Since Thomas Moore created the word "Utopia" in the book "Utopia"，"Utopia" becomes a general word describing the ideal society。"Utopia" originated from the combination of two Greek words，means that "OU" and the "TopOS" composition of the local and places that are not good or good。This combination of words means that there are no places or good places。After Moore，Various utopian thoughts are booming，"Sun City" in Conpanera、Bacon's "New Daxi Island" and the writings and practice of San Ximen and others，A variety of social utopia appears、Political Utopia、Geographical Utopia、Medicine Utopia、Geographical Utopia、Philosophy Utopia and Literature Utopia。"Utopia" formed under this Utopia ideal banner，On the one hand, there is a positive meaning，The ideal world of the representative and the future，On the other hand, there is a negative meaning，It is regarded by people as a daydream、Different Sky Kai、Sky Tower and Nonsense。Enter the 20th century，Under the double stimulus of war and revolution，Utopia is in the quagmire of right and wrong。Some people think of utopia as a beacon that can illuminate the future of human beings，"Western Marxists" like Lucarcic and Bloch still adhere to the ideal ideal of communism pursuing the freedom of the kingdom; some people see Utopia's ideal collapse，Therefore, question "Do we still need a utopian"，So there is the famous "Anti -Utopia Trilogy" (Zhemiakin's "We"、Huxley's "Wonderful New World"、Orwell's "1984")。

Real encounter on utopian thought or utopianism，Brohlin begging for the duron name，and find a proof of existence for the utopian spirit in philosophy。When Bolich regards people as utopian animals，He not only raised the utopian spirit to the height of philosophical anthropology，and build a utopian philosophy，That is what he calls a "materialist facing the future"。Of course，Brohru wants to take the name of the utopian，bet365 live casino games You need to face two problems。First，He needs to respond to Engels what scientific socialism said has changed from being able to change from emptiness to scientific judgments。Using "Utopia" to explain Marxism，How can it be established? Bloch always thinks，Marxism is a Utopia doctrine，but not a "abstract utopia" but a "specific utopian"。2，He even needs to face the ideological perspectives of various criticisms and even denying the spirit of utopia，It must be given the meaning of the utopia with the meaning of existence and epistemology，Therefore, the utopian spirit is restored as a transcendent consciousness in the sense of human survival。On a TV interview program in 1964，Bloch and Aduro dialogue around the theme of "Utopia Desire"。Bloch proposed in the conversation，"Mechanical materialism is impossible to have utopia，Because everything is existing and machine。But，People always have a feeling of ‘should be so’，Therefore, there is also the desire of utopia under the existing conditions。The essential function of utopia is to criticize existing things。If we do not surpass these reality barriers，We can’t discover these reality barriers "。

From "The Spirit of Utopia" to "Principles of Hope" to "Introduction to Tubinen Philosophy" and other discussions，Broch is always defending "Utopia"。Specifically，He is done by redefining the Utopia concept。In the Foreword of the Hope，Broh acknowledged that the Utopia concept was created by Thomas Moore，But the concept of Moore's utopian is not in the philosophical sense，Just as a synonym for an ideal country，Is a prototype of a social utopian。Only define the Utopia concept from philosophy，can the human nature really connect with utopia。Bloch emphasized that utopian is a philosophical category，and is the most important philosophical category of our time。From the perspective of philosophical anthropology，Utopia is not just limited to the field of social utopia and political utopia，but exist in daily life、Day Dream、folk story、Art works and scientific activities。Bet365 lotto review other，Utopia is also in the resistance of young people，They struggle to change life and the world。

Utopia is not a pure fantasy and empty myth，but a possibility of objective reality。First，From the perspective of human beings' awareness，Utopia is an "foreseeable consciousness"。As "known hope"，This foreseeable consciousness is like a catalyst and enzyme，Drived the will of reform and changes in reality。In fact，Brloakus uses ideals to explain this consciousness。He thinks，The ideal is to live on the front line，Like a forward dream。The degree of ideal of ideal makes it seems to be in a distant place，Just like things on an island。If the ideal thing is specific，It will have some kind of foreseeable ability，Affordable with the objective content of the potential trend。It is this relationship that makes the ethical ideal and aesthetic ideal as a model possible，And this ideal established by the utopian is completely content that is commensurate with human nature。For this，Bloch cited Marx's point of view in a letter to Luger in 1843: "The reform of consciousness is only to make the world recognize its own consciousness，Make it awaken from my dream of myself，Explain its own actions to it ... Our slogan must be: conscious reform is not based on dogma，Instead of analyzing the mysterious consciousness that is unknown，Regardless of whether this consciousness is in the form of religion or in a political form。You can see at that time，The world has long been fantasizing a thing that as long as it can really master "。

