The smallest number of bet365 coupon code majors、One of the smallest fields，The study of Buddhism and Indian bet365 coupon code is still in the accumulation stage in many aspects。But with the increasingly close international cooperation in recent years，Many manuscripts published to the world，More handed down materials are reproduced，A new writing of intellectual history is taking shape in this field。Overview of the research results of the past thirty years，There are four distinct trends: One，Discover the specific relationship between culture and ideological genealogy through the spread of manuscripts，Small traditions receive more attention accordingly；Part 2，In method，From foreign idioms to Indian bet365 coupon code’s own thinking and argumentation tools，especially the exegetical tradition of grammar and Mimancha；Part 3，The history of the shift in focus from sects to specific philosophers and the evolution of issues，The middle and late commentaries therefore entered the center of the academic field；Fourth，Digital humanities integration work based on philology，for multiple languages、Multi-traditional research provides practical and effective assistance。

　　First，The discovery and use of new materials is always one of the important opportunities to advance ideological bet365 coupon code。India、Nepal、Afghanistan and Tibet, China and other regions have preserved a large number of manuscripts from the early AD to modern times，But they may be damaged due to time and weather conditions，Maybe it is scattered in various monasteries and old aristocratic homes without being discovered and sorted out，Since the establishment of Buddhist teaching discipline to date，New material is still being interpreted。If we say that bet365 coupon code 19th and 20th centuries, Indian and European scholars mainly focused on Varanasi、Calcutta、Pune、Mumbai、Madras (i.e. Chennai)、Trivandrum and other cultural centers bet365 coupon code north and south of India conduct manuscript research、Publishing Sanskrit Text Series，So nearly thirty years，The most important literature achievements in academia are mostly produced by extensive international cooperation projects。For example，German-Nepal Manuscript Cataloging Project (NGMCP)、Vienna-China Tibetology Research Center Sanskrit Manuscript Project (STTAR)、Gandhara Buddhist Manuscript Project at the University of Munich-Lausanne-Berlin，As well as the French Institute (IFP), which is famous for its Tantra Manuscript Project in Pondicherry, India，There is also the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhism (IRIAB) at Soka University in Japan、Many projects of important academic institutions such as Peking University Fanba，They each produced a new series of refined textbooks and research books with different resource advantages。

"New" of new materials，Except for texts previously unknown to scholars，Also includes the original Sanskrit text, which is the only remaining Chinese-Tibetan translation。For example, the Vimalakīrti Sutra was rediscovered bet365 coupon code 1990s、Agama and Abhidhamma literature bet365 coupon code Gandhara fragments、The treasure hidden bet365 coupon code Potala Palace is silent () Sanskrit writings，Even recently discovered "The Theory of Zhenglimen" which is being sorted out for publication。Meanwhile，The thoughts contained bet365 coupon code manuscript as first-hand material、History and material information are also linked to the specific path of communication，Gives us a glimpse into the relationship between cultural evolution and ideological genealogy。For example，In recent years, French scholar Isabelle Ratié has discovered ancient annotations that were thought to have been lost bet365 coupon code margins of Abhinavagupta’s manuscript (），Not only reappeared the Kashmiri Recognition Sect (Pratyabhij?The thoughts of Utpaladeva, a representative figure of the second generation，This also demonstrates the reality of new protection and reinvention of tradition。Zaru，The ideological world of Kashmir in the late Middle Ages，It is a major research hotspot in the past few decades。Raffaele Torella, University of Rome, Italy、Under the guidance of lifelong research by scholars such as Alexis Sanderson of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom，Based on the long-term research accumulation of the Vienna School on Indo-Tibetan Buddhism ，Gradually restore the intersection of ideas between Buddhism and non-Buddhist traditions (including bet365 coupon code, rituals, etc.) in the late Middle Ages，And the ideological context in which Buddhist theory of bet365 coupon code was introduced to Tibet through the northwest frontier of South Asia in the middle and late periods and further developed。In fact，Except manuscripts，Various archaeological materials also make up for the lack of historical data。For example, with the help of a large number of stone inscriptions，Antra、Religious communities and ideological systems in Nepal and other regions have come to the forefront from behind the sacred curtain of ancient history，Including the history of Duzi/Zhengliangpa sect which is extremely important in the history of Indian Buddhism but has always suffered from lack of information。

Another important advancement brought about by long-term and in-depth manuscript and archaeological research is the study of Sanskrit、Spoken and regional languages ​​(Classical Tamil、Equivalent views of Ghanaian and Hindi etc.) and even mixed language documents。In this regard，American scholar Sheldon Pollock’s masterpiece "The Language of the Gods bet365 coupon code World of Men" and his project "Sanskrit Knowledge Systems on the Eve of Colonization" on the Eve of Colonialism) has inspired many research results。By juxtaposing the first millennium when Sanskrit was the dominant language with the second millennium when local dialects were codified，We can initially appreciate the ruptures and continuities at different levels bet365 coupon code history of Indian thought。This means that the field of Buddhist studies is opening its doors to different intellectual groups，The ancient ideological world is gradually connected with modern times，Localize the height、Communitarian Indian philosophical thought is no longer obscured by the large structure of the "Sanskrit Cosmopolitan" - on the contrary，The parallel development of large and small cultural traditions in interaction will bring us a more complete ideological picture。

