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Hume is a philosopher who is good at raising questions，The philosophical problem named "Hume Questions" has a variety of expression forms in the history of Western philosophy。In the field of ethics，"Hume Question" means the relationship between facts and value (the relationship between "yes" and "should")，It was proposed by Hume in an attachment of "Humanity Theory"，But because he did not answer this question，So the philosopher of later generations、Ethicists have some controversy on the understanding of that passage。but but，No matter what Hume's meaning，Just as he realizes the difference between facts and value，It is also enough to remember and keep thinking about this issue。The relationship between facts and value is not only an important theoretical problem in ethical research，At the same time, it is also closely related to people's moral judgment or reasoning in daily life。Just as Hilary Putnam pointed out，The relationship between facts and value is not a theoretical problem in the ivory tower，but an important issue related to real life。

　　Moral Reality Theory and Anti -Realism Fight

The basic position of moral Realism is，There is no difficulty of gap between facts and values。The representative of this camp, John Searle, uses a "commitment" case -people can launch "someone should do something" from "someone promise to do something"，Prove that you can launch value。In Ceerl's view，"Everyone who promises to do something should do something" is actually the definition of "commitment"，It is a true proposition like "three corners of the triangle"。Propositions such as "Everyone who promises to do something", "All murderers should be condemned" and other propositions.，At the same time, it is also facts of facts，Can be called "moral (value) facts"，Bet365 lotto review Can be judged as true。Moral facts are the combination of objective facts and moral value，The existence of moral facts can ensure the successful transition of real -to -value value。

but but，Moral Anti-Realism's claim about moral realism。First，The objectivity of moral facts will encounter weird problems。Mai Kai (J. L. Mackie) pointed out，If there is an objective moral facts，So its existence is weird (queer)。Its weirdness is that the moral facts are objective in the theory of ontology，So what is the difference between it and objective natural facts? Based on the perspective，How do people know moral facts? Hume once took "the intentional homicide of sin" as an example，It is pointed out that there is no facts about "evil" in the process of "intentional homicide"，Only some emotions、Motivation、Will and thought。The reason why people think that "intentional homicide" is evil，It is derived from the emotion that people have condemned that kind of behavior。At least in Hume,，Error attributes or evil attributes are by no means an objective attribute of behavior process，but the subjective product of human emotions。Second，Moral Reality Excessive emphasis on the objectivity of moral facts will also face a fatal defect: it cannot explain moral motivation problems。Moral judgment is often considered to be able to be inherently excited，If judging a certain behavior is obligation，It means that it provides the motivation to do this behavior to the subject of the behavior。For example，People make a judgment of "intentional killing is wrong"，It contains subjective recognition of this judgment，and restrict myself without doing intentional homicide。but，Ethical facts if it is objective，Facing objective facts judgment generally cannot generate the dilemma of behavior motivation。For example，We make a fact judgment of "this flower is red"，It does not produce any behavior motivation。So，Moral judgment cannot bet365 Play online games be equivalent to objective facts judgment，That is, an objective facts such as "this flower is red"。

Moral Reality Trusting Morality as an objective and realistic，Its original intention is to hope that the generality and authority of morality is hoped，But its understanding of "subjective" and "objective" has fallen into a binary way of thinking。Objective existence is generally inevitable，Converse，Subjective existence does not have general inevitability，So the moral reality is trying to defend the objectiveness of moral facts。But actually，Whether natural facts or moral facts，They are all products of human subjective cognition。Moral reality no matter how you just defend，Nothing can cover up the subjectivity of "all those who promise to do something", "intentional killing is wrong" and other propositions。As far as "facts" are concerned，Can it be recognized by all related or in -communities in all related or in -communities，It is also an important factor that "facts" can be called "facts"。Of course，Moral Anti -theory "only breaks" to a certain extent，It is not a complete theory。The main problem that the moral anti -doctrine needs to be responded is，If there is no objective moral facts，Moral judgment is just expressing emotion and attitude，So it cannot further answer the reason for moral practice or moral judgment，If intentional homicide is wrong，Is it just because of people's condemnation of intentional homicide? People can continue to ask，Why does it cause condemnation for intentional homicide? If moral judgment is just expressing subjective emotions or attitudes，So it is like people’s preferences，The reason for a person likes to eat sweets is purely subjective preference without more reasons;，People agree that they should not be killed intentionally or only for subjective emotions or attitudes，But in reality, we can find deeper reasons for not intentional homicide。

　Critical Development of Moral Construction Theory

Moral Construction Theory (Moral Constructure) critical integration of moral realism and anti -realism，Put forward the moral facts built by humans。Christine Korsgaard and other scholars and other scholars hold this position，This position is also known as "weak ethics (moral) realism" in the academic community。Moral Reality Theory and Anti -Realism are based on the dimension of natural sciences to propose factual concepts，Even the definition of facts in the inheritance of the Hume era，This exists has certain limitations。Ru Putnan pointed out，The concept of "facts" of Hume -style is just about the concept that can form a sense of "impression"。So，Even if "all people who promise to do something should do something", "intentional killing is wrong" and other propositions are considered moral facts，But they are also different from the facts in the natural scientific sense of natural sciences such as "the sun rises to the west" and "people will die"。But，Many facts in reality are not like the "objective" facts in natural sciences，If when signing a certain contract，Once the signature is stamped on the contract，It means signing the generation of the rights and obligations of both parties。This kind of fact is based on McCa's theory，It is weird。Although this fact is not "objective"，But it has general inevitability。Moral Construction Theory is based on this that the facts of moral facts exist，The existence of this kind of facts originated from human customs and practice，As long as people’s customs and practice are formed or occurred，This kind of facts will occur。

Moral is not the existence of human beings when it is born，but in the long historical evolution of human society，Human beings self -sufficient self -sufficiency from isolated individuals、Conflict opposition gradually moves towards collaborative cooperation、Uniform contradictions，in the labor practice。Hobbes regards morality as a solution formed by bet365 live casino games humans to deal with practical problems: humans in "natural state"，To seek a sense of security，Always hope to rule、slavery others to occupy resources，Everyone is like this，So the relationship between people is like the relationship between wolf and wolf，It is "the war of all people against all people"。Human beings in order to get out of nature、Better survival and reproduction and have to jointly conclude a social contract，Transfer to some rights and freedom to give monarchs，And the monarch can make everyone's life relatively stable。In this process，Human society not only formed a political state，At the same time, a series of moral norms have also been generated。Humans with rational abilities tell themselves that they must abide by the law to ensure the peace and security of human society。Of course，This is just a saying about the origin of morality，But it is undeniable that it has a certain reason。other，Moral always has a specific social historic，Social Civilization，Moral norms such as "intentional killing is wrong" can become consensus。This also means that the moral norms that cannot be killed intentionally are the self -constructing human constructed by humans entering a civilized society，These moral norms are the principles that humans who will be recognized after careful consideration。

but but，If moral norms or moral facts are built by humans，So it may be attacked by similar critical moral anti -authentic theory。The subject that constructs the facts of morality is the specific individual in reality，Therefore, it is subjective，It will inevitably move towards moral relativity、Suspiciousness and even nihilism。But in fact, this attack committed "landslide fallacy"，Not subjective judgment must be arbitrary，and will eventually go step by step towards moral nihilism。The theory bet365 live casino games of Moral Construction, although the moral facts advocate that the facts of humans are built by themselves，But its subjective Bet365 app download "construction" is not any，People formed "intentional killing is the wrong" moral judgment、The consensus that achieves the moral norm that cannot be deliberately killed is not arbitrarily generated。Even if it is pointed out by Hume's emotional ethics，Morality built -in human emotional ability，People are not opposed by evil that are evil; on the contrary，Because people oppose it, it is evil。From Hume's view，Emotional approval or opposition is logical with logic。Hume actually preset a few unscrupulous assumptions，"Humanity、Sympathy and joy to avoid suffering "。other，Although morality has a specific social historic，But the cultural tradition in a specific period、Social relations and life context，People always have a clear standard for good and evil，Usually you can make a clear moral judgment。

Moral Construction Theory, on the one hand, acknowledge the existence of moral facts，and moral facts are constructed by humans; on the other hand，It also points out that these facts are determined by the laws formulated by humans，So they can have motivation for moral behavior。From this，The theory bet365 live casino games of Moral Construction has the advantages of leapfrogening and value gap，It can overcome moral realism and criticism of anti -realism，At the same time, it can also provide effective defense for people's moral judgment or reasoning in daily life。The theory of moral construction is different from moral realism to see moral judgment as theoretical knowledge，Then apply these theoretical knowledge to the practice action，Instead, the judgment of moral right and wrong and good and evil is exactly what humans have proposed in order to solve practical problems。Moral construction is an inevitable product of the evolution of human society，Human needs to reflect on rational reflection because of its own development、Crossly thought to construct moral norms，At the same time，Moral specifications have absolute authority Bet365 lotto review due to its unique generation mechanism，Natural characteristics of constraint and coordination of human behavior。Moral Construction Theory Inherits the spirit of Kant's "Humanity Legislation"，Thoughts that embodies moral self -discipline，Establishing the main position of a person in the moral world，Gao Yang's human dignity。

　(This article is the phased achievement of the Humanities and Social Science Cultivation Project (XPYB20004) in Ningbo University in Ningbo University)

(Author Unit: The College of Marxism College of Ningbo University)