About basic issues in Neo-Confucianism，There have been many wonderful discussions by previous sages。For example, Mou Zongsan starts from the level of moral metaphysics，Proposing the core issues of Neo-Confucianism is the possible transcendent basis for exploring morality，That is, the problem of mind and body。This statement is insightful，It is of great help in establishing Chinese philosophy philosophically；However, it is also covered，There is something missing in dealing with economic and historical issues。This article attempts to start from the relationship between man and the universe，Re-discuss the basic issues of Neo-Confucianism，Hope to add something。In a nutshell，The relationship between man and the universe can be roughly divided into two levels: the dimension of heaven and earth and the dimension bet365 bonus code pa three generations - that is, the nature of mind and the history of scriptures，Constitutes the core connotation of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties。This idea has its unique advantages in discussing the continuity of thought in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties。

　Man bet365 bonus code pa universe:The dimensions of heaven and earth and the dimensions bet365 bonus code pa three generations

The characteristic of Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming dynasties is to position people from the level bet365 bonus code pa order bet365 bonus code pa universe，And then reinterpret the rituals and music bet365 bonus code pa three generations，The "business" theory is the