Discussion of Chinese business history，We must follow the general economic theory，Display the impact and change of business activities on traditional social order，At the same time，Review the business policy of the government of the Chinese calendar dynasty、Social status of businessmen、The scope of business activities and business activities against production activities、The influence of business orientation。The territory of traditional China has gone through the process of continuous development，Commercial activities also form a long -distance trafficking trade in response to regional differences、A variety of forms such as regional adjustments and overseas trade that crosses the border，But the more you go to the traditional era trace，The more difficult it is to see the characters in business activities。This is because the businessman's identity will not be recognized by people for a long time，They would rather claim to be "people"。Although some people who carry out business activities are professional，or occupational，But most of them are transitional、temporary nature，Business activities are regarded as a means to improve economic conditions，People who get rich like "Ask the field and ask"，or invest in social public business，Or the fields are hoarded as wealth。These often do not cause social changes，Instead, it will have a reinforcement effect on traditional order。So，Study business history from the multiple levels of society and economy，It looks very necessary。

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The concept of the four people's order of "taxi industry and commerce" in traditional Chinese society has a profound impact on society，There are few big businessmen in ancient society、Family Family。Although the traditional dynasty has the policy guidance of "heavy farmers" at the policy level，But not to treat merchants and business at heavy tax，It is not completely banned business activities，Instead, the merchant is treated in a way of ignoring or discarding，If a businessman or a businessman will take the imperial examination，In fact, it is to block the business of businessmen。So，Many people will use business as a way to improve economic conditions，Once Bet365 lotto review the economic situation improves，They will strive to abandon the business as soon as possible。This can be seen，Most merchants are not a fixed or manifestation of occupation。

Of course，Abandoned or light business is also different in different regions，For example, the social status of businessmen in southern Fujian region is relatively high，They can often live in the center of the stage of social life，Determine local social affairs。The more we go to modern times，The more Fujian merchants who are going overseas，They will take the commercial profits back to my hometown，Education of hometown、Charity and other public undertakings，Process that drives the modernization of my hometown。Merchants have established a good social image through this kind of good deeds，or the development of its business activities and the broadening of interpersonal networks。In other areas，Often the gentry class leads local education、Charity and other public undertakings。

Southern Fujian merchants establish their own authority in participating in social affairs，Also show my contribution to local society。They can influence politics as a businessman、Affect Decision。For example，To a large extent is the result of the influence of the merchant -based merchant class in Fujian。1946，The Xiamen General Chamber of Commerce proposes to set up a businessman on the Nanjing National Government，Get passed，and 1947、Holding Merchant Day in the mainland twice in 1948，It is also a manifestation of relatively high social status of businessmen in southern Fujian。

Coexistence of businessmen and politics

The market of traditional Chinese society is often dominated by local hegemony、The establishment of the Township forces，They dominate the scale of the market、Far and near and near the flow of transaction items。Township forces or local leaders can control the price of the product、How much is the tax transaction tax，The market has become a basic mechanism for local maintenance and social stability。Such markets often change the supervisor，This is because the rhythmic rhythm of the villagers must have an inevitable effect，Sometimes there are war factors、Natural disaster factors, etc.。So the prosperity of local business is often closely related to local politics。

Most businessmen in traditional Chinese society maintain a close relationship with the government，Is there any agent in the government government that directly determines the size of bet365 live casino games its business activities。So，Merchants often get the shelter from the government，or officer and also quotient，Sometimes businessmen and bureaucrats、Landlord or even trinity。The network of commercial activities is often the natural extension of interpersonal networks，Therefore, anthropologists can often from the marriage circle、Traffic Circle, etc. Find a business circle、Tracks in the trade circle。In overseas trade activities，The fate of the businessman is more directly tied to the National Games。Ming and Qing Dynasties，The official long -term adopting the "ban on the sea" policy，Restricted folk ships to go to sea，or specified routes that specify sailing，or the number of sails of restricted ships。Some family members of the southern Fujian region also participated in overseas trade，They are hidden behind the scenes，Get high profits，This must be supported by the help of the government，Otherwise, it will be difficult to walk。There are also some enlightened officials from the perspective of people's livelihood，Give ordinary people a certain legal trade space，to ensure the normal production and life of the people in the frontier areas。

　　Construction of commercial groups and commercial networks

As the trading radius is extended，Merchants are getting higher and higher requirements for condensing self -network，After all, you are in a foreign country，They are going to face a strange living environment、Different local people's conditions，It will produce a lot of discomfort。In the business capital，Merchants in the same area are often easy to condense，Forms one after another，Natural area、Religious beliefs、Dialects can be a bond of condensed，The condensation of businessmen has become an important guarantee for its development。

Multi -group developed by businessmen develops into a club、Office，"Said God，Hele，Yiju，Convention "becomes its basic function，This often breaks through a single economic function，And social integration、The functions of cultural communication and inheritance and charitable relief。It can be considered that the club and the public office are social organizations with both economic and social functions，Even the more purely economic functional organizations of the Modern Chamber of Commerce，Chamber of Commerce is often difficult to avoid the conference hall and office，It is bet365 live casino games mostly added as a gang member to the Chamber of Commerce，Continue its multiple functions of its economy and society。The club established by the businessman also needs to be sheltered with the same native officials，Otherwise, they may encounter the strong rejection of the local people or the suppression of other strong forces。As a Jiangxi businessman in the Jiaqing period, Jiangxi merchants were rejected by locals in Xiangtan in Xiangtan，Shaanxi merchants have never been able to stand in Suzhou，Until the officials of Shaanxi, they work in Suzhou，This situation can be improved。