Next，Bolk enriched from human cultural activities and expanded the meaning of the concept of utopian。He starts from analyzing various small and daydreams，The most ordinary wanting to go and looking forward to human beings has been discussed。From children to adults，The existence of everyone is full of desire existence。People are always dreaming of a better life。The reality of life is always not satisfactory，The desire for other life has been tempting us，prompt us to leave the existing place。Due to not satisfied with the status quo，So Bet365 lotto review there are all kinds of daydreams。In the cultural phenomenon from ancient times to the present，It is always full of such diverse daydreams。"Principles of Hope" The fourth title is "Build an Overview of a Beautiful World"，In it，Broh describes a very broad and rich Utopia spiritual world，Including Medicine Utopia、Social Utopia、Geographical Utopia、Building Utopia、Geographical Utopia、Art Utopia and Smart Utopia。In these utopia，People often break through closed and static existence concepts，Makes the direction of the utopian show。The world is full of some forward elements and trends，In the middle of the new thing, there is the realization of the intention of the intention。These all means creating a world that is more suitable for us，That is a pain without pain、Fear、Alienally。In the eyes of Bloch，"The essence of utopia means seeking full needs。This is not the kind of forgotten、Perfect wish，but the wish of comprehensive improvement of the person who is still expected now，It is the satisfaction that cannot be passivated. "。In this expanding utopian concept，Bloch is very important to pay attention to the utopian function of literary and artistic works。In his opinion，Pushing awareness reform is often artistic works。Art is a description of the trend and purpose，Is the inspiration of the "Homeland" that has not yet been realized。For example，Bach's music represents the struggle for redemption for the soul，Beethoven's opera "Philipio" contains the highest ideal and lofty human nature of the times。Art has a "forward intention" because of fantasy.，So a political function that critical reality is formed。"Real Art，Including those non -revolutionary arts，Always a kind of horn and challenge "。So，Bloch proposes a concept of "utopia remaining" in human culture。In all the great art works of humans，Among the many important cultural heritage left by humans，All contain the enzymes of utopia，Because utopia is the substrate of all human culture。The cultural heritage of human past will not Bet365 app download completely withdraw from the historical stage with the disappearance of the past，Instead, it will continue to play a role in real life，and always bring the motivation to transport the spirit of the real change process with beautiful and ideal expectations。

Broh's utopian concept also contains a critical practical orientation，Future concept formed by a humanitarian spirit and objective reality trend。This utopian idea is a "specific utopian"，Unlike other "abstract utopia"，This is the place where Marx's association of Communist Liberty Kingdom is different from other places where the theory of socialist theory。Marxist communist concept is based on historical processes，instead of a dream that stays in the heart。As a "specific utopian"，Marxism is based on the objective development trend of history，Therefore, it is a process -based and specific expectation。In the Utopia concept of Bloch，Changing the world is not a kind of fantasy，Instead, it is based on the real "foresee", "trend", "potential", "process", "possibility", etc.。Marx outlines the appearance of future society based on the trend of capitalism: abandonment of alienation、Division of labor abolition、The disappearance of the product worshiping and teaching、The humanization of labor、Destiny of the class、Allocated on demand、Establishment of human free consortium。Although Marx does not think he is a Utopiaist，And criticized the subjective will of those who imagined socialism，But in Bolk's view，Marx did not abandon Utopia consciousness: "At the senior stage of the communist society，The situation where the division of labor is forcing people to obey the division of labor has disappeared，Therefore, the opposition of brain labor and physical labor also disappeared; labor is not just a means of making a living，and it has become the first need for life; as the individual's comprehensive development of productivity also increases，And all the source of collective wealth is fully flowing，—— Only at that time，can completely exceed the narrow eyes of the bourgeois bet365 Play online games rights，Society can write on your own flag: as well as，allocated on demand! "

Last，We must see the religious dimension contained in the concept of Bloch's utopian。He proposed "Revolutionary Theology" and "Hope theology" in the book "Thomas Mintel" and "Hope theology" in "As a Revolutionary Theologian"，and emphasize "Where can I have hope，Where there is religion "，So religion was given a utopian function。To demonstrate the utopian spirit in the religious beliefs，Broch discussed the main religious system of the world，Ru Jewish、Christian、Islam、Buddhism and Chinese Confucianism、Taoism, etc.。After some explanation，Various religious beliefs are full of utopian spirit。From the sense of religion,，Religious beliefs as a "foreseeable positive consciousness" gathers all the expectations of human beings，From these expectations to evolve all kinds of Datong ideals。Religion is that it is pinned in the future，This sustenance -based expectation outlines the ideal kingdom of human beings。From the view of Bloch，As a "specific utopian"，Marxism obviously reflects the ideal of a happy homeland in Christianity，But it has adopted a more positive and completely humanistic practice method。Of course，Marxism and various religious belief systems have a fundamental difference，But it linked with various religious utopia through the passion of revolution and human nature and the pursuit of the free kingdom。As a typical and precious "utopian remaining"，Broch specifically discussed the question of how to inherit the religious cultural heritage in the book "The Attention in Christianity"。So，Some scholars believe that he is a Marxist who holds the Bible "。To a certain extent，He does combine the "millennialism" of Jewish -Christianity with the historical philosophy of Marxism，to create a metaphysics of utopia。This metaphysics replaced the previous static metaphysical in the past，The truth of its metaphysics is that it is not that the essence of the world is not in the past and the future。Driven by the spirit of utopia，This "the theory of existence that has bet365 live casino games not yet existed" is not based on the determined and past things to describe the existence，Instead of following the future trend to conceive the new existence of human beings。

Should be seen，Although Bolk redefined the utopian，Division of "specific utopia" and "abstract utopia"，But he interpreted Marxism as "specific utopia"，and with religion、Politics、Literature、Utopia and other thoughts of technology are mixed together，Makes his utopian philosophy a big platter about future imagination，Therefore, a theoretical problem that has always been unable to overcome or it cannot be overcome，That is, "fusion" of "fusion" of "facing future materialism" with the hope philosophy of desireful will。

(Author Unit: Academy of Cultural Communication and Art of Chinese Women's College)