Cheng Zhi (1602-1651) was an important philosopher and religious thinker in the Ming and Qing Dynasties，For various reasons，Its writings are very few in handling，Almost disappeared，Little known。After many efforts，We have collected nearly 20 kinds of Cheng Zhi from domestic and foreign，About half of his life -written life，Collection is "Cheng Zhiji"，Published in Yingyin in 2019，Therefore, it provides a new and important text resource for the study of philosophy and religious ideological research in the Ming and Qing Dynasties。Cheng Zhi is a character of the Pioneer，His philosophy is deep，Huitong Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism and Taoism，Taking Dazai as the basis，Creating "Easy Education Gate"，Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui at that time was very impact，Huang Zongyu as "the leader"。

Current，Study on Cheng Zhi Thought，Search for other writings and related information of Cheng Zhi，is actively promoting，Cheng Zhi's most important and thoughtful disciples and thoughts Ma Yan's "Ma Panzhuang Quotations" of the Qing Dynasty's solitary book discovery and photocopy of the Qing Dynasty，It is an important progress of this work。Discovery and Publishing of "Ma Panzhuang Quotations"，Not only can we further improve and deepen our understanding of Cheng Zhi's thoughts，And the academic thoughts of Ma Yan, the important figure of Ma Yan, are presented quite complete。This means，From Cheng Zhi to Ma Yan，An important academic ideological resource in the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Including it to produce、Development、evolution system ecology，It can break through the historical cover of more than 300 years，The first shining appeared，This is related to the academic thought of the Ming and Qing Dynasties、Religious beliefs、Exploration and transformation of value concepts，Its academic value is inestimable。

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About Ma Yan，First see the "Dayi Shi Yunzhuang Scholars Cheng Zi Jianpu" compiled by Cheng Zhi Disciple Tang Eryou:

Shunzhi Five -year Powder, 47 years old.

Autumn September，Ma Yanlai learns，Teacher's life is the waiter。First of all，The teachers are tired of all students，Can't travel with the teacher，For those who are not tired as the waiter，Tonzhuang。Zhi Yan Fengzhuang Shu to Shibo，Division did not return in the city。Yanliu Shibo waiting master。Division，遽，By worship，Ask the teacher to collect Ma Yan as the waiter，and say that you will not marry、Masterpieces、Zhixue，Follow -in -law。Master Yin Xu。

Cheng Zhi's last time Ma Yan has always been accompanied by the side，From the perspective of Cheng Zhi Chronicles，Cheng Zhi Zhu's disciples have a micro -word for Ma Yan，Issues involved in Ma Yan's care when they are ill and the processing of Cheng Zhi.。Another bet365 best casino games material about Ma Yan comes from Golden Sky，In its "Biography of Anhui"，Mentioned Ma Yan's "the teaching of his teacher，Don't associate the apprentice party very，Disposal，Its teachings Sui Never "，But I don’t know what it is based。Later through Li Zhihong、Jiang Zhiming and other scholars' hook sinking，The situation of Ma Yan gradually became clear。

According to Qing Yang Yilun Xiu、Xia Zhirong and other compilation，Jiaqing eighteen years (1813) Feng Xin and others added，Daoguang Twenty -five years (1845) Fan Fengmou and other heavy school journals "Gaoyouzhou Zhi" Volume 10 "Personal Chronicles · Yuxian" "Ma Changyi" records:

Ma Changyi，Suzhou people，Juyangshan Daozhuang，号 畸。The learning of the sages of the young man。Fengxin An Cheng Yunzhuang as a teacher，Yu Yishen will understand。Similarly: The way of easy to rush to the world，Big Ben begins with Qiankun two yuan，The purpose of the big purpose is all the people。Confucius and Mencius as authentic，Lao Shi as a branch。Teaching people must enter the current thing。Siquan Scholars，Poor high -entry micro，Answer as questioned。Poor high -entry micro，mouth like a hanging river，I do not make the listener stand out。Doctor Gongqing，Destroyer who is across the industry。畸，Tribute to the north，Do not go。Ran Teacher，Most of them are resting but sick。Ferry，Can't flood it for a long time。tasted in the 12th year of Kangxi，Please post the official department of Sun Yaqiao，Yisheng Love Riyuan，Invention love day truth，Talk to the Tao。Yi Xue Tong Tongtong You Ming，All the composition of the complex。It is passed as a grand event for a while。In his later years, you want to write an immortal in your later years，Books are rare。The owner of the deposit，The door of the door "Yangshan Quotations" twelve volumes。

