Since Buddhism was introduced to China，Forged an indissoluble bond with calligraphy，Copy Scripture、engraved scripture、The statues and others became Buddhists and practiced Buddhism、An important means to accumulate virtue and benefit。Tang and Five Dynasties period，The rapid rise of Zen Buddhism, which advocates not establishing words，They do not pay attention to the study of Buddhist scriptures，Rather, it aims to pursue immediate enlightenment，So various convenient methods were adopted。Jufan Poems、Calligraphy、Painting has become a common method used by Zen monks to teach sermons and guide others to learn，This provides a new opportunity for the mutual integration of calligraphy and Zen。However，Current academic circles pay attention to the relationship between calligraphy and Zen，Mainly focus on the influence of Zen on calligraphy theory and calligraphy works，As for the penetration of calligraphy into Zen, there is little discussion。From practice、Start with preaching and passing on light，You can better understand the Zen monk’s use of calligraphy，And further deepen the understanding of the concept of Zen forest art。

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Buddhists learning calligraphy does not violate Buddhist concepts，This is clearly stated in Buddhist scriptures。"Za Agama Sutra": "What a complete means of convenience？Calling a good man...in a letter、sparse、calculate、Painting，In the place where his craftsmanship is skillful，Practice diligently，It is a convenient tool。”Can see，The Buddha has already used calligraphy, painting and other techniques to spread Buddhism、A convenient means to save all sentient beings。Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties period，The practice of copying Buddhist scriptures is extremely popular，Looking at the existing Dunhuang scriptures，There are generally two purposes for copying scriptures: one is to facilitate the acceptance, upholding, reading and reciting、Circulation support；The second is to repay the kindness of Buddha、Repay the emperor’s favor and pray for yourself and your loved ones。Affected，bet365 best casino games Later generations of literati and calligraphers such as Bai Juyi、Liu Gongquan、Su Shi and others have copied scriptures。What needs to be noted is，Most of the copyists are monks, nuns or lay believers，Most of them copied Buddhist scriptures with a pious attitude and even wrote them with blood。Common words like "sparse" and "don't laugh" in Buddhist scripture inscriptions and regular script、In addition，It is a direct reflection of this mentality。In addition，Rituals before copying scriptures such as "fasting", "bathing", etc.，It also gives the act of copying scriptures a meaning of spiritual practice。But in general，It is still difficult to directly equate copying Buddhist scriptures with practicing Buddhism，As a Buddhist activity，It is more about the content of copying than the act of writing itself。

Since the Tang and Five Dynasties，With the rapid rise of Zen，The above situation is beginning to change。First of all, let’s look at monks’ writings，Late Tang ShusengshiGuang said: "Calligraphy is like Shi Shi's heart seal，From the heart，Achieving enlightenment，Not transmitted by mouth or hand。” (Volume 72 of "Collected Works of Su Wei Gong") Most of the predecessors analyzed this from the perspective of "using Zen as a metaphor for books"，Think it reveals the calligraphy creation theory that "books are made by the heart"，With Yu Shinan、The writings of Sun Guoting and others focusing on "heart" are relatively consistent。But this article thinks，The more important meaning of Master Guang’s words is，He directly regards "book" as "Zen"，So the act of "writing a book" is similar to the effort of "participating in Zen"。This understanding is not a forced connection，It is closely related to Zen thought in the middle and late Tang Dynasty。Mazu Daoyi, another disciple of Hui Neng, once said "use the six roots"，Everything is done，It’s all about Dharma nature” (Volume 1 of "Quotations from Four Families")，The third disciple Baizhang Huaihai also believes that "every action must be done"，Yu Mo is laughing，It is all the wisdom of the Buddha” (Volume 2 of "The Sayings of the Ancient Master")。Under this "function is sex" concept，All seeing, hearing and awareness、Words and actions are regarded as manifestations of the true nature of the mind。The so-called "everything you see"，It’s all about seeing the heart” (Volume 1 of Zongjinglu)Bet365 lotto review ，As long as your mind is in a state of meditation with no thoughts or attachments，Poetry, calligraphy, painting and other means can be ways and methods to practice Zen。

