Naishan Shunyan is an expert in Japanese famous Chinese philosophy research experts，Mainly known for Xunzi research，Representative works include "Xunzi: Portrait of Ancient thinkers", etc.。His concept of "Tian" in the history of Chinese philosophy，The main interpretation of the law of the universe behind nature and behind it，This is not consistent with the complexity of our concept of "Tian"。As far as the thinker of the pre -Qin period is concerned，Almost every thinker's exposition on "Sky" contains multiple meanings。Feng Youlan once summarized the concept of Chinese philosophy into five meanings，That is the material of material (sky)、The Division of the Division (God)、Destiny days (number of days)、Nature Tian (nature)、The day of the righteousness (heaven)。Danoshan Shunyan explained the "Sky" of Mencius with the "Cosmic Law"，Unique in the interpretation of Mencius Thought。

　　bet365 live casino games

Naishan Shunyan thinks，Mencius's thoughts are largely inherited Confucius，Therefore, he first examined the thoughts of Confucius in "The Analects" in "The Analects"，Think of the "Sky" in the "Sky" in "Yang", "Constitutional Question", "Tai Bo": First of all，The sky is not the intentional personality god that is worshiped; followed by，People can understand the sky rationally; again，The moral root of a person is from heaven。In Nasama Shunyan's view，until late to the Confucius period，The mysterious dominance of the sky has disappeared，Instead, the basis behind the natural bet365 Play online games phenomenon appears。He said: "‘ Tian ’ in the Analects of Confucius，It is not ‘God’，That is not the person who is not known as the ‘God’ -owned Lord。Until the era of Confucius，The view of ‘Tian’ has developed to a reasonable stage。"The direct consequence of the interpretation of" sky "as the cosmic law behind the natural phenomenon is，All attributes of people are attributed to this natural law。According to the article "Summary" and "Zihan", the use of "Tian"，The moral attributes of people are considered to be given by heaven，Is an objective existence，Not lost due to the destruction of external forces。Only in this sense，Only to understand that Confucius "is similar to，Xi Xiangyuan also "profound philosophical breakthrough meaning，that is, the "sex" given by talents is similar，"Sex" is the inner virtue of the innate human，But the role of "sex" in people ("destiny") is different，even far away。This is because of the "sex" given by the talent, and there are differences in people's subjectiveization。Naishan Shunyan thinks，"Life" in Chinese philosophy，It is to explain the different results of the role of people in the day。He distinguished the meaning of "life"，First, as the dominant destiny that cannot be changed，First, as a mission that can be changed。Through this division，The concept of the destiny of Confucius can be connected in the framework of the heavens of the natural law，and "knowing the destiny" refers。

Naishan Shunyan will continue the interpretation of the concept of "Tian" in the Analects of Confucius to continue his understanding of his understanding of Mencius's thoughts。He thinks，In Mencius Thought，The meaning of the natural law as the natural theory bet365 live casino games of the universe is particularly clear。After the use of Mencius on the concept of "Tian"，Naishan Junyan believes that if you do not understand the "sky" in Mencius as a natural law，It is impossible to explain the integrity and coherent of Mencius thought。If "Tian" is regarded as the dominant god of personality，It is impossible to explain why the unreasonable era of Mencius is located，It is impossible to explain why the evil person is not punished by heaven。Because according to the beginning of the week，The unscrupulous world is confused，Therefore, those who will be virtuous will be punished，Alternatively the original violent rule，Establishing a Youdao society。So，Naishan Junyan pointed out，Interpreting Mencius's "sky" as the most appropriate law behind various phenomena。This is because of，Starting from the Western Weekend，"Heaven" as the chaos of the world、The image of the dominance of the dominance of the world's order is given to the virtue，has begun to shake; to Mencius era，3253_3271，General understanding of becoming the ideological world。

　　Nature "Tian" provides a basis for sex good theory

Naishan Shunyan thinks，Only interpret Mencius's "sky" as a cosmic law，That is a natural view of nature，can better grasp Mencius's core thought -sex good theory。The general understanding is，Mencius's "sex" is pure and good，Excluding the officials of ears。But in Nasama Junyan，Mencius's "sex" in the sense of Mencius first refers to a broad sense of "sex"，Everything contains people comes from the things given by heaven。This is determined by the characteristics of the sky，Because heaven is the natural law behind the phenomenon，It gives people everything that is innate and natural。On this basis，Mencius further，I found a good bet365 live casino games clue in the broad "sex"，The official of the heart，The possibility of the goodness of the official official，Internal "sex" into an objective standard of innate and natural，The scope of "sex" is reduced。Uchiyama Junyan analyzed the famous dialogue between Mencius and Gongduzi in detail，I believe that Mencius's "sex" contains "the official" and "the official of the heart"，In the content of "sex"，Only "the official of the heart" is the inner factors that make people kind，"Sexual Goodness" said that only based on the official officials of the heart can it be established，That is what Mencius said, "Gentleman's sex，Renyi Li Zhi Ren in the Heart "。

