2015，A text circulating on the domestic network: "Research Table Investigation，Chinese characters are not sure to read a shadow。For example, when you read the above sentence，Only the characters in this present are all chaotic。"" Just two sentences，There are multiple words that have reversed in order，But it does not seem to affect the reader's reading and understanding of the meaning of the sentence。and as early as September 2003，Emails that have an English letter in foreign networks that are popular on the Internet but do not affect readers' reading and understanding，The general content is as follows: "AOCCDRNIG to RSCheearch at CMABRIGDE UINERVTISY, It Deosn n’t mttaer in Waht Oredr the ltters in a word are, The Olny IPRMOETNT TIHNG IS that the Frist and LTTEER Be the RGHIT PCLAE. Boerlm. TiHS is BCUSEAE The Huamn Mnid Deos Not Raed ERVEY LTETER BY ISTLEF, But the value as a wlohe. Azanmig huh? "This email appeared，Immediately aroused the interests of the readers，and cause Internet users to pass madly，French appeared in a short time、German、Version of 20 languages ​​including Spanish，also aroused the research interest of the researchers' cognitive process contained in the reading process。

The above example indicates，The upside down of the word or letters sometimes does not affect the reader's reading and understanding of the text。About the phenomenon that the letter is upside down does not affect reading，called "Transposed-LTTER Effect)，The earliest research on Jerome Bruner and Donald O’dowd in 1958。But in the past half a century bet365 best casino games after that,，Studies in this field are almost no one asking。until the above English mail appears and has an impact，Researchers start to get involved in this field and study in -depth research。The original research was mainly concentrated in Pinyin text，English in the Department of Indo -European language、Spanish、French, etc.。Later，Research gradually shifts to the language of other language systems，such as the Hebrews of Asian and African language、Arabic and Malta; Chinese and Thailand in the Department of Chinese and Tibetan; Korean and Japanese in the Altai Department，At this time, the research object can be extended into "replacement effect" in more universal languages。

Research indicates，English in the Department of Indo -Europe、French、Spanish and other languages，Universal replacement effect，and the interchangeation effect of the letter in the middle of the vocabulary，More significant than the replacement effect of the end of the word。That is to say，Non -word composed of letters in the words，Non -word composition composition of comparison of words and words，It is easier to be recognized as the original word。So，Researchers think，In the process of Pinyin's word vocabulary，The letters of words and words，More important than letters in the word。

The language of the Asian and African language system has a common point: the vocabulary is composed of the roots and affixes，Among them, the roots are usually composed of three consonant letters，and the three consonant letters are not necessarily adjacent; the affix is ​​by a single vowel、Volunteer letters combination or component composition of Yuanyin plus consonant letters。Studies based Bet365 lotto review on Hebrew discovery，When the conversion involves the letter of the root of the root，There will be no conversion effect; only when the conversion involves affixes，or when the target words are foreign words (foreign words do not comply with the rules of Hebrew's words)，Only the replacement effect of the Indo -European language department will appear。Arabic related research results are basically the same as Hebrew: only when the replacement occurs when the three consonant letters constitute the root of the root，Only when the replacement effect will appear。but，Related studies in Malta shows a significant replacement effect。Researchers think，This is because the wording ability of the three -auxiliary phonetic alphabet root in Malta is lower than that of Hebrew and Arabic，And Malta has absorbed a large number of foreign words that do not follow the rules of Asian and African language structures，This has led to the performance of Malta's replacement effect. It is inconsistent with Hebrew and Arabic。

In the Department of Chinese Tibetan language，Research on the replacement effect of Chinese is mainly concentrated in the Chinese characters in the word group，Research on the replacement of components and strokes is relatively small。Research indicates，No replacement effect was found when the Chinese -language dual -word words were replaced，But when the four -character word is replaced, there is a replacement effect。Researchers think，Two Chinese characters that constitute the two Chinese characters that constitute the two Chinese characters have no replacement effect，It is because the location information of the two Chinese characters bet365 best casino games that constitutes the original word is 100 % destructive。Related research on the replacement of Chinese character components，Two parts and three parts of Chinese characters have no replacement effect，But the replacement effect of Chinese characters above the four parts。

