Discussing Chinese bet365 voucher history，We must follow general economic theory，Revealing the impact and transformation of commercial activities on the traditional social order，At the same time, we should think deeply about the status of China’s bet365 voucher history，Review the bet365 voucher policies of successive Chinese governments、Businessman’s social status、Scope of bet365 voucher activities and the relationship between bet365 voucher activities and production activities、The influence of bet365 voucher orientation。The territory of traditional China has experienced a process of continuous development and expansion，bet365 voucher activities also form long-distance trafficking trade in response to regional differences、Regional adjustment of surplus and deficit trade and cross-border overseas trade and other forms，But the further we go back to the traditional era，The harder it is for us to see people in bet365 voucher activities。This is because the businessman’s identity cannot be recognized by people for a long time，They would rather call themselves “people”。Although some people who carry out bet365 voucher activities are professional，Or professional，But most are transitional、Temporary，bet365 voucher activities are used as a means to improve economic conditions，People who have become rich like to "ask for land and ask for houses"，Or invest in social and public undertakings，Or hoard fields as wealth。These often do not cause social changes，On the contrary, it will have a reinforcing effect on the traditional order。Therefore，Study bet365 voucher history from multiple social and economic levels，It seems very necessary。

　The status of bet365 voucher is humble and has regional differences

The four-people order concept of “scholars, farmers, industry and commerce” in traditional Chinese society has had a profound impact on society，There were few big businessmen in ancient society、bet365 voucher family。Although the traditional dynasty had a policy orientation of "focusing on agriculture and suppressing bet365 voucher" at the policy level，But do not treat merchants and businesses with heavy taxes，It is not a complete ban on commercial activities，But treat businessmen by ignoring or abandoning them，Such as restricting merchants or their children from taking the imperial examination，In fact, it is blocking the participation rights of businessmen。Therefore，Many people turn to bet365 voucher as a way to improve their economic situation，Once economic conditions improve，They strive to abandon bet365 voucher and follow literature as soon as possible。It can be seen from this，Businessmen are mostly not a fixed or demonstrated profession。

Of course，Abandoning bet365 voucher or light bet365 voucher also varies in different regions，For example, the social status of businessmen in southern Fujian is relatively high，They can often occupy the center stage of social life，Deciding local social affairs。More modern times，More and more Fujian businessmen are going overseas，They take bet365 voucher profits back to their hometown，Establish education in hometown、Philanthropy and other public undertakings，Promote the modernization process of hometown。Businessmen establish a good social image through such kind deeds，It may be beneficial to the development of its bet365 voucher activities and the expansion of its network。In other areas，The gentry often dominates local education、Philanthropy and other public undertakings。

Southern Fujian bet365 voucher have established their authority in participating in social affairs，Also show your contribution to local society。They are better able to influence politics as bet365 voucher、Influence decision-making。For example, the dynasty’s “sea ban” and “sea opening” policies have been continuously adjusted since the Ming and Qing Dynasties，To a large extent, it is the result of the influence of the merchant class, mainly Fujian merchants。1946，The Xiamen General Chamber of Commerce proposed to the Nanjing National Government to establish a merchants’ day，Passed，And in 1947、bet365 voucher’s Day was held twice in mainland China in 1948，It is also a manifestation of the relatively high social status of bet365 voucher in southern Fujian。

bet365 voucher and politics coexist

The market in traditional Chinese society is often dominated by local hegemony、established by the rural power，They dominate the size of the market、The distance between trading items and the flow of commodities。Township forces or local chieftains can control the price of goods、How much is the tax on commodity transactions，The market has become the basic mechanism for local governments to maintain basic life and social stability。This type of market often changes managers，This is because the rhythm of the rise and fall of rural power must take effect，Sometimes there are war factors、Influence of natural disasters, etc.。So the rise and fall of local bet365 voucher is often closely related to local politics。