The same interpretation of "sex"，Naishan Junyan believes that Mencius's "life" concept also has two meanings。First，"Fate" is the role of heaven to people，It is an inherent objective existence，Actually "sex"，So Mencius often uses "sex" and "fate" to use。Next，There are two "life" ideological tension in Mencius thought，One is the "life" of fate that cannot be changed，One is the "life" of the mission of turning under the subjectivity of the subjectivity。The former is "Mo Zhi Zhi Zhi Zhi", "Seeking is not beneficial to gain", "getting or not" life，The latter is "Seeking it", "Cultivation of the body", "the gentleman's method with the law of life"。This divided result makes sexual good theory possible。Naishan Shunyan Through comparison of "Heart" article about sex、Fate of the famous discussion (mouth in the mouth，Eyes in color，Ear to the sound，Nose in Stinky，The limbs are in Anxuan，Sex also。Destiny，A gentleman is not sex;，Yi Zhi to the monarch and minister also，Gift to the guest owner also，Knowing it from the sage also，The sage is to heaven，Life bet365 live casino games also。Sex，A gentleman does not mean life) and then pointed out，The sensory of the ears, eyes, and nose is the "sex" given by "heaven"，Born，Can't change，Therefore, it is also a "life"，But the gentleman does not call it sex。Because at a gentleman，"Sex" is the morality of the narrow sense of "the official of the heart"。At the same time，Ren、Yi、Li、Zhi, etc. Although it is also given by talents，It is also a kind of "life"，But it contains the "sex"，This "sex" (narrow) is good，A gentleman can complete it by learning (thinking)。These can not be called "life" with gentlemen。Because at a gentleman，"The mind of the heart"，The morality of a person can be changed。That is to say，At Mencius，The key to sex is the consciousness of the gentleman's knowledge，That is the so -called "Mo Fei，Alo the positive。It is the one who knows that it is not under the rock wall，Do your best to the dead，Positive life，桎梏 Dead，Non -Righteous Life "。regards "Sky" as the method of functioning behind people's destiny and mission，can it show that Mencius's dual division of "fate"，Otherwise, "fate" will always be a kind of power that people do helplessly。

Regardless of nature，Still the level of life，The significance of interpreting the "sky" as the phenomenon is the significance of the phenomenon is，You can find the basis of goodness in the various complex attributes of people and the path and method for good。General research believes，Mencius stands up the moral subjectivity。But in Nasama Junyan，Because Mencius initially preset a "sky" that presets the significance of cosmic law, the arrangement and decision of everything including people，Therefore，It is obviously impossible to emphasize the subjectivity Bet365 app download of people: first，"Heart Officer" is where the "sky" is with me，Domination of "Sky" (the narrow "sex" is dominated by the broad sense); second，The ability to consciously expand people by people is also the "sky" (people realize that the "sky" in itself in its own ")。That is to say，Regardless of the perspective of "sex"，Still from the perspective of "life"，Construction of moral subjectivity，In fact, it is inseparable from sex、The existence of the "sky" behind life。Therefore, moral subjectivity extended from "sex" and "life"，In the final analysis, it is one of the attributes of "sky"，In the strict sense, it cannot be called the subjective。Leaving the field of "Tian" to talk about the actuality of pure moral subjects does not conform to Mencius's thoughts，Only understand "Tian" as a natural law，Mencius's thoughts give people the unlimited possibilities of virtue。

Naishan Shunyan's interpretation of the concept of Mencius "Tian" has clear characteristics，First reflected in his "Tian" and "Tian" in "The Analects" and "Mencius"，enable people to explain the relationship between Confucius and Mencius thought as a whole。But what you need to pay attention to is，Naishan Shunyan's understanding of the status and meaning of "Tian" in Mencius's thoughts is somewhat deviated。According to the interpretation of Neishan Shunyan，"Sky" is obviously the core and fundamental concept of Mencius thought，Even better than sex、Benevolence and other concepts are also important。If you understand from the ideological framework，It seems that this is true。But if you look at the needs of the times，The core of Mencius Thought is sexual good, but not doubt。Mencius Gao Yang Yang's concept of "Heart"，Discover the bet365 live casino games goodness of the heart，Not only for the pre -Qin thought，And has a fundamental impact on the thoughts of more than 1,000 years，Almost established the ideological paradigm of Chinese philosophy。Obviously，Naishan Junyan did not interpret Mencius thought from this perspective。

　(Author Unit: School of Philosophy of Renmin University of China)