"Postmodern Status" (1979) is a representative work of Jean-Francois Lyotard，Concentrated reflects his postmodern philosophy。Liva analyzed the current knowledge status from the perspective of language school learning，Point out the disadvantages existing in modern knowledge，Then advocate the thought of postmodern knowledge based on the "Mistake theory" as the advertised。

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Lionta pointed out the problems existing in the current knowledge: knowledge of humanistic care direction，Now it has developed abnormally into productivity、tools for creating wealth。From the view of Liona，It is because people do not have a clear understanding of knowledge and their structure，Only leading to the imbalanced development of knowledge。So，He wants to thoroughly clear the knowledge of knowledge and its structure。Liva proposed，Scientific knowledge is not all of knowledge，Knowledge also includes knowledge about ability，He calls him "narrative knowledge"，This is a knowledge related to social connection outside the statement，This kind of ability and scientific knowledge form a system of knowledge。

At the level of consignment，Liva distinguishes the difference between scientific knowledge and narrative knowledge。First，The language form of narrative knowledge is diversified: there is indication statement、Tonic statement、Question statement, evaluation statement, etc.。and the expression of scientific knowledge is single，"Scientific knowledge requires separation of a language game，Instruction statement，and eliminate other statements。The acceptability standard for a statement is its truth value "。Second，bet365 best casino games People have repeatedly told the "folk story" to make the value of narrative knowledge integrated into the social system，Therefore, the social system is legalized。With integration of social relations，Narrative knowledge has become a direct factor in social relations。and scientific knowledge opposite，"Scientific knowledge is separated from other languages ​​that combine social relations。It is no longer a direct factor in social relations like narrative knowledge，but an indirect factor "。third，The narrative is performed by the recounting method。During the narrative process，Three related items involved (speakers、The talked person and the third party talked about) have the ability to have the ability。but，Scientific Games "requires only the position of the statement，There is no special requirements for the ability of the talker (only this ability is required in teaching: students should be smart)，There is no requirement for the ability to indicate "。Fourth，Liona thinks，Narrative knowledge has common characteristics。Narrative Knowledge is more to convey the expression method，instead of memorizing specific historical events。So，Time has little impact on narrative knowledge。Scientific knowledge requires a durable accumulation，"This duration is premised on storage memory and pursuit of innovation"。Speakers of scientific knowledge must know all the knowledge field he said，This kind of understanding is based on the longitudinal and horizontal extension of time。Fifth，People can understand the content of narrative and the behavior it indicated at the same time as narrative，Narrantors have enabled narrative knowledge to meet the legitimacy requirements in the interaction，instead of relying on peripheral conditions。So，The legitimacy of narrative knowledge does not need to be approved through special procedures，bet365 live casino games You can meet the legality requirements through yourself。and "Scientific knowledge cannot get any validity from the fact that this fact itself"，It must be confirmed by controversy and proof。

Liona believes that the status of scientific knowledge and narrative knowledge is the same，They are two forms of knowledge，Each knowledge has its own rules。So，We cannot measure based on one of the knowledge -like states、Determine the existence and effectiveness of another knowledge。

　　Criticism and subverting traditional philosophy

After the scientific knowledge and narrative knowledge are planned，Liva pointed out，The disadvantage of the current knowledge lies in the process of scientific knowledge in the process of finding legitimacy，Failure to avoid the way to use narrative knowledge。

One of the ways to establish legitimacy of scientific knowledge are dependence on speculative narrative。The so -called speculative narrative，Refers to "The research on real reasons in science will inevitably meet the pursuit of fair goals in moral and political life"。Knowledge called "knowledge" "is just because it quotes these statements in a secondary discourse (self -language) that legalize its statement.。That is to say，About a indicator (a life body、A chemical nature、A physical phenomenon，, etc.) The instructions of the words)。Scientific knowledge must be positioned in this preferred process of "speculative narrative" to ensure your legitimacy。Liva believes。Because of this precedent meta -narrative itself (speculative narrative), there is a theoretical problem，It has its own legitimacy foundation to be verified。So，The legitimacy of the scientific knowledge based on this preferred is not firm。