According to the Qing Dynasty Qin Dai Xiu、He Guoyou Compilation，31st year of Guangxu (1905) Publishing "Huoshan County Chronicle" Volume 11 "Character · Liu Yu" "Ma Yan" bar，Record:

Ma Yan，Word Changyi。Su County，Teachers Xin'an Chengcheng Yunzhuang，Get its best to learn。All the sutras、Son、History、Note、Shu、Chuan、Note、Sexual Law、Art、Number、Qi Couple、Audio、Bing、Farmers、Water conservancy、Sentence stock、Calendar、Test、Occupation、and Buddhist old books，If you do not take the Olympic。Sitting every day，No words，Although Dazhizhi is unpredictable。So I vomit the surgery，Dangerous，But those who can be erected，Obtained its surgery，All live。It comes to Huo，Only twenty -seven years，Jiujiu Hebei Beach，After chaos，I don't know what to do。

It is because of the help of these materials，Only the discovery of the precious ancient book "Ma Panzhuang's Quotations"。"Ma Panzhuang Quotations" Harvest Ma Yan's Quotations 12 Volume，Lack of Volume 10，Answer 2 questions，Bet365 app download and post -collection Ma Yanshi、Ming and other 2 volumes，A total of 15 volumes，Later, Kong Shangren wrote in the 27th year of Kangxi (1688)。In Volume 11 of Ma Yan's Quotations，Ma Yan's 23 -year -old Yuan Yuanzhuang recommended Yu Shiho to see Cheng Zhi as a teacher，You can know from Cheng Zhi Chronicles，This year is the five years of Shunzhi，that is 1648。From this inference，Ma Yan's birth time is five years of Apocalypse，that is 1625，Xiaocheng Zhi 24，However, where is it, it is still unclear。Quotations The first volume of the record is the eight years of Shunzhi (1651) autumn July，One month before Cheng Zhi's death，Ma Yan is 26 years old; quotations Volume 12，The quotation is the last volume，The record time is 26 years of Kangxi，that is 1687，Ma Yan Shi is 63 years old。According to "Huoshan County"，Ma Yan went to Huoshan shortly after Cheng Zhi's death，Jiujiu Hebei Beach，I don’t know what I am after chaos。For this，Ma Yan's disciples who published "Ma Panzhuang's Quotations" did not speak out。According to Qianlong's "Jiangnan Tongzhi" record，Ma Yannian more than 90 deaths，If it is true，After 1687，The possibility of Ma Yan's hometown is that there are some，As described in "Gaoyouzhou Zhi"，"I want to write immortality in my old age"。The situation in this area，To further information。

About "Ma Panzhuang's Quotations"，Confucius's evaluation comparison:

Destiny of the Word of River Workers recently，Visit Guangling，See Yangshan quotations，I can really get rid of the mortar，Decoration of Breakhery，Exclusive to the Word of Shengsheng in the current thing，Get its best to the normal essence，and panic should be random、Due to the guidance of the opportunity，Leading the sons Baijia to attribute to the Great Middle to Zheng to Zheng，It is not small in my way。Among them are different from those who are from the other，Finals of the King of the September，Participate in the test has day。("Ma Panzhuang's Quotations · Post")

Kong Shangren's academic style to Ma Yan、The ideological characteristics grasp the more in place。As a biography of Kongmen，Kong Shangren's contribution to Ma Yan's promotion of his prestigious way is quite appreciated，But he clearly realized that Ma Yanzhi's way is obviously different from the Confucian door。In our opinion，This is the meaning of Ma Yan's imagination。Tongguan "Ma Panzhuang's Quotations"，Its basic content is concentrated in two aspects of elaboration of the purpose of Yixue and the way of Xuanmen，The former aims to know the people，The latter starts with a quiet breath，Different Studies、Destiny。Ma Yan Bing Cheng Cheng Zhiji Differential Learning，Easy -based，Huitong Three Teachers，Fusion of its essence，Caress refurbishment，Inheritance and promotion of the teacher door，can also be alone。Ma Yan's analysis of Zhizhi and things，It can explain the problem。

　　"Knowing" is the path of all things in the universe

Knowledge and things Bet365 app download are the core concepts of Cheng Zhi thought，These two concepts reflect Cheng Zhi's reflection and innovation of the idea of ​​the knowledge of Songming's science and artistic objects，The key resource rely on reflection and innovation is easy to learn。Cheng Zhilun Yi，Taking the people as the big，Until Knowledge，"Ma Panzhuang's Quotations" Volume 1 Open Chapter Explanation，Ma Yan co -izes Cheng Zhi's people and knowledge: "The purpose of Yixue，Knowing people。Why is it bright? Yi Yue: Gan Zhi Shi ... only knows the world，Wei Tongtian and Earth is big，It is only known as a big，Know the beginning of Da Shi，Knowledge is to know the big，Knowing the Da Zhi Ji Shi，Knowing the beginning is the beginning。”