Thailand in the Department of Chinese Tibetan is a relatively special language，Its writing is similar to Pinyin text，Cuxenu letters are arranged in linear order，But the vowel letters are not arranged in linear order，Instead, it is possible to use the form of complete letters or sound -changing symbols，Become above the consonant letters、Below or both sides。other，Thai spelling and pronunciation does not completely correspond to，Some vowels appear before the consonant letters，But when pronounced in spoken language, it appeared after the consonant letters。So，General speaking，The letter position that constitutes the Thai vocabulary is more flexible than other languages。This is fully reflected in the replacement effect: research on Thai language has found a significant replacement effect，and whether the replacement occurs at the head of the word、The word is still the end of the word。

Korean belonging to the Altai Department may be the text of the world's rare letters (Alpha-Syllabic) text，Combined with a single vowel or vowel plus consonant into a syllable，Then combination of syllables into words。Korean syllable composition is relatively special，Generally consisting of the first sound+vowel (vowel)+tail sound (CODA)，First sound and tail sound are usually consonant，So onset is also known as the tinner tinner，Coda is also known as the tail tinner。Early alphabetics about Korean letters, almost all involve consonant，No exception has not found Bet365 lotto review the conversion effect。In the later period, there are two research on Korean research involving syllables，As a result, it was found that a significant replacement effect。This indicates that in the process of Korean vocabulary，The location information of the letter must be accurately encoded。Related statistical results indicate，21%of Korean single -syllable words can constitute real words，and four syllable Korean words and syllables, the replacement of the replacement of the replacement of the authentic word，This explains the reasons for the replacement effect of the syllable in Korean。

Generally speaking，The replacement effect is not a common phenomenon that exists in all languages，Instead, it varies from language。Position encoding a flexible language (such as Thai) has a significant probability of a significant replacement effect.，and the position coding relatively strict language (such as Hebrew、Arabic and Korean)，The probability of the replacement effect is lower。Only meet extremely rigorous conditions，The latter may have a replacement effect。

，Researchers in 狒狒、Pigeon and other animals also found the alphabet conversion effect。The possibility of the alphabet replacement effect on the animal's body，Jonathan Grainger and others completed a study in 2012。The first church church 12 words and non -words identified English。Based on this，They use these 狒狒 as the research object，The possibility of the alphabet conversion effect of animals。Experimental results show a significant letters.，Differential non -word is more likely to be recognized as real words，and the difference between the two reaches a significant level。and researchers such as Damian bet365 live casino games Scarf completed an experiment in 2016。They first conducted literacy training for 18 pigeons。After 8 months of training，4 Pigeons with the most prominent ability to distinguish between authentic and non -word are selected，Its average vocabulary reaches 14 English words，The average vocabulary of the eliminated pigeons is only 4。Subsequent，Four pigeons selected for another 8 months have been trained，The average vocabulary reaches 43 words。Experiments use vocabulary judgment tasks，Results indicate，Pigeon True Word、Alphabet replacement non -word non -word and letter replacement non -word performance differences are significant: not only the difference between true words and non -word，Different from non -word and replacement of non -word also reached a significant level，That is to say，These pigeons are more likely to replace the letters as non -word as target authentic words。

Since the conversion effect is proposed，Especially in the past 20 years，The study of the replacement effect of language has made great progress。In addition to the increase in the number of language and language involved，It is also manifested in the diversification of the research paradigm。The initial research mostly uses vocabulary judgment、Right and non -judgment research paradigm，Later, eye movement gradually appeared、ERP and other research paradigms。On the selection of the model，Study from the initial visual vocabulary recognition to the hearing vocabulary and tactile vocabulary recognition (blind text)。Research objects have gradually expanded from one -language to the second language、Blind、Deaf and even 狒狒、Pigeon and other animals。Study on this Bet365 lotto review interesting language phenomenon，Not only can we promote our understanding of vocabulary recognition and processing process，It can also promote the development and improvement of related vocabulary theory and model。

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