The second way to establish legitimacy of scientific knowledge is the dependence on enlightenment narrative。The knowledge subject in this mode is no longer the knowledge itself，but the subject of practice -humans。Its legitimacy comes from its own legislation，I formulate rules myself bet365 Play online games while obeying this rule，instead of referring to whether it meets a certain external nature，"This method of reaching legalization through will to make a completely different language game with privileges，Kant called ‘command’ while contemporary philosophers call ‘specified '。The important thing is not，or not just those instructions that belong to the category of truth (such as ‘Earth’ s rotation around the sun ’)，Instead, the prescribed statement that belongs to the category of justice (such as ‘must destroy Gaitai’)。From this，Knowledge transition into a role to serve the main body，The only legitimacy of it is to make morality may become reality。But "Nothing can prove: If a statement that describes the reality is real，So the specified statement corresponding to it (its role must be changing reality) is fair "。There is no need to be accepted between games under the two rules，Science games have their own set of game rules，It does not manage the ability and mission of practical games，The status between it and another game is equal，Vice vice versa。

In addition，Liva pointed out，Principles of Performance Optimization are another thought trap after dependence on narrative and enlightenment narrative，It attempts to replace the principle of "truth" with the principle of "performance optimization"，Make everything obey efficiency，Obief in real interests and authority。Scientific research includes two aspects: theory and proof，Principles of performance optimization are exactly the growth of scientific proof。People believe that knowledge can rely on evidence to obtain legality。That is to say，The more evidence of the correctness and effectiveness of the knowledge，Knowledge, the more legitimacy is。Liona thinks，If the entire system of society is rooted in this principle，will lead to mutation of scientific research、Education's malformations。bet365 live casino games So，Principles of performance optimization cannot be used as an effective way to obtain legitimacy。

　　Construction of modern thoughts

Liva announced the decline of grand narrative and the failure of performance optimization principles，So what should people face the status quo of the bankruptcy of modern knowledge characteristics characterized by "overallization"? The answer given by Liva is: subverting modernity，Go to Hyundai。He proposed the "Paradox" theory，and use it as an important way to redeem the legitimacy of the redemption knowledge。For this，He has a very classic discussion: "The advantages of guiding continuity functions as a paradigm of knowledge and prediction are disappearing ... Post -modern science has turned his own development into an discontinuousness、Not accurate、Theory of disaster and paradox ... it implies a legalized mode，This is not the best performance mode，A mode that is understood as the difference between the error structure。”

Liva clarified the conceptual clarification of the "error structure"，By comparing "innovation"，He thinks，"Mistake" is not a method of using the efficiency and stability of the system to reduce complexity。The difference between the two is，Innovation pursuit of "Tong"，Various methods and ways used by using cannot surpass the due scope of the system; while the error structure pursues "different"，It pursues another way to take a different approach、Discovery that is not existing。

The deeper rationality of "Mistake" is reflected in the criticism of Liva and Habermas。Liona believes that Habermas's "communication behavior" theory based on "consensus" is the inheritance of "second path -enlightenment narrative"。"Consensus" concept imagine an ideal conversation environment，People with rational people can reach a consensus through equal dialogue during social communication。but，You must see that language games have heterogeneity，The consensus that exists in language games is only Bet365 lotto review local、Temporary。"It is obtained from the actual dialogue，Can be abolished frequently。"" Consensus "，The "Temporary Contract" of the Mistake theory is more in line with people's desire to optimize performance optimization: the greatest flexibility，The lowest cost，And more conducive to operating implementation。This trend has led people to know the language game in accordance with the original face，Pursue error structure。

Luman holds two points in "Legalization of Program": First, to improve the operation efficiency of the system，Try to minimize the complexity of the internal information of the system; the second is that the personal wish should adapt to the purpose of the system itself。Liva's criticism of Luman is a response to the principle of performance optimization，It aims to explain the impossible possibility of the "strong stability system" under the "performance optimization principle"。Lionta believes that the indifference of the system for complexity is based on the power of power; the requirements of personal desire to adapt to the purpose of the system are essentially wiped out for individual needs and existence value。The science guidance under this view does get rid of the restraint of metaphysics，Make you get the objectivity and efficiency improvement。but，This method of excluding all dissidents extends to the scientific and social fields，A terrorism is formed。"Science is not expanded through the empiricalism of efficiency。"On the opposite，He thinks，The progress of science lies in finding counter -examples and paradoxes。Scientists under the scientific mode of "open system"，Only "statement" and "new game rules" can be generated。Science through those unknown、New differences that do not match known (error structure，Paradox) Create its own legitimacy foundation。"There is no general alarm language in science that can be transferred and evaluated bet365 best casino games all languages，It is this to prevent the assimilation with the system，In the end, it also prevented horror。”

Liva has a profound theoretical significance for the analysis of modern knowledge from the perspective of language school learning。His overall impact on modern knowledge theory，shakes the foundation of traditional philosophical thoughts，and caused the torrent of post -modern new thoughts。

　　(Author Unit: School of Philosophy of Renmin University of China)