When telling this passage，Ma Yan is still Cheng Zhi's servant，At that time, he was not only able to understand the essence of the teacher's door，and start thinking。From the later quotes，Ma Yan's thinking on this issue is continuously deepened。"To the way to the way，There is only one thing "，Quotations Volume 6，Ma Yan started a classic Heidegger -style preaching around this sentence。Where can I find this thing? Look from this magnetic 上 从 从 从 从 从。Magnetic 瓯 from soil and soil，Become Yuanjian Bai，It is a color shape ... This is a cognitive pursuit path，What I want to know，It is the object and object in front of it。Next，Ma Yan turned this path，Turn to the head of not spending power: as long as you are determined to find，Once you find it。This is a phenomenon flip from knowing to knowing，This flip starts from knowledge，It is seen by its image "，Knowing "Knowing the Book of Restaurant，Symptoms in the heart，Heart Ben in the body，Heart Ben Yufu，Father's Ben Yuzu，Zu Ben Yu Zeng Gao，until the ancestor，Chasing the original ancestor，to the two yuan of heaven and earth，binary parallel，It is seen by its image "。Knowing it is object，Is Magneto，It is an empirical cognitive object，Magnetic 可，You can raise your body to breed，This is "born";，Also Magic，But what is related to know -meaning，and the reflection from this，The priority of the reflection object is based on，The subjectivity of the mind and mind，and the filial piety of the body and father and ancestor，and the heavens and the earth are parallel，is for "life"，From this, it is something，The birth of this material，Not only the life of the body，but human life，It is the fundamental of people's life，It is also the fundamental of all things in the world。And all of these foundations，objects and objects、birth and birth、The foundation and Daoshu，All in a "Knowing" word。"To the way to the way，There is only one thing "，This thing is "Knowing"。"Knowing" in Magneto，"Knowing" is in the world; only "knowing" the world of all things to this magnetic，Only "Knowing" this magnetic 瓯 directly through the world。Heaven and Earth bet365 live casino games Finger also，Everyone is also a horse，Everything in the world is also magnetic! The essence of Zhuangzi is shown here。Look at the quotation，Ma Yan attaches great importance to Zhuangzi's thinking，Zhuangzi's thought has been integrated into his knowledgeable people and easy to learn，Especially its knowledge -theory of things，This is also an important reason why he can inherit the teacher and innovate，worth deep inspection。

From Ma Yan's Magnetic Acting，It can be clearly seen that he has a heart to Cheng Zhi、Inheritance and development of Zhili people's thoughts。On the third day of "Donghua Quotations"，Cheng Zhi bluntly stated: "The so -called people，Li Xin also。，Li Zhiye。Establishment and leaning right，Relying on the heavens and relying on the earth will not stand。"Cheng Zhi knows it from the mind，Standing in the heavens and the earth。Trinch has two，One is Tianzhi，One said that people know，Knowing the Tianzhi，means people know;，Tianzhi is in people。Knowing that it is known，Zhitian Zhiren is one or two，is "Ganzhi Da Shi"，is "Knowing the People"。Ma Yan is digested with Cheng Zhi with the heart、Thought of Zhili Renben，Carey refurbishment to a few layers of meaning，Especially the strengthening and improvement of knowledge: one，"Knowing things"，Inspeare object，人，Heaven and Earth also，Know the stop in things、Stop in heaven and earth，No matter how much outside of Liuhe，In addition to this broken fairy interpretation of the second teaching、"non -divide"; at the same time, there is no shortage of metaphysics and priority of the beginning of heaven and earth.，More than only materialism。Its two，Open the theory of cognition from the ethics of Confucian filial piety，Details each，Do not interfere with each other。Its three，Knowledge -based，"The beginning of the heart of the people stands at the beginning of heaven and earth"，Strengthening the subjectivity and independence of people。Four，Knowing the Tao，Knowing it as a knowledge，For the big beginning，The establishment of the cosmic theory、This body theory and survival theory，Knowing that it has become the foundation of people's life，Become the Tao of the Universe，This means an important opportunity to change ancient and modern in the history of Chinese thought。

