During the past decades，"Pragmatic Encroachment，The following referred to as "PE") has attracted widespread attention in the contemporary knowledge theory.。Discussion related to it involves the essence of knowledge、The rationality of faith and a series of important issues such as cognitive specifications。Considering its major theoretical influence，System combing it is particularly necessary。Next，We will examine its basic meaning one by one、Theoretical support and far -reaching influences。

First，It is generally considered，PE is closely related to the essential problems of knowledge。So，To understand its basic meaning cumula，It is best to start with the analysis of the latter。Wish to know，The primary task of contemporary analysis knowledge is to portray the essence of knowledge。Details，It is mainly committed to clarifying what factor transforms true beliefs into knowledge。Descartes to drop，Most of the traditional knowledge thects accepted a pureist knowledge program。Follow this program，The factors that convert the true belief into knowledge can only be cognitive factors related to truth。For example，A true belief is defended in cognition (Being Justify)、It is formed reliable，, etc.。The reason why these factors can convert true beliefs into knowledge，Basically because of these properties with significant guidance (Truth-Conducive)，That is, they ensure that the propositions related to the relevant beliefs are true or improved their true probability。For a long time，This program has always dominated the study of contemporary knowledge theory。But，In recent decades，A large number of knowledge theory scholars launched a violent bet365 Play online games attack on them。In their opinion，Factors that turn true belief into knowledge，At least part of the practical factors that have nothing to do with truth，As the true value of the propositions related to a certain belief，As the true value of the propositions related to a certain belief。In this sense，They adhere to a non -pure knowledge program。According to this program，Some characteristics of the practical situation related to the proposition P where the subject S is located (eg，If P is fake，How much risk will it bring to s)，At least partially determines whether S's true beliefs about p can be converted into knowledge，Even the cognitive factors related to the belief that s do not have different differences in the situation。Observation，PE's basic meaning，It can be briefly attributed to: Differences in the practice situation where the subject S is located，constituently included in the differences in the state of knowledge。Or said，Under the circumstance where cognitive factors remain unchanged，The difference in knowledge status of the same true belief in different situations，can only be explained according to the differences in practical factors。PE in this sense，Usually called practical invasion of knowledge。Due to reasonable beliefs because of knowledge，So it naturally affects the reasonableness of faith。According to the principle of the principle of the principles of belief in the mainstream，One belief is reasonable，Only when it is defended in cognition or enjoyed sufficient (cognitive) evidence support; more generally，The rationality of faith is based on pure cognitive factors。This indicates，The rationality of faith is based on pure cognitive factors，The reasonable status of the belief also maintains the same situation of the situation。PE for this principle means，Even all facts related to cognitive factors，It is not the bet365 live casino games only way to determine a reasonable attitude attitude，The rationality of faith rely on practical factors。In this sense, PE is also called practical invasion of faith。

Next，From the perspective of historical origins，William James's classic argument about "Will-to-Believe"，Provided PE with strong theoretical support。According to James，Human intellectual life is subject to two fundamental different cognitive goals，That is to believe in the truth and avoid errors; and the essence of real cognitive practice，It lies in the appropriate balance of these two goals。More importantly，If a person values ​​the value of "believe in truth"，And another person pays more attention to the value of "avoid errors"，So，Facing the same cognitive factors (that is, evidence)，They can have a different belief or confidence in the same proposition; and，If the two parties know each other to each other's value preference，These two attitudes will actually be reasonable。The essence here is，Between the pure cognitive factors and the reasonable attitude of belief，space involved in the will: The subject can choose or a reasonable attitude or belief (Credence) by the choice of the main body;。Where James，Different practical differences are the different practical weights given by different subjects for the above two cognitive goals。In this sense，Practice "Invasion" Cognition。