Based on this understanding，Let’s look at the calligraphy practice of monks in the Tang Dynasty。Mainly in regular script、The calligraphy circle of the Tang Dynasty that advocated legal standards，Huai Su emerged in a concentrated manner、Gao Xian、Yan Xiu and other monk calligraphers who are good at cursive script，This phenomenon should also be explained from Zen concepts。Zen Buddhism claims to be a separate teaching outside the teaching，Study of Buddhist classics、Abandon the observance of canonical rules and rituals and even the form of meditation，Just the pursuit of inner freedom、Accessible。Cursive writing as the most free、The most artistically expressive calligraphy，Nature has a similar purpose，Judging from Huai Su’s wild creations，"My master leaned on the rope bed after being drunk，Swept away thousands of sheets in a moment" (Li Bai's "Songs of Cursive Script")，"The madness is endless，Throwing a pen to resist the sound and even shouting" (Lu Shou's "Master Huaisu's Cursive Script Song")。This kind of physical and mental forgetfulness、Nearly crazy creative state，Reflects Huaisu’s break with calligraphy standards、The spiritual outlook of breaking free from external constraints，Also related to "external separation" as Zen，It is consistent with the Zen concept of "internal non-chaos is concentration"。To the Southern Song Dynasty，Wuwen Daocan's "Postscript on Mahatma's Calligraphy" is even called Mahatma's calligraphy "a direct statement of one's own use of Samadhi"。Anyway，Under the influence of Zen thought，The concept of treating calligraphy creation as Zen practice appeared in calligraphy circles of the Tang and Song Dynasties，This concept is mainly realized through the cursive art of Shu Monk。

　Teaching: Borrowing books to talk about Zen

Since immersing yourself in calligraphy creation can be regarded as Zen practice，Then the mutual metaphor between calligraphy and Zen becomes the proper meaning in the title。Previous research on this issue mainly started from scholars’ calligraphy theory，The period of concern is mostly after the Song and Yuan Dynasties。Actually，Zen monks in the Tang and Song Dynasties had already applied calligraphy to Bet365 app download specific expressions、In the process of passing the light，It’s just that this type of metaphorical discussion of “borrowing books to talk about Zen” has received less attention from academic circles，There is also little investigation and sorting out from a Zen perspective。Look in detail，The phenomenon of "borrowing books to talk about Zen" in the Zen forests of the Tang and Song Dynasties can be roughly divided into the following situations。

First，Metaphors and explanations of Zen concepts using calligraphy terms。For example, Song Dynasty monk Jue Fan Huihong's "Lin Jian Lu": "The sect has four kinds of hidden fronts，The first day is just right，Then it is said to be coming out；As for the directors, Juzang，It’s called Entering；Nothing involved，Then it is said to be coming out。”Zang Feng，The tip of the stroke will be stored in the middle of the stroke，Keep it from being exposed。Specifically，Zang Feng’s principle of writing is to go left first and right first、Because of this，This kind of "pointing to the east and striking to the west" style of using the pen，It is more consistent with the Zen way of saying "abnormal harmony"。The so-called "abnormal harmony"，Mainly rooted in the theory of "not establishing writing"，That is, to break the correspondence between language and its inherent meaning，Thus allowing readers to understand the deeper true nature through language itself。Because of this，The "Zangfeng" brushwork mentioned by Huihong is more consistent with the "outstanding" ability that can demonstrate the flexible use of language by Zen monks。There are not many Zen monks writing about this type of "using books to describe Zen" style，But it can complement the Zen calligraphy theory of "Zen as a metaphor for calligraphy" by literati and calligraphers。

Second，Jian Shu Jia、Apply calligraphy to sermons in lectures and other occasions。For example, Song Xueyan Zuqin, a monk in the Song Dynasty, said in the church hall at Guangxiao Temple in Huzhou: "Bundle hair as a pen，Borrowing the Moon River as an inkstone。Stippling completed，Zheng Xie Mo Shi，The four characters Tathagata ‘Enter Parinirvana’ in capital letters。Zheng Xie Mo Shi，Stippling completed，How to determine the right position？Zhuo Zhuzhang said: I will call Xi’s regular script，Yuan Lai Zhang Dian cursive script。” (Volume 1 of “Monk Xueyan’s Sayings”) Huzhou is bet365 best casino games famous for its production of writing brushes，Zen Master Zuqin’s French argument is based on this。He claims to use cloth hair as a pen、The moon stream is an inkstone，The practice of writing the words Nirvana in the void，As if playing a one-man show。The so-called "how to decide"，That is to ask how to enter the Nirvana state of immortality。Zu Qin used Wang Xizhi’s expertise in regular script、Zhang Bogao is good at answering in cursive script，implies "this is the way it is"，That is to say, eternal peace and happiness in annihilation、Freedom by doing nothing。

