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Marx Engels pays great attention to national governance issues，Starting from the national philosophy of political philosophy，Make many depths、Thorough discussion，Formed Marxist national governance ideological system，It contains rich、The principle and proposition of far away。where，Marx Engels for Germany、UK、Key analysis made by national governance in France，Modernization of contemporary China to promote the national governance system and governance capabilities，It has a significant revelation meaning。

　"Governance exists for the country，instead of the country exist for governance " 

Germany is Marx's motherland，Marx analysis national governance issues，First start from Germany。October 1842，Marx's editor of the Rhein News，Revolutionary democraticism of newspapers is getting more and more obvious。At that time，The newspaper published a reporter reported on the poverty situation of farmers along the Moser River.，and condemn the authorities of the authorities to adopt two indifferent attitudes towards farmers，Dissatisfaction with the Governor of Rhine，He accuses the article distorting the facts、Defamation government，Requires to answer，This is actually a threat to the revolutionary progress force。On the one hand, because of being weak，On the other hand, because of weakness、In the case of comprehensive demonstration of the article's point of view，Marx came forward，Write a long article "The Defense of Mosel Reporter"。Marx pointed out in a blood -seeking person，In an attempt to deny that the poverty of farmers along the coast of the Moser River has nothing to do with national governance，It is because "the phenomenon that exists to oppose the administrative authorities and its governance objects" bet365 live casino games ("Complete Works of Marx and Engels" Volume 1，People's Publishing House 1956 edition，pp. 225)，Only leading to poverty。and the administrative authorities and officials always "believe that he is well governed by himself ... the reason why he will only find poverty besides his governance" (Ibid above，p. 226)，Push the responsibility to the governed people。Marx further clarified: "Governance exists for the country，instead of the existence of the country for governance "(the same as above，pp. 229)。That is to say，Is the state decided to govern，instead of governance determines the country。

Marx starts with the appearance of governance，Fundamental Questions of the country，It is intended to explain any kind of governance，All must be based on certain national institutions and officials，It can be implemented with it as a carrier。In the governance of the Mizer River in Germany，Government officials have serious bureaucracy，Turked up and down，沆瀣 qi，Don’t want to solve it when something happens，Always shirk responsibility，The Local Administration Bureau believes that your cadastral book records must be accurate，The Ministry of Finance asserts that the disaster is definitely not caused by their tax。Marx revealed these various words that cover up the government bureaucracy，Tell people the poverty of farmers along the coast of the Mozele River，The reason is exactly from national institutions and officials。but，Reactionary Prussian government will never admit it here，It will only push responsibility to the people，Poor poverty is caused by the people themselves，"All changes must be done by the governor by themselves" (Same as above，pp. 227)。

Analysis of Marx's poverty in farmers along the coast of the German Moser River，Although it is just a case，But he revealed with keen insight to reveal the governance and the deep national、Inner relationship，Forms a universal understanding: to solve the problems existing in national governance，You must solve the problem bet365 best casino games of bureaucracy，Solve the substantial problems of the existence of the national and political system，can we realize the real reform of the governance method。Of course，For Germany that Marx said that year，must be carried out first in the proletariat，Thoroughly transform the "National and Social Structure" (the same as the above Volume 3，People's Publishing House 2002 edition，pp. 385)，can we really solve the national system、The substantial problem of the reform of the political system and the reform of governance。For today's socialist country，Under the condition of adhering to and.，Reform of deepening the political system and governance methods。

　"Relying on the right of general election to govern the country is like the sea boat sailors who lost the route when the corner of the galestone" 

19th -century Britain，It is a key point for Marxy Engels to conduct national governance research。At that time, the UK had completed the industrial revolution，Realized industrialization，Economic has jumped into the world's most developed country; since the "Glory Revolution" in 1688，Britain established a constitutional monarchy (parliamentary system)、Election system and civil servant system，Politically, it has also become the first country in the world to implement democratic system。Marx and Engels sincerely praise the strong economic power of the British economic power and the civilization of the constitutional system。Engels said in the British Constitution: "No country in the world can match the British in power and wealth"，"In the UK，Fear of authoritarianism and the no longer existing the struggle against the king's right "(Ibid above Volume 3，pp. 558)。Success in the UK，Make it the object of the sought after by countries around the world，Therefore, an epidemic of worship of the British democratic system and universal rights。For this，Engels said politely: "They are affected by the politics of parliament politics without shortcomings。bet365 best casino games Relying on universal election rights to govern the country like the sea boat sailors who have lost the route when the corner of Harne is in the corner: they do not study the wind direction、Climate and Use Six points，But voting to choose the road，And announced that most people’s decisions are not wrong. "，People's Publishing House 1998 edition，p. 316)。If the national governance only uses the right to choose，This is like the dividing line of the shipping through the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean —，There are turbulence in the ocean waves there，Navigation is extremely dangerous，At this time, the crew did not use navigation knowledge and various instruments，But in any discussion、Breed by most people，It will definitely face the disaster of extinguishing。