Most businessmen in traditional Chinese society maintain close relationships with the government，Whether a merchant has an agent in the government directly determines the space for his commercial activities。Therefore，Businessmen often receive protection from the government，Or official and businessman，Sometimes businessmen and bureaucrats、Landlord and even Trinity。The network of bet365 voucher activities is often a natural extension of the interpersonal network，So anthropologists can often learn from the marriage circle、Social circle, etc. to find bet365 voucher circle、Trajectory of the trade circle。Under overseas trade activities，The fate of businessmen is more directly related to the fate of the country。Ming and Qing Dynasties，The official has adopted a "sea ban" policy for a long time，Restrict private ships from going to sea，Or prescribed navigation route，Or limit the number of sails of the ship。Some aristocratic families in southern Fujian are also involved in overseas trade，They hide behind the scenes，Get high profits，This must rely on mutual support with the government，Otherwise it will be difficult to move forward。There are also some enlightened officials who think from the perspective of people’s livelihood，Give people a certain amount of legal trading space，To ensure the normal production and life of people in border areas。

　　Building bet365 voucher groups and bet365 voucher networks

With the extension of trade radius，Businessmen are increasingly demanding a cohesive self-network，After all, we are in a foreign country，They have to face a strange living environment、Different customs and customs，It will cause a lot of discomfort。In the commercial city，Businessmen from the same region tend to unite easily，Form one bet365 voucher gang after another，Natural area、Religious beliefs、Dialects can become a bond of cohesion，The cohesion of businessmen has become an important guarantee for their development。

Groups of bet365 voucher often develop into guild halls、Office，"Sacrifice to God，合乐，righteous act，Convention" becomes its basic function，This often breaks through a single economic function，With social integration、Cultural dissemination and inheritance and the function of charitable relief。It can be considered that guild halls and public offices are social organizations with both economic and social functions，Even in modern times, organizations with purely economic functions such as chambers of commerce were imported，Chambers of commerce often find it difficult to avoid guild halls and offices，Most of them join the chamber of commerce as gang members，Continue its multiple economic and social functions。Guild halls established by bet365 voucher also need protection from fellow countrymen officials，Otherwise they may encounter strong rejection from the locals or suppression by other powerful forces。For example, Jiangxi merchants during the Jiaqing period were rejected by Xiangtan locals，Shaanxi bet365 voucher have also been unable to gain a foothold in Suzhou，Until there are officials from Shaanxi working in Suzhou，This situation has only improved。

Southern Fujian overseas、Eastern Guangdong、Businessmen in Guangfu and other cadastral areas cannot find shelter from Chinese officials，Can only establish good relations with local colonial authorities or the government of the guest country。Businessmen need to invest a lot of bet365 voucher profits to smooth relationships、Establish network、Open up avenues for bet365 voucher activities。In Southeast Asia、America、Europe，The Chinese Association has become an important link to gather Chinese businessmen，has also become an important network node for their bet365 voucher activities。Before modern Western colonial forces entered the Indian Ocean，Chinese bet365 voucher network has been established。After the entry of Western colonial forces，Once relied heavily on the network of Chinese merchants to expand trade from the Indian Ocean to East Asia。

　　bet365 voucher drives product production

The commercial activities of traditional Chinese society have largely realized the exchange of products from various places，It has also accelerated the realization of regionalized professional production of products，Jiangnan area became silk、The center of cotton textile industry，Fujian and Guangdong regions have become fruit、The center of tobacco and other industries。The market-oriented tendency of production activities is more obvious，Traditional development of agriculture first、Linear model from handicraft industry to bet365 voucher，It cannot summarize the bet365 voucher prosperity path of Chinese society，bet365 voucher to Agriculture、The huge role of handicrafts should not be underestimated。

Traditional China has a vast land and many people，The land is vast and the resources are abundant，The natural environment is the condition and basis for differences in products，But producers often attach great importance to economic accounting，Can be called a rational farmer。Overseas sweet potato、The introduction and rapid promotion of peanuts，bet365 voucher’s because they have higher yields，Can be a substitute for other food crops，Can become an important guarantee for professional production。Research has shown，Once coastal areas gain communication channels with overseas，An export-oriented economy will be quickly formed under the guidance of market demand。Silk from the Jiangnan area in the Ming and Qing Dynasties、Cotton，Tea from Wuyi Mountain，The porcelain in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province has processing points closer to the seaside，This is the product driven by overseas markets。