　Third，In script、Shu Feng praises and comments on Gude's case。For example, Song Dynasty monk Jie Shi Zhipeng wrote a note for the "Nine Peaks Dharmakaya" case: "The Nine Peaks are so big that they can write regular scripts，The stippling is clear one by one。As for this monk, he doesn’t know how to teach，But he picked up cursive script。Although，No cursive writing in mind，ugly Xi Xian post。” (Volume 1 of "Monk Jieshi's Sayings") Zen Master Zhipeng compared Jiufeng Taoqian's Zen method in regular script，This is to praise his sincere teachings when introducing students、Thinking and guiding。But looking at the original text of the koan，When the Buddhist monk claims “no”，Zen Master Dao Qian replied directly, “Protect”，Slightly fierce wind，And this has been compared to cursive writing。In other words，Zen Master Zhipeng regards his wife’s eager approach as a regular script style with clear stipples，Regard the sharp and fierce lead-in method as the unrestrained cursive style，This is actually a comparison of calligraphy style to Zen style。

Generally speaking，The phenomenon of "borrowing books to talk about Zen" in the Zen forest can mostly make better use of calligraphy terms、The calligrapher’s expertise or calligraphy features provide an appropriate metaphor for the concept of Zen，This is mainly due to the increasingly strong Zen calligraphy style and the improvement of monks’ cultural quality during the Tang and Song Dynasties。

　　Call the light: the writing can pick up people

If you say，The phenomenon of "borrowing books to talk about Zen" is mainly to better clarify Zen principles，Then "Shu Zi Jie Ren" is more about leading scholars to realize their true intentions。Relatively speaking，The latter appears earlier and is more common，There are no fewer than ten examples of Zen forests in the Tang Dynasty alone。Look in detail，The phenomenon Bet365 app download of "writing words to people" can also be divided into two different types。

The first type，Use calligraphy to guide future students。Take Zen Master Muzhou Daoming in the Tang Dynasty as an example，"Wu Deng Hui Yuan": "Scholar Visits Master，Zhenghui Twenty-four Letters。The teacher uses a stick to point in the air，Said: ‘Will you do that?’？’Xiucai Zuocuo。The master said: ‘Also, there are twenty-four letters from the Dao Society’，I don’t know the eight dharma of Yongzi either。’” Zen Master Daoming’s behavior of “clicking” in the air with his stick，It represents the beginning of "Eight Methods of Yongzi"，Also implies the vastness of Buddhism、Like void。This is actually regarding the "Eight Methods of Yongzi" as a Zen method，And believe that both flow from the heart，As Fo Jian Huiqin said, "The Zen master uses his staff to teach the scholar"，All tricks come from the hands" ("Zong Jian Fa Lin" Volume 23)。Therefore the actions of Zen Master Daoming，In fact, it is to remind scholars to reflect on their own hearts，Don’t be attached to the facts。

The second type，Carry out combat directly through writing，Commonly used words include "Buddha", "卍", "心", etc.。Take Zen Master Dongshan Liangzi of the Tang Dynasty as an example，"Lian Lantern Meeting Essentials": "The teacher wrote the word "Buddha" on the fan。Yunyanjian，But the word "no" is written in the letter。The teacher changed it to the word "fei"。See you at Xuefeng，It is temporarily eliminated。”The word “Buddha” in Zen Master’s book implies that “Buddha” is everywhere，His teacher, Zen Master Yunyan, believes that "Buddha" is a pseudonym and should be removed when writing "Bu".。Chan Master Liangzi rewritten it as the word "fei"，Actually, it’s “double sending and sending two wrongs”，Means "Buddha" is not real、Not a pseudonym。Zen Master Xuefeng "Eliminates for a Time"，It means that the two of them have developed a different mind，Caught in the shackles of language。Similar koans include Yangshan calligraphy、Fayan calligraphy, etc.。

Visible from above，Calligraphy has already penetrated into all aspects of the Zen forest。Actually，Buddhism has always attached great importance to the convenience of teaching，That is, speaking in an appropriate way as the occasion arises。Zen Buddhism because of its discipline of "not establishing words"，They often use common things bet365 Play online games around them to give random speeches，“Borrowing books to teach Zen” is one of the more important methods of teaching the Dharma。Compared to other convenient means，It is more appropriate and systematic to use calligraphy to explain Buddhist Zen concepts。First of all, look at the concept of calligraphy，Selflessly create calligraphy, especially cursive writing，Regarded by Zen monks as the act of Zen itself；Secondly, look at the calligraphy style，In the eyes of a Zen monk，There is a certain similarity between calligraphy style and Zen style，This has also become a bridge for mutual metaphor between calligraphy and Zen；Finally, from the perspective of writing behavior，With brush、The act of writing with a stick or other tools，Enriches the means of enlightenment and learning in the Zen forest。Another thing to note is，Whether writing is regarded as practicing Zen or writing and Zen are used as metaphors，Zen monks are all ahead of the literati and calligraphers，This is exactly the value of Zen calligraphy literature，At the same time, it also provides convenience for various activities in the Zen Forest。

　　(Author’s Affiliation: Changxin International College of Art, Yunnan University；School of Liberal Arts, South China Normal University)