　　Secondly，Representing Indian bet365 coupon code in modern philosophical discourse is necessary for the development of the discipline，However, it is difficult for a completely heterogeneous terminology system to accurately express the complexity of traditional ideological resources。Is it possible for us to let Indian bet365 coupon code speak for itself？This is somewhat similar to the situation faced by Chinese bet365 coupon code in the process of disciplinary modernization。Overall，Currently, the academic community is paying particular attention to grammar () and Miman sent () interpretive tradition。The two have long been relegated to the sidelines of primary schools in modern research，But for the history of Indian thought，The former provides a Chinese method that is the basis of traditional learning，The latter is the basis of Vedic exegesis and interpretation principles。As some scholars have emphasized，Grammar is to Indian bet365 coupon code what mathematics is to Western bet365 coupon code，And attack Hari () and others are represented，Sanskrit grammar itself developed a long philosophical tradition starting bet365 coupon code 5th century，Listed as "Photography of All Views" (）The Thirteenth House。What is particularly noteworthy is，The grammar or "statement" is derived from the Vedic-Brahmanic tradition，But because of its unavoidable fundamental position in explanation and debate，To Buddhism、The development of non-orthodox doctrines such as Jainism has a great influence；Vice versa，In fact since the early 1st century AD，It is the criticism from the heterodox parties that promotes the philosophical thinking of grammar scholars。Therefore，We have to pay attention to the path of "exegesis and general principles"，It will effectively restore the unique ideological structure and argumentation method of Indian bet365 coupon code。

A further question is: Can we let Indian bet365 coupon code ask its own questions？Elisa Freschi, who currently teaches at the University of Toronto, thinks，The rectification of the name of Indian bet365 coupon code can be divided into two aspects: one is to involve its extensive ideological resources in the discussion of universal philosophical issues；On the other hand, it is to allow other philosophical traditions to truly understand the unique context and problems of Indian bet365 coupon code。For example，Thinking about rituals obviously has no place in modern Western bet365 coupon code，But for the mainstream philosophical system in India，But it is the top priority。Whether it is about issues in the bet365 coupon code of language such as reference，Still discussing moral issues such as killing，Usually developed in the explanation of sacrifices。For example, Tong Zhongzun’s "Ode to Explanation and Supplement" (), Guangxian's "Guangshu" () bet365 coupon code process of defending the Vedic scriptures, the other Mimansa scriptures not only constructed rich semantics、Rhetoric and other theories，Also focused on moral logic、Issues such as the validity of knowledge。

Of course，Discovering philosophical insights among highly technical grammatical and ritual details is no easy task。The current research craze is not just a fad，From the beginning of the 20th century through India and Germany、Austin、meaning、法、The long accumulation of generations of scholars in Japan and other places，And Bimal Krishna Matilal、Mohanty(J.N.Mohanty) and other Indian scholars studying abroad，Even the philosophical interpretation of current backbones such as Jonardon Ganeri，It is India’s tradition of language bet365 coupon code and epistemology that has truly aroused widespread and sustained interest in the academic community with its rich text resources and distinct problem awareness。In recent years，Many scholars have begun to pay attention to the relationship between Buddhism and the above-mentioned knowledge system。Take Japanese academia as an example，For example, Hideyo Ogawa of Hiroshima University deeply excavated the theoretical assumptions of the grammatical tradition behind the core ideas of Madhyamaka and Zhengli；Kenori Kataoka of Kyushu University is paying attention to Buddhist bet365 coupon code in the post-Chenna era，Perennially devoted to "Songs and Supplements" and "Flowers of Righteousness" (Nyāyama?觡jarī) and other orthodox classics，Clarify the specific confrontation between the two。

　　Again，Common sects and schools of Indian bet365 coupon code are often divided according to the objects of annotation，So strictly speaking they are not entirely philosophical traditions，But textual tradition。This means，Although a certain sect has a relatively unified canon and terminology system，But it does not necessarily constitute a consistent philosophical position。Therefore，If you want to truly understand the history of the evolution of bet365 coupon code，The research still needs to be refined into the debates between specific commentators or even different schools on specific issues。As more and more scholars invest in ideological research based on primary texts，Many philosophers in the middle and late periods (about the 7th century after) were rediscovered。They annotate the works of the sages，Include each company’s explanation plan，Extensive quotations from other scholars’ treatises，To form a new dialogue with previous generations of commentators。This "history of interpretation" received little attention in early research，Some scholars have analyzed that this may be related to the pursuit of innovation in the philosophical community。As a commentary work，These commentators remain more humble in the face of tradition，Creating a new theory is usually not the ultimate purpose of writing，It’s not a deliberate display。But this does not mean that they do not have independent thoughts and personal ideas。In fact，Choose among various interpretations of the classics、Propose your own opinions，Precisely the mainstream way of writing Indian bet365 coupon code。