　　"Knowing" the breakthrough meaning of this theory

Ma Yan's continuation of the wisdom and carry forward the big "Knowing" theory，It is an important chapter in the exploration and transformation of Chinese philosophy and thought in the Ming and Qing Dynasties，To show its meaning，Need to examine its inheritance and breakthrough of Wang Yangming's conscience，Related ideas of Fang Yizhi and others who need to watch the contemporary era，Need to examine the rationalism reflected in this "knowledge" of this theory.，Especially the possibility of the thoughts of Zhang Xuecheng and Dai Zhen's thoughts。Bet365 app download Hu Shi was aware of this possibility that year，But because I couldn't find any direct materials from Cheng Zhiyi, it failed。These problems are of great significance，It needs specialized theory and，Here I only explained the relationship between knowledge and conscience。

Mu Zong San Zeng specializes in the relationship between knowledge and conscience。Knowledge about "Ganzhi Da Shi"，He must have Zhu Xi’s note，Solution，Supervisor、Private start、The meaning of the master。From this to knowing and conscience can be all available。"Conscience talks about the status of Gan Zhi，Knowing it means ‘Heart’。This heart is moral heart，Not a cognitive heart "，"This conscience representative activity，Representative virtual spiritual consciousness，Not knowledge activity。Inconsistent knowledge is knowing non -，Knowing the good and knowing evil，Not right and wrong in scientific knowledge，Not aware of an object，Can't understand this knowledge from aspects。Knowledge in moral value，From the acquisition of the passage of things, the virtual spiritual consciousness，Determine a direction，It is the master，Give us a decision of moral moral。Not looking out from the word ‘Knowing’，Objects that know，Is it back，Look at its dominance "。"Come back" three words are very accurate，Yang Ming's conscience, "retract the Qiankun"，Back to the foundation of conscience，Revisit the knowledge from one of the things in the heart，It is the moral foundation of all things in the universe of heaven and earth。Leave the body and material，Separation of conscience and cognitive activities，Separate inside and outside，and finally all of the morality of Confucianism。Mu Zong Sanshi as a transcendent existence theory，It is really an absolute Confucian moral body theory。

"Come back" is very important，"Put back" is equally important。"There is no difference between the real road，Only one Shunyi Reverse "(" Matthem Quotations "Volume 6)，Go up to、Receive it，It is from the knowledge of experience to the priority，It is "Magnetic — Magnetic — Soil and Wilderness -Yuanjian Bai -color shape ... Knowing -Heart -Body -Ancestor -Pae Ancestor -Binary Confmentation -Binary Intercourse change" ; Go down、Put it back，Back to the knowledge of experience from the knowing of priority，Knowing "the change of the intersection of the duality of the heaven and the earth -the intersection of the binary -the ancestor of the dual -the ancestor -Zeng Gao -Ancestor -Father -Heart —— Knowing ... Color shape -Yuanjianjian White -soil and soil -magnetic。metaphysics and metaphysics，Priority and experience，objects and objects，Shengsheng and Life，I and things，Internal and external，Moral activity、Moral activity、Religious activities，All in this magnetic 瓯。Ma Yan's Magneto's Different，Cut the category of Confucian moralism。

bet365 best casino games That's why，Knowing does not mean、Inconsistent conscience of Yangming，This layer of meaning needs to break through the tradition of Yangming Xinxue and Confucian moralism，to Cheng Zhi、Ma Yan can be clear here。Knowing people are more than moral，but the foundation of morality，It is a more fundamental ontology than morality，Knowing that it is not only laying the foundation for morality，At the same time is cognition、Religion, and the foundation of all things, people and heaven and earth。This "know" theory，Long view in Western history，It is a basic premise and foundation for human modern civilization。In the perspective of comparison between China and the West and the changes of ancient and modern times，Can Cheng Zhi be clear and Qing Dynasty、The meaning of the exploration of Ma Yanyi is。

Thinking of Ma Yan Bo Xue，Poor high -entry micro，Involved in a wide range of academic fields，The identification of intellectuals is just one of the important aspects。As a new important academic resource，It is easy to learn、Two -Yuan View of Heaven and Earth、Qi theory、Different from the Three Education、Dan Road、Tuner and other ideas，Experts and scholars in various fields to study。Ma Yan's quiet but sick technique is superb，Famous news，There are many people who seeks the Fa，But he is ambitious to the Tao instead of surgery，The illness of the illness in the medical day instead of the disease。He in the quotation，After attacking Qinkeng repeatedly，Elability of Heaven and Earth，The Blood of the Fighting Rice，Sighing the heavenly road，To inherit the teacher and do it with a knowledgeable person to turn around，Unfortunately, it is not born，It is difficult to succeed，I don't know what to do。

　(Author Unit: Institute of Religious Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)