Engels satirizes the United Kingdom by relying on universal rights to govern the country，Not to negate and oppose the right to the general election，It is precisely because the British implementation of democratic system and universal selection is not thorough。At that time，Britain's property qualifications on elections have not been canceled，Only those bourgeoisie and a small amount of wealthy farmers who have the right to vote and the right to be elected，Most workers and people have not obtained the right to election。Under the constitutional system of the British monarch，Democratic politics advertised by the lower house is also very false，The election seat of the members of the courtyard is completely publicly sold auction，Who's price is high，Who will you sell to。Therefore, Engels said: "The United Kingdom is not a formal democratic system" "Theory and practice are in extreme contradictions" "All the so -called natural rights of the British are empty names" (the same above Vol. 3，People's Publishing House 2002 edition，page 583)。Engels emphasized to point out，If "the scope of voters will not be greatly expanded, the UK can no longer be governed" (Ibid 49th, Volume 49，People's Publishing House 2016 edition，pp. 382)。

bet365 live casino games Engels this important discourse tells people，State governance must be pointed out as Marx: "To control the power given by the people to govern the country" (Ibid Volume 12，People's Publishing House 1962 edition，page 701)。State governance must be real、Thorough socialist democratic system。Only the socialist democratic system，The proletariat and all people can enjoy the certainty、Real democratic rights，can become the master of the head of the family，Only to bring them true freedom and happiness。

　"The regime that has lost the class that has lost the ability to manage France" 

19th -century France，It is another key point for Marxy Engels to conduct national governance research。In "Louis Bonaba's Fog Moon 18th" published in 1852，Writing Marx，The French Second Empire's "Administrative Government has a huge bureaucracy and military institution，There are complex and clever national machines，500,000 officials of officials and 500,000 troops "(" Selected Works of Marx and Engels "Volume 1，People's Publishing House 2012 edition，p. 760)。France's huge bureaucracy and military institutions，A terrible parasitic body that is like a dense net entangled the whole body。The expansion of the national institution and the officials of officials，Caused that national governance pays high costs。The national governance of the French Second Empire is not only expensive for cost，and there is no governance、a chaos。Marx pointed out，Popa expects industry and business "should be as prosperous as flowers in the greenhouse under the strong government governance" bet365 live casino games ("Complete Works of Marx and Engels" Volume 11，People's Publishing House 1995 edition，pp. 237)，but，The class strength and social foundation he relied on to make a lot of money，So after the government gave up countless railway lease rights，There are speculative profit activities on the lease rights on the exchanges in advance。State governance of Bonaba，Police horror、Speculation of reversing and shameless adventure，bet365 live casino games Playing with poor blackmail、Buy、Incisement、On the surface, how to please and the two -sided method。The Second Empire of Popa，has fallen into "the hotbed of all things" and "the most prostitution" (the same as above, Volume 17，People's Publishing House 1963 edition，p. 662) State regime。

Marx Engels thinks，To effectively manage the country，Must have ability。Engels pointed out，Like weakness、narrow -minded heart、Short -eyed petty bourgeoisie and farmers，All "cannot control a large country" (Ibid Volume 4，People's Publishing House 1958 edition，p. 62)。The bourgeoisie in history，Although the production tools have been greatly improved，Promoting traffic development，Open the world market，The productivity created more than all generations in the past、More big，And destroy all feudal、The relationship between the law，Established capitalist production relationship，I used to act as progress、Leader Class，Master the state power，State governance。but，Modern capitalist relations are already too narrow，Can't accommodate the development of higher civilization and ownership relationship，The bourgeoisie has lost the ability to govern the country。France is such a country，Therefore, after the outbreak of the Paris Commune Revolution in 1871，Marx supports the proletarian "the regime that has lost these classes (the class that has lost the ability to manage France)"，People's Publishing House 1963 edition，pp. 605)。Marx Engels gives a high evaluation of the establishment of the Paris Commune，It is said that it is "the government of the working class" ("Selected Works of Marx and Engels" Volume 3，People's Publishing House 2012 edition，p. 102)，It is "the first time the working class has controlled the regime in a large city in the capital since its own history"，p. 266)。

Marx Engels's praise of the Paris Commune tells us，After the proletariat obtained the state power，The ability to be good at governing the country。As the Declaration of the Communist Party pointed bet365 Play online games out，The proletariat becomes the ruling class of the country、After Democracy，To increase the total productivity as fast as possible，Meet the people's interest requirements。The proletariat only continuously enhances its own national governance capabilities，Only to achieve the purpose of achieving human liberation。

　(This article is the National Social Science Fund major project "Marxist State Governance Theoretical Research" (22&ZD005) Staged results) 

(The author is a special professor of Fujian Normal University、Professor First -level Professor of the Central Party School (National Academy of Administration)