Since the Ming Dynasty, Japan and China’s desire to pay tribute has become increasingly strong，Hindered by the maritime ban policy，They are not willing to collude with Chinese pirates，In a pirate way，provoke serious Japanese invasion。Longqing period，The opening of Yuegang became a positive measure for the Ming Dynasty to re-examine the shortcomings of the maritime ban policy and adjust it，Greatly stimulated the trade enthusiasm of coastal merchants，China and Southeast Asia、All routes to the Americas are opened here，The global market system has generally taken shape。bet365 voucher activities often have a huge impact on people’s production activities，It can turn "things that are cheap in the mainland" into things that people overseas like，The added value of products has been greatly improved。The upper-class nobles of European society admire the exquisite products of Chinese official handicrafts，It also promotes the convergence of European customized order demand to China。Long time，Chinese goods and high quality are synonymous，The profits generated from this are bound to be higher。

　Traditional bet365 voucher erodes land and people’s livelihood

　　　　，Chinese people regard land as their first wealth，With land，There will be a foundation for settling down and establishing a life。Land is considered unstealable、True wealth that cannot be taken away，But after a businessman obtains wealth through commercial activities, his purpose of "seeking land and property" is just to possess wealth，Production activities are often ignored。This may lead to producers’ land being plundered by wealthy bet365 voucher who are not engaged in production，But wealthy bet365 voucher often don’t care about the harvest after owning the land，This is actually a fatal damage to agricultural production。

Small farmers often regard their small plots of land as life，Therefore in their increasingly impoverished state，Land is often divided and sold。So the land became fragmented，This makes land management inefficient，Resulting in food shortages and deficiencies。This is a side effect of traditional social bet365 voucher on China。In order to suppress the occurrence of this kind of phenomenon，Successive governments have introduced many policies and measures，However, with the implementation of the one-whip method in the mid-to-late Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty’s land-based policy，The government has become relatively indifferent to where the land is or whether it is cultivated，What I am more concerned about is just the taxes on a certain amount of land，This provides more convenience for commercial encroachment on land，But because land profits are not as profitable as bet365 voucher，Businessmen lack the motivation to further develop production after occupying land。

bet365 voucher have a lot of wealth，The trend of extravagant life is serious，As described in "The Plum in the Golden Ping", Ximen Qing's family is "three days and one small feast，One big feast in five days”，The luxury of their lives is based on the poor lives of countless small people，They can use money or dominate women，Or enslave the poor，This is bound to intensify the polarization of society，causing intensification of social conflicts。bet365 voucher can also donate their wealth to gain fame，Corruption of the imperial examination system and bureaucracy，Leading to political corruption and low administrative capacity。bet365 voucher can use the money in their hands to usury as much as they want，Pushing borrowers who are already in poverty into irreversible difficulties。

In traditional Chinese society，Although businessmen gradually became clear about their class attributes later，But it has always been an indispensable part of agriculture, industry and commerce，For adjusting the remaining vacancies、Drive production、Improve people’s living standards，all played a very important role。Although governments in the past have many policy directions of "repressing bet365 voucher"，But commercial activities are by no means prohibited，But strive to limit it to a certain scale，Avoid “abandoning farming and engaging in bet365 voucher”，Endangering agriculture, the foundation of the national economy and people’s livelihood。But as Sima Qian said，"The law prohibits traders，The businessman is already rich"，Businessmen who have mastered wealth must pursue social status and political power。They gain fame through donations，Create better learning conditions for children through economic investment，Nature puts them in a competitive advantageous position；They can use capital to grab land、Buildings and Power，Thereby entering the bureaucracy，Decisions affecting the dynasty；They can exploit the poor with usury，Can enslave the poor at will，Until it violates their human rights。It is precisely because businessmen in traditional Chinese society are polyhedrons，Therefore they often hide in society，Unwilling to show off one’s identity and wealth，But in order to establish a good image，They also often invest heavily in social and public undertakings、Social charity，Thus winning social recognition for them。Generally speaking，Incorporating social care into the study of Chinese bet365 voucher history，Then we can make a correct judgment on bet365 voucher and businessmen in traditional society，Objectively recognize its progress and limitations。

(Author’s unit: Department of bet365 voucher, College of Humanities, Xiamen University)