words and notes are compiled into "word interpretation" with the nature of Chinese and encyclopedia。15-16 centuries，People start to refer to foreign words to solve the dictionary as "word bet365 Play online games interpretation"。Starting from the 17th century，The name of the word interpretation is replaced by the "Collection of Ci"。At the end of the 18th century, the milestone "Russian Academy Dictionary" came out，The term "dictionary" began to become a special name for the reference book，Binding to this day。The seemingly simple name change，The essence of the essence is the fundamental change of the genre。

Compared with multiple dictionaries compiled in different stages of the 18th century，It can clearly see the trajectory of its genre changes: in the macro structure，In addition to the traditional method of arranging the word in the theme，For the convenience of inquiries，Start arranging words in the order of letters; on the micro structure，Gradually have a perfect structural system and system interpretation method，Start with more and more voice、grammar、Sonic and other information，There is also an example to help the meaning of the word。It can be said，Evolution of genre from word table to dictionary，throughout the entire process of the 18th century Russian dictionary compilation and practice，Eventually in the "Russian Academy Dictionary" formed a form of genre closest to modern dictionary，It marks the dictionary compilation into the mature development period。

　　Four main types involved in the dictionary

Enter the 18th century，Affected by many factors such as social change，Dictionary functions have changed，It is reflected in the type of dictionary。Dictionary types of this period mainly include translation dictionary、Difficult to understand the dictionary、Special Dictionary and Detailed Dictionary Four Categories。What needs to be explained is，These four types are just a division of convention，bet365 live casino games Because the boundary between each dictionary is not clear，The same dictionary often has several types of characteristics。

Translation dictionary is a dictionary containing two or more languages，is the oldest dictionary type with the longest history。18th century，With the reform of Peter I，Politics of Russia and Western European countries、Economy、Cultural and other communication is increasingly frequent，Education also develops rapidly，Meeting oral and written translation and teaching needs became the most important mission of the dictionary at that time。Therefore，In all dictionaries in the 18th century，The number of translation dictionaries ranks high in the list，Many of them became classic at the time。For example, the "Sanxian Collection" that came out in 1703，Affected the entire 18th century，It was rated as "It is an irreplaceable reference book throughout the century"。

The hard -to -understand dictionary is accompanied by technology、Politics、Philosophy and other foreign language translations appear。During the translation process，Translators have to often adopt foreign language borrowings、Imitation new words or old words and other means，This often causes readers' understanding of difficulties，So these words are compiled into the word table to explain，Attached in the literature translation。This dictionary usually has the nature of the terms dictionary。Peter I. During the reign，I also ordered the writing and personally participated in the school pair of "New Word Collection"，Based on the new foreign language words that entered Russian at the time as an object。The 1860s，Independent bet365 best casino games difficulty -understanding dictionary starts to form a trend。The main representative dictionary includes Kurganov's "Multi -Language Dictionary"、Alekseyev's "Church Dictionary" and Yangnovsky's "New Dictionary"。

Special Dictionary is a dictionary describing the object of the industry，It was generated before the 18th century，It can be regarded as the predecessor of the term dictionary and the encyclopedia dictionary。18th century，Many specialized dictionaries translated from foreign languages ​​appeared，For example, Dedro's "Encyclopedia" Russian translation、"Business Dictionary" Russian translation appendix。Also connecting a dictionary compiled by the actual situation of the country on the basis of translating various foreign language materials，For example, in multiple German、French and Russian books "Cooking Dictionary" and "Gardening Dictionary"。18th century，Comprehensive specialist dictionary also appeared，such as "Russian History、Geography、Political and Citizen Dictionary，Words from the military、Religious、Law、Business、Science、Education and other areas，Known as "the first dictionary of encyclopedia written by Russia"。

Russian detailed dictionary in the 18th century had only one，The Russian Academy Dictionary, which was born in the late 18th century。This dictionary was a collection of the Russian national standard language research at that time，Can be called the pinnacle of the 18th Century Dictionary。Collection of Dictionary、Filter、Arrangement and processing are more complicated and scientific。The word of the word includes the voice of the word、Form、grammar、Rhetoric bet365 live casino games instructions，Examples of the interpretation of words and usage。The emergence of detailed dictionary means that the history of the Russian dictionary has entered a new stage。

　　Dictionary compilation academic value

The Russian dictionary compilation of the 18th century has important academic value。can be simply attributed to three aspects。

First，Promoting the development and theoretical development of Russian dictionary learning。Provides words for the first Russian standard language explanation dictionary，Make it a blueprint for the later dictionary compilation of words。Dictionary compilation is more orderly in organizational work，Working method of writing a dictionary outline in advance，The principle of writing the dictionary，strengthened the unity inside the dictionary，Provides experience for subsequent dictionary compilation。In terms of micro -structure treatment of the dictionary，Start paying attention to the division and arrangement of versatile meaning。The "standardization" problem arising with the first detailed dictionary，It lays the foundation for the formation of dictionary theory。

2，Promoting familiar language、Rhetoric、The development of other languages ​​such as grammatics。Dictionary that specializes in proverb has appeared in the early 18th century。At the same time，Symbol is also an object of the comprehensive dictionary，This prepares prerequisite for the generation of mature language，provides rich corpus for the later mature language research。Roconoosov's "three -character body theory" and grammar theory were applied in the dictionary compilation of the second half of bet365 best casino games the 18th century，These measures also promote the spread and development of related theories，and continuously improve in the compilation practice。

third，Provides information for historical linguistics research。For example, the "Global Language Comparison Vocabulary" edited by Pallas at the end of the 18th century includes the vocabulary comparison of 200 languages。At that time, it was the rise of historical comparative linguistics，The emergence of the dictionary has attracted widespread attention，evoked people's great interest in linguistic research。

Dictionary compilation of the 18th century also has important social value。First，Due to church Slavic and Russian mixed use and input of multi -language，Russia faces outstanding language problems，In this process，Dictionary played the role of standardized language，Promoting the establishment of the Russian standard。Next，The special dictionary compilation of the 18th century provides an essential reference book for learning professional knowledge，It played an important role in the training of professional talents。Last，In the background of the Enlightenment，Dictionary also promoted cultural exchanges and communication between Russia and other European countries，For Russian Literature、Art、Technology and other development has made important contributions。

　　(This article is the Study Research on the History of the Russian Dictionary Compilation of the National Social Science Foundation (19BYY208) in phased achievement)

(Author Unit: Russian Literature and Cultural Research Center of Heilongjiang University)