Southern Fujian overseas、East Guangdong、businessmen from cadres such as Guangfu and other cadres cannot find the shelter of Chinese officials，It can only establish a good relationship with the government of the local colonial authorities or the governments of the guest home country。Merchants need to invest a lot of commercial profits for dredging relationships、Create Network、Passing of business activities。In Southeast Asia、America、Europe，The Chinese Guild Hall has become an important bond for condensing Chinese businessmen，It has also become an important network node for their business activities。Before the modern Western colonial forces entered the Indian Ocean，Chinese business network has been completed。After the Western colonial forces entered，To a large extent relying on Chinese businessmen to expand the trade from the Indian Ocean to the East Asian waters。

　　Business drives product production

Business activities in traditional Chinese society have largely realized exchange between various factory products，It has also accelerated the regional professional production situation of the product，Jiangnan region becomes silk、Center of the cotton textile industry，Fujian and Guangdong region becomes fruit、Center of tobacco and other industries。The marketization tendency of production activities is more obvious，Traditional development of agriculture、The linear model of the handicraft industry to the business，It can not summarize the commercial prosperity path of Chinese society，Commercial pairs of agriculture、The huge effect of handicraft industry should not be despised。

Traditional Chinese widespread people，Dachang Bo，Natural environment is the condition and foundation of the differences in the product，But producers often attach bet365 best casino games great importance to economic accounting，Can be called rational farmers。Overseas sweet potato、The introduction and rapid promotion of peanuts，Because they have a higher output，A alternative to becoming other food crops，It can become an important guarantee for professional production。Existing research show，Once the coastal area gets connection channels with overseas，The outgoing economy will form quickly under the traction of market demand。Silk in the Jiangnan area of ​​the Ming and Qing Dynasties、cotton cloth，Tea in Wuyi Mountain，Porcelain in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi has a processing point in more than the seaside place，This is the product driven by overseas markets。

Since the Ming Dynasty, the desire of Tonggong in Japan and China is getting stronger，Under the blocking policy of the sea ban，They will collude with Chinese pirates，Pirate -style way，Stir up serious affected。During the Longqing period，The opening of the monthly port of Yuegang became an active measure to adjust the defects of the sea ban policy and adjusted it，greatly stimulated the trade enthusiasm of coastal merchants，China and Southeast Asia、The routes in the Americas are all opened，The global market system has been generally taken。The influence of commercial activities on people's production activities is often huge，It can turn the "Mainland Philippines" into a preference for overseas people，The added of the product is greatly improved。The upper aristocracy of European society respects the exquisite products of Chinese official handicrafts，It also promoted the gathering of European custom order formulas to gather to China。For a long time，Chinese goods and high quality are the same meaning，The profit from this is bound to be higher。

　Traditional business erosion land and people's livelihood

For a long time，Chinese people regard land as the first wealth，With land，The foundation of settlement。Land is considered to be stealing、True wealth that cannot be taken away，But the purpose of "seeking fields and asking" after the businessman obtains wealth through business activities is only to have wealth，Production activities are often ignored。This may cause the land of the producer to be plundered by the wealthy merchants who are not produced，But the wealthy business often does not care about the harvest on the land，This is actually a fatal damage to agricultural production。

Small farmers often depend bet365 best casino games on life for their own small land，Therefore, in the state of their increasing poverty，Land is often split and sold。So the land is fragmented，This makes the low efficiency of land operation，Caused the shortage and deficiencies of food。This is the side effects of traditional social business on China。To suppress the emergence of this phenomenon，Government of the past has launched many policies and measures，But with the implementation of a whip method in the middle and late Ming Dynasty and the implementation of the presence of the Qing Dynasty stalls，The government has been disregarded whether the land is located or whether the cultivation of the land，What is more concerned about is just a certain amount of taxes on the land，This provides more convenience for commercial erosion land，But because of land profits, it is not as good as business，Merchants lack the motivation for further development of production after possessing land。

Merchants have a lot of wealth，Life luxury trend is serious，The Ximen Qing family described in "Jin Ping Mei" is the "Three Days and One Banquet，Five Day Banquet "，The luxury of their lives is based on the life of countless small people，They can use money or occupy the women's daughter，or slavery the poor，This will inevitably intensify the polarization of society，Exile the social contradictions。Merchants can also donate the name with the wealth in their hands，Rotten imperial examination system and bureaucracy，Low political corruption and administrative capabilities。Merchants can use the money in their hands to be able to loan high loans，Borrowers who have already been in poverty quickly push them into irreparable difficulties。

In traditional Chinese society，Although businessmen gradually clarify their class attributes later，However, it has always been an indispensable part of the industry and commerce in all ages of taxi，For the shortage of adjustment、drive production、Improve people's living standards，All played a very important role。Although the governments of the past have many policy -oriented policies，It is by no means a ban on business activities，Instead, try to limit it to a certain scale，Avoid "abandoning farmers from business"，Endogenally at the foundation of the country's planning of the country of people's livelihood。But as Sima Qian said，"Legal forbidden Bet365 lotto review merchants，Businessmen are rich and rich "，Merchants who have mastered wealth must pursue social status and political power。They get the name through donations，Create better learning conditions for children through economic input，Naturally, they are in the advantage of competition; they can use capital to capture land、Fangshe and Power，So as the bureaucratic class，Decisions affecting the dynasty; they can use usury to squeeze the poor，You can want to slavery the poor class，until infringe their human rights。It is because the businessmen of traditional Chinese society are a polyhedron，Therefore, they are often hidden in society，Unwilling to show your identity and wealth，But in order to establish a good image，They also often put in a public business、Social charity，Therefore, to win the society's identification with them。Generally speaking，Both social care in Chinese business history research，We can make the right judgment on traditional social business and businessmen，Objectively recognize its progressiveness and limitations。

(Author Unit: Department of History at the School of Humanities of Xiamen University)