Personal moral cultivation has always been the center of Confucianism.，Liang Qichao believes that the Confucian philosophy center thought "can be" the Analects "‘ cultivation of self -peace ’s language”。"The Golden Bad" proposed in "The Golden Mean" is also the same meaning。The so -called self -self，is to achieve your own virtue，The achievements of personal morality in Confucianism are not basically not basically，Instead, it is achieved in the process of knowing yourself。

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"Knowing" is a very important concept in Confucianism。According to the statistics of the Analects of Analects of the Analects of Confucius in the Qing Dynasty，"Knowing" in the "The Analects" total 118 see。The word "know" in the Analects of Confucius is mostly "understand" and "know" as the righteousness，As "I don't know life，No gentleman also。"On the basis of this," Appreciation、Appointment "，As if "Judge said:‘ I do n’t know! ’Ru or know，Why is it? "Knowing" also has the meaning of "knowledge"，As "Zi Yue: I have knowledge? Ignorance。""，"Knowing" "Zhi"，The meaning of "smart" and "wisdom"，As "Know Bet365 lotto review the Water Water，Benevolence Leshan "。Confucius attaches great importance to the "knowledge" of "wisdom"，Let it be with benevolence、Yong is listed as "Three Dade"。

Xunzi made a clear distinction on "knowledge" and "wisdom": "So those who know in the people are known，Knowing the wisdom of the predicate。"This view is considered to be" knowledge "is the ability to know，"Smart" is the result of recognition。Except Xunzi，Other scholars of Confucianism also conducted research and discussions on the concept of "knowledge"。For example，Zhang Zai bet365 Play online games of the Northern Song Dynasty divided "Knowledge" into "the knowledge of hearing" and "the knowledge of virtue"，And think that "the knowledge of virtue" is higher than "the knowledge of hearing"。Visible，"Knowing" containing "wisdom" is both a cognitive category，It is also a moral category。

In modern times，With the introduction of the doctrine of Western knowledge，People start to use the concept of Confucian "knowledge" with the concept of Confucian "knowledge"，Think of "knowledge" corresponds to "knowledge"，"Knowledge of Morality" is closer to "wisdom", "virtue" and "morality"。So，Many scholars use "knowledge" to express "knowledge" and "know、Understanding "and other meanings，Use "Wisdom" to express "wisdom" and be a moral knowledge。In "Knowledge" and "Morality", "Wisdom"，This distinction between "knowledge of hearing" and "morality" is a feasible perspective in our study of the relationship between "knowledge" and "wisdom" in our study of the Analects of Confucius。"From the perspective of Confucianism，Wisdom is the consciousness of human nature and the world around the world at different levels of personality achievement。So，The achievements of personality are first。"" "，To be known for morality is the foundation。The process from "knowledge" to "wisdom" is the transformation process from "knowledge of hearing" to "morality"。

　　The wise man is not confused

In the Analects of Confucius, Confucius directly said about "knowledge" (wisdom) about 14 places，About three cases。One，It is used to say that someone is smart、Wisdom，As "the knowledge of Zang Wuzhong，Gongbang's Unwilling "。Its two，Discussion on "Knowing" (Zhi)，The most typical is Fan Chi asks "Knowing" (Zhi)。Its three，"Know" theory of "Know"，and compare it with "benevolence"，As "Know Bet365 lotto review the Water Water，Benevolence Leshan。Knowing people，Benevolence。Knowledge，Benevolence Life "。Because Confucius often "knows" (wisdom) "benevolence" is often briefed，So most scholars believe that the Analects of Confucius or the entire Confucianism，"Knowing" this concept is not only the category of knowledge theory or epistemology，It is a human learning category or moral concept。

Fan Chi asks "Knowing" (Zhi) twice，Confucius first answered "the meaning of the people，Ghosts and Gods and Far Huo，can be described as a knowledge "。Zhu Xi's annotation of this: "The dedicated to humanitarian is，instead of confused the unknown of ghosts and gods，Knowledgeer's affairs also "。That is to say，The wise man can distinguish between knowing and unknown，Knowing and not knowing what you know，Dedicated to humanitarian knowledge。Fan Chi asked "Knowing" (Zhi) for the second time，Confucius Answer "Knowing People"，Fan Chi did not understand，Confucius further explained: "，Can make those who can directly。"Zhu Xi pointed out in" Zhu Ziji Note ":" Lovers，Renzhi Shi。Knowing people，Knowledge of Knowledge。"also quoted" Zeng's said: ‘late meaning，Cover with love and desire week，knowing something，Therefore, the two suspected of the two。枉 枉，Zhiye。Play those who are straight，Ren Ren。So，Then the two are not only disgusted but use it for use "。Compared with the lover of the benevolent，Wise guy knows what you choose，Being able to distinguish between straight and straighten。In the answer of "Zhi" (Zhi) in the Confucius twice，It can be seen that "distinguishing" is an important connotation of "knowledge" (wisdom)，That is to say "Zhi" itself contains the ability to identify cognitive judgment。In the Analects of Confucius, Confucius said twice "the knowledge Bet365 app download of the person is not confused"，Huang Kan's "Yi Shu" quotes Sun Chuo said: "Smart discerning，Therefore, not confused。"" "，Mencius has clearly defined "wisdom" as the ability to identify right and wrong，He said: "The heart of right and wrong，Zhiye。"also said," The heart of right and wrong，Zhi Zhuan also。”