In the discussion context，PE also enjoys the key support of the following two aspects。On the one hand，It can explain some famous pair cases。For example，Bank cases of Keith Derose -Assume that a couple intends to deposit certain funds in a specific account，On Friday afternoon, they drove through the bank，The team's queuing team was very long at that time。My husband recommends come again on Saturday，His wife reminds him that most banks do not open on Saturday。Saturday two Bet365 app download weeks ago，Husband has dealt with transactions at this bank outlet，It was business at the time。In one situation，It is not important to deposit funds into a specific account，They can wait for a few days。In another situation，This is very important，If you do not deposit funds into specific accounts on Saturday at the latest on Saturday, it will bring serious trouble。In the low -risk context of the former，We think that the husband knows that the bank will be open on Saturday; the latter's high -risk context，My husband believes that the bank will open on Saturday，But I don’t know this。Sharing the following structures in pairs: They include a pair of practical situations in the subject S，One of them is a high -risk situation，The other is a low -risk situation; in addition，There is no two in other respects。In these two situations，The main schrying of the main S forms a true belief about proposition p based on the same cognitive factors。But，We will intuitively think，S knows P in low risk situations P，while in a high risk situation, it is not the same。Obviously，Just resort to the recognition factors，Unable to explain S's cross -form difference in knowledge state。opposite，It can only be explained according to the difference in practical differences (that is, the level of risk)。Therefore，These classic cases provide PE with strong intuitive support。On the other hand，PE also enjoys principles support。Generally believed，Tightly related knowledge and action。The association between the two is typically reflected in the following knowledge and action principles (Knowledge-Action Principle): subject S knows P，When S can be appropriately regarded as the premise of practical reasoning and takes the corresponding action。Whether S can S can appropriately regard P as the prerequisite for practical reasoning，Bet365 lotto review Not only determines whether his next action is reasonable，And more importantly，It obviously depends on S’s practical situation。In other words，different of the practical situation，determines whether he can appropriately regard P as the prerequisite for practical reasoning，Then it will also have a substantial impact on the rationality of its actions。That's it，Based on the principle of knowledge and action，PE supporters can get the results they want，That is the difference in the practical situation of the subject S，It will cause substantial differences to the rationality of its actions，This difference then determines whether he has the corresponding knowledge。

Last，As far as the far -reaching impact of PE，The following points are worthy of special attention。First，It forced knowledge thect scholars to re -reflect on the traditional research program。​​Although this program is pure，But facing many theoretical difficulties due to splitting cognition and practice。As a rebellion against this program，PE provides us with beneficial inspiration for us to solve these difficulties。For example，In the analysis and understanding tradition of the Ercayer era，Fallibilism's knowledge concept occupy an overwhelming position。According to this concept，The main S can know P based on the non -certain defense of the proposition P。Although it won people's hearts，But the long -term defense of the "threshold proplem"。Specifically，This concept cannot explain arbitrarily，What factors determine a certain non -confirmed defense required by knowledge。From the eyes of many scholars，This problem cannot be solved at all in the framework of pureism。and the non -pure explanation framework that PE adheres to，It is recognized as a can easily solve this problem，so as to save the wrong theory on water and fire。2，It has a serious impact on the principle of the principles of belief in evidenceism，This prompted bet365 Play online games us to re -examine the theoretical effectiveness of evidenceism。According to evidenceism，One belief is reasonable，Only when it gets full support of evidence。This means，The scope of the rationality of faith is completely defined by evidence。Correspondingly，Reasonable evaluation of faith attitude，Can only be expanded in accordance with the cognitive specifications of evidenceist。But，PE reminds us，This so -called unique cognitive specification，In fact, there are serious defects。If so,，Whether there is a unique cognitive specification; where the norms of cognitive specifications (if existing) come from where and what kind of correlation it has with practical norms，It is worth further exploration。third，In addition to the impact of the above -mentioned epistemology，PE also has an important metaphysical impact。orthodox viewpoints based on the shape of contemporary beliefs，Belief is a state of mind aimed at a real mental state，or as Bernard Williams said，belief "aim at the truth"。Follow Williams，Many scholars demonstrate，Belief contains a correctness standard，That is, only when P is true, I believe P。Therefore，Formation of faith，Only cognitive reasons related to truth -related cognitive reasons。In this sense，Belief has a unique transparet (transparency)。Specifically，When we think about whether we believe in the proposition p from a first -person perspective，We will directly transition to whether the proposition p is really thinking。All these，Doxastic Voluntarism, a certain degree of ancient theory，The research stage of gradual fading out of faith and school。But，Considering PE，The theory seems to be treated more fairly，At least its vitality still needs to be deepened。In short，Doxastic in-Voluntarism even achieved victory，Its supporters should bet365 live casino games also take the phenomenon of PE seriously。No matter what，Discussions related to PE should be a place in the study of faith and school。

Of course，Although PE enjoys considerable intuition and theoretical attraction，But it did not avoid questioning。Just as Elizabeth Jackson, as demonstrated，PE just impacted the rationality of action，It does not cause a substantial impact on the rationality of faith。time to this day，The debate around PE is still in the fiercely，It constitutes a beautiful landscape in the study of contemporary knowledge theory。

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