Based on bet365 coupon code basic understanding，The commentators and topics that have generated much discussion in recent years include but are not limited to: Cong Chen Na、The "dismissal theory" (anyāpoha) from Dharmakīrti to Sakyamuni and even Geluguru has its own merits；Recognition of Somānanda、Liantian’s theoretical formation process from criticizing to absorbing the "Avaita Theory of Sound"；Theoretical analysis of illusions by various parties, etc.。Except bet365 coupon code，Jiayan Tuoba Tuo (), Mimancha bet365 coupon code Mandana Mishira (), Shiva Siddhanta () bet365 coupon code Bhatta Ramaganto (）etc. to myself、Consciousness、Language，And relief、Arguments on monism and other related issues，Also attracted the attention of Eastern and Western scholars。These characters have certain regional characteristics，And have their own religious group attributes (meaning that the religious scriptures on which the interpretation is based are different)，The original idea of ​​a more or less critical transformation of Buddhism in thought，But they all have a very personal style，Provides extremely rich content for us to supplement and continue the development clues of the later period of Indian bet365 coupon code。

　　Finally，Use digital humanities and bet365 coupon code technical means，The open text data platform and various hypertext tools provide researchers with practical and effective help，Promotes the study of cross-text traditions to a certain extent。These works are undoubtedly based on basic philological work。However，Due to the multilingual nature of the field、Cross-traditional characteristics，Plus the small research group、Dispersion of publications，For a long time，The circulation and use efficiency of a large number of achievements is actually not high。Until recent years，We have benefited from the many attempts of the Internet and digital humanities。In addition to the Sanskrit Dictionary established by the University of Cologne (CDSD)、Sanskrit Text Platform (GRETIL) at the University of Göttingen、Except basic databases such as the University of Chicago’s Multilingual South Asia Electronic Library (DSAL)，A thematic database of early Antra inscriptions also appears，And "saktumiva" (still bet365 coupon code experimental stage) that facilitates comparison of large amounts of heterogeneous data, etc.。As far as the field of Buddhism is concerned，CBETA, the Chinese Electronic Buddhist Scripture, has become a necessity for study and research；The Enlightenment Theory and Enlightenment Literature Catalog (EAST) and the Dharma Drum Digital Database (VMTD), which mainly focuses on consciousness-only classics, rely on their professional skills、Reliable and focused features，Serving a specific research community；In addition，Text analysis tools such as TACL that truly utilize computer algorithms，Leave the corpus analysis work that cannot be completed manually in a short time to the background，In a certain sense, it is changing the way scholars analyze materials，And therefore are updating some basic understandings of the discipline (such as issues such as translator attribution)。

In summary，Academic circles are trying to connect the lines of Indian bet365 coupon code in historical time and space in various aspects，Reflects the emphasis on cultural context in the research methods of the history of European bet365 coupon code。In addition，Based on the developed tradition of language bet365 coupon code and epistemology，Indian philosophical research is constantly proving itself while，We have also maintained close dialogue with contemporary analytical bet365 coupon code and phenomenology for a long time，Especially in the Anglo-American world, it has produced a lot of interventional works including comparative bet365 coupon code、Research on Fusion bet365 coupon code Type。The two actually constitute the two major paths of Indian philosophical research。In addition，In order to make up for the fragmentation and deficiencies of Indian historical materials，The study of intellectual history cannot be separated from ethnography、A method combining anthropology and archaeological art。Anyway，Multiple paths and a large number of resources continue to bring surprises to the academic community，But at the same time, it also places higher and higher professional requirements on researchers。

The above is an outline of the research trends in Indian Buddhism and Indian bet365 coupon code in recent years，But undoubtedly limited by the author’s current research interests。Although the topic of this article includes "Buddhist Research"，But it does not cover the basic situation of Chinese or Tibetan Buddhism。Due to the differences between classical languages ​​and classical systems，There are significant differences in topics and methods between the study of Indian Buddhism and the study of Chinese Buddhism，But this does not mean that the two are unrelated。So for scholars in the Chinese-speaking world，What kind of inspiration and opportunities do the above trends provide us?？The author tries to summarize it into two aspects: first, Indian Buddhism as a frame of reference，The in-depth research will actually help us understand the specific characteristics of the Sinicization of Buddhism，For example, what are the characteristics of the Chinese Buddhist exegesis and commentary tradition？How Han Chuan Yin Ming re-invented traditional issues under a completely different logical and linguistic framework？The second is as the comparison object of the philosophical system，As mentioned above，Indian bet365 coupon code can actually be compared with Chinese bet365 coupon code due to its own characteristics，Including Confucian classics、Etiquette and even Taoism、Contrast with Taoist thoughts，Dialogue can even be formed on the path of construction as a modern discipline itself，New issues arising from the study of Asian traditional thought。

(Author’s affiliation: Department of Religious Studies, Department of bet365 coupon code, Peking University)