From the perspective of the wise man,，"Distinguishing" is not only clearly distinguished right from wrong，More importantly, "Differential"。"Xunzi" talks about "Zi Road Entry，Zi said: ‘from，What is the person? What is the benevolent?，Benevolence makes people love yourself。'Zi said: ‘can be described as scholars。，Zi said: ‘Give，What is the person? What is the benevolent?，Benevolence lovers。'Zi said: ‘can be described as a gentleman。Yan Yuanji，Zi said: ‘back，What is the person? What is the benevolent?，Benevolence of self -love。'Zi said: ‘can be described as the gentleman。'"Here，Confucius actually pointed out the three gradual levels of "Zhi"，3522_3537。Although when Fan Chi asked "Zhi" (Zhi)，Confucius Answer "Knowing People"，But in fact, the confidant of "self -knowledge" is the highest level of "knowledge"，It is also an important connotation of "wisdom"。

The reason why "wisdom" in these two senses becomes an important morality in Confucianism，Related to "Ren"。As mentioned earlier，Most of the discussion of "wisdom" in "The Analects" in "The Analects"。The so -called "benevolent Anren，Knowing Li Ren "，In Renzhi Relations，"Wisdom is mainly used as a means of Daren，This means that knowing or wisdom in China has a more virtuous meaning，Its focus is not to emphasize its cognitive ability, especially for natural cognitive ability "。So，We can see "knowing" from the perspectives of "distinguished" and "confidant"，I don't know if I know it "is" Zhi "。Clear cognition of what you know and do bet365 live casino games not know，It means that you have the virtue of "wisdom"，I achieved my own morality while knowing myself，that is, the realization of confidants。

　　The key to self -confidation is sincerity

The process of self -confidation is from the "knowledge" of cognition to the "wisdom" of virtue，"Self -cognition is not only a rational analysis and judgment，It is even a self -success in a practical sense "。The meaning and moral practice of the cognition and moral practice of "wisdom"，It can understand the integration of Confucianism "confidant to become self"。"Because of the assumption of self -understanding, it must be realized by transforming self by self -renovation，Therefore，Knowledge in this sense，Not only reflection and understanding，Instead of shaping and innovation。Knowing yourself is to perfect yourself。”

Although the virtue of being able to achieve self in the process of knowing yourself，But "confidant" is not equal to "self -self"，So how is this process realized? For the morality of how to achieve self，"The Golden Mean" gives the answer- "Cheng"。"Sincerity self -made"，"The Golden Meter" thinks，"Guidelines for the concept of chief，‘sincerity’ surpass all specific moral quality，or lay the foundation for all specific moral quality，Make these specific moral qualities possible，Only ‘sincerity’ can realize the ‘Cheng’ of human nature。"" Xunzi "also said" Gentleman is not good at sincerity "。So，What is "sincerity"?

"The Golden Mean" said: "Sincerity，The Way of Heaven is also;，The way of people also。"Zhu Xi Note:" Sincerity，Real and no delusion，Of course also。The one of the sincerity，Can't be true and no delusion，and desire to be true and unreasonable，Of course, personnel should also。"So，The most basic meaning of "sincerity" is true and no delusion。Although Bet365 lotto review there is no "sincerity" in "The Analects"，The most basic meaning of "sincerity" is true and no delusion。When facing self,，"Knowing is known，I do n’t know if you know it "is" sincerity "，"The things that Yan Ru knows it is known，I do n’t know what I do n’t know ”，I do n’t know but I do n’t know，I don't know what I know, I know，Taking "sincerity" confidant as "wisdom"，Only to achieve your own morality。

Except for true no delusion，The second meaning of "sincerity" is "true possession"。Similar to the "sincerity" with two layers of meaning with Confucianism，Trilin distinguished "sincerity" and "true" in "Sincerity and Truth"，Sincerity is the consistency between the feelings of the feelings and the actual feelings of publicly expressed，that is, "I" in society is consistent with the inner "self"，A sincere person，Is a loyal person。But what is our loyal self? This has an authentic problem。Facing what I know, I will know，I don’t know if I don’t know，This is a sincere attitude when you know yourself。But further talk，"Knowing" this "self" still needs the real "self"。So，To realize the confidant to become self -made by "sincerity"，Also need to fight back self -introspective。

The knowledge of morality is the presentation of the self -will of the moral subject，Therefore, it must be true。But "Although the knowledge of morality is the inherent self -knowledge of self -knowledge, although the moral body is inherent、Self -knowledge，But if we do not do our best to learn ourselves，The morality of the moral subject，at most it is the fire of starting、Spring of Shida，It must be disappeared in daily life "。In the Analects of Confucius, "My Three Provincial Ways and My Body", "Seeing the Wing Qi Qi，Seeing the internal and introspectives "and so on refers to the morality of their own Bet365 lotto review morality through this way of refracting the self -introspection。In short，"Smart" means not only to know yourself sincerely，and know the true self，Through the "sincerity" method of this personality，Achieve your morality while knowing yourself。

　　(Author Unit: School of Philosophy of Renmin University of China)