The objectivity of "good" is the primary proposition of traditional natural law theory。and gradually appear with the development of ethical subjectivism and the fact that the value of value diversified，The objective theory of "Good" is challenged。Doubters point out，"Good" as the concept of "invention" by humans，Just our subjective desire、An expression of emotion，There is no external external "consistent"。The main representative of the Nature Law School, John Finnis, and others on the basis of strictly distinguishing between facts and values，Reconstruction and demonstration of the objectivity of good，It provides us with a very innovative perspective for reflecting on us to reflect on the fundamental proposition of ethics。In their opinion，"Good" as a practical concept，It is by no means a de facto sense of real。"Goodness is objective" means: good objectivity also means some kind of "compliance"，However, it is not in line with factual order，Instead, it is consistent in practical order; good is common，It is recognized by everyone who has enough attention to "practical experience"。

　bet365 live casino games

In the metaphysical knowledge theory，There is such an objective，When we say that a "existence" is objective，Refers to its external actual existence as our internal speculation and cognition，From this we got some kind of "judgment"。When we say "this is a table"，We reached a certain objective fact judgment，Such a judgment pass through the line of words，It expresses our subjective cognition and an external facts.。

But，In the perspective of Phoenix，When we judge "good"，What we use is not speculative rationality but practical reason。In practice rationality，There is no external appearance bet365 Play online games that can exist from the will of the will in our thinking，Good construction requires us to "inward" to grasp。Phynis follows Bernard Lonergan's "experience -reflection -judgment" cognitive theoretical model to build a "good" recognition theory，It is pointed out that our perception of good starting from the insights of some kind of "practical experience" in the process of grasping good (Insight)。For example，We are living、Practical experience In the world, notice your interest in certain objects，If we find that we always like to ask questions，and realize that we will be happy to get the correct answer，I feel distressed by being unable to get the correct answer，This kind of practical experience provides materials (data) for our practical insights。With the gradual accumulation of experience，We not only reflect on "knowledge" is a desirable possibility，Also through deeper judgment，Grasp "Knowledge is a kind of good，It is a thing that can improve our full degree "。During the cognitive process，Although there are "empirical" factor，However, this experience is not a factual experience，but practical experience，It is obtained by our reflection on our own actions。The improvement of this practical experience has given us a judgment on good，It points to the content of our future and the ideal self -self -point in the content，So such a judgment is not through the IS connection，Instead, it is through is to be connected，It points to a possibility to be realized in the future。There is a "compliance" between the judgment of good and self -realization，It's just that this "compliance" is not like in speculation and rationality，The consistency of the "reality" in the first first，Instead, it is in line with the future "reality"。The grasp of "good" indicates that we will act like this，This kind of good is to be expanded in the future action，and gradually realize it，and when we reach a higher degree of self Bet365 lotto review -complete through action，The objectivity of goodness appears in this process。

On the way to this demonstration，New Natural Law Theory Coincochs with Heidegger Ethics，When Heidegger said, "Truth says that the existence is in the state of the existence、Show the existence "，A fundamental change has occurred in his perspective of "objectivity"，Objectiveness is not just based on facts，Instead, it is accompanied by the development and planning (ENTWURF) activity of "here" as a person，Future objectivity and realism should be preferred by the current objectivity and reality。

Good objectivity is based on "rational"

Wittgenstein put forward a creative point of view in the book "On Certserving": Oblsis is no longer based on observation，Instead, it is based on some unquestionable "propositions"，These propositions are recognized by all rational existences。In this case，The objectivity of the proposition is related to people's rationality。Phoenest absorbed this view，and apply it to his second way to enter the objective demonstration of "good"。

Different absolute certainty in the early pursuit of logic，Wittgenstein shifted to solve the definition problem in "daily life" (ie, language games)。He thinks，The proposition with objective certainty is our speech，and the basics that all the language activities departed from this can be successfully carried out，Therefore, it is not doubtful。This objective determination proposition is also referred to as the "hing" proposition，It means that only some propositions are regarded as indisputable，Our conversation、Controversy can be expanded。These propositions are exempt from doubt，The negation of such propositions will be caught in a "irrational" self -contradiction。For example，No one can rationally declare "I don't exist" or "I can't make a judgment"，When he said so，The logic of reality will inevitably refute his own assertion。So，Wittgenstein believes: "As a rational person，bet365 best casino games I can’t have any doubt about this proposition。”

From the view of Phoenisse，In our identification and grasp of goodness and grasp, there is also this objective discussed by Wittgenstein，and this objectivity is not in the factual experience of "observation" or "looking out"，but shown in practical experience。This kind of experience includes two aspects: on the one hand, the "experience" shown by the tendency of our nature; on the other hand, when we refute or doubt that good，We inevitably fall into the "experience"，Therefore, it is impossible for any rational person to refute the objectivity of "good"。In the first aspect,，Human nature determines what we can pursue，Natural tendencies rooted in our nature have left various experiences in our realistic actions，If the desire for knowledge comes from knowledge。More specifically，We are trying to solve the objective problems of good，and I am glad or annoyed because of progress or because of confusion，Then we grasp the "knowledge" based on these experiences as a kind of good。This kind of experience is associated with human nature，It will be displayed in everyone’s life，But this does not mean that everyone realizes or understands this type of experience to the same extent，People sometimes do not notice these experiences because of negligence or restrictions on real conditions，Instead of grasping good。For a person who has carefully planned his life in rationality，Under the circumstances where other conditions are met，The objectivity of this kind of good will show。For the second aspect,，The objectivity of good can be shown in our objective objective assertion，Just as Wittgenstein said that when a person declares "I don't exist", it must be in a self -contradiction，It is impossible for anyone to say "rationally" "knowledge is not an objective good，No value、Not worth pursuing "。Because when this is such an assertion，If the claims are rational and Bet365 lotto review sincere，Then he must think that such an assertion is "true"，It is valuable、meaningful。Further let's go，This assertion as a proposition is "knowledge" with inherent value。So，Once the assertion is made，It will inevitably be trapped in self -contradictions -claiming that knowledge is not a kind of goodness that knowledge is a kind of good。In this case，We must advocate good knowledge to have an unquestionable "objectiveness"，It is recognized by all rational people。

　　Dialectics in the objective demonstration

New Natural Law Theory advocated by Fanis and others，On the issue of good objectivity, we provide us with an innovative perspective and demonstration.。They adhere to the independence and purity of ethics，"Surprise" and "Practice"、"Facts" and "Value" are distinguished from，This avoids criticism of the objectiveness of "good"。"Good" as a practical concept，Its objectivity is by no means a certain consistent with the external reality，And the judgment of "good" we obtained，IS judgment made by speculation and rationality，Instead, IS to be judged by a possibility of our self -sufficiency based on practical rationality。In this case，The idea of ​​the theory of Nature Law is in line with the logical truth requirements proposed by Hume，is serious、Do not go to school or scientific perspective from a metaphysical or de facto science to examine various issues in ethics。

In specific demonstration，New Natural Law Theory added some seemingly true "humanity" factor to practical insights，So as a "dialectical" argument。In traditional ethics，Good objectivity is often guaranteed from shape to school，The most authentic existence in metaphysics, that is, the highest goodness in ethics，Detoniac school really guarantees the perfection of ethics，Just like the "ideas" of Plato, on the one hand, it is the purest form，On the other hand is the highest good; also as the "God" in Aquina moral theology on the one hand is the first original type of bet365 live casino games "existence" of all existences，On the other hand, all the existences of "imitation" are "imitated"; it is also regarded as "God" or "natural" as the one as the one as the "self"，On the other hand, it is regarded as "freedom"。True and goodness in the philosophical thinking, extended from Plato to Leibniz，Eventually under the criticism of Hume, it tends to be disintegrated，The latter believes that there is no consistency between facts and value。Ship this interweaving is very convenient in some ways，However, this break has caused great difficulty to the objective demonstration of good，The most valuable part of the metaphysics and school is the unity of "Logos"，After the connection between the two is erased，How should we find uniform or objectivity in pure practice? A common approach is to start from human nature，As we see in the new natural law's discussion，The universality and objectivity of human nature determine the universality and objectivity of good。，This demonstration method has the following risks: If the content of human nature is regarded as a factual judgment made from the external point of view，So such a demonstration logic will eventually fall into illegal inference from "facts" to "value"，Just as we are in Hobbes、As seen in Freud's works，Human tendencies based on desire and psychology are just an experienced observation，We cannot "legally" in infer any ethical conclusion。

Phynis and others, although I borrowed the perspective of "humanity" in the interpretation of goodness，However, their portrayal of human nature is not from factual observation，Instead of grasping through practice。There is a set of dialectical order in the relationship between human nature and good: in the order of this body theory，The essence of human nature has established potential，The potential has established an activity，Establishment of the event; in the order of epistemology，We want to know the nature of people，Must know the bet365 best casino games action first，If you want to know the action, you must know the purpose。So，From a practical point of view，Epidemic order should be given priority in ontology and order，If we are not sure of "good"，Can't say "human nature"，The order of this body theory is the reproduction of the order of the episodes logically。In practice，Our grasp of good is from practical experience，It does not preset a human factor in theory。

　(Author Unit: School of Philosophy of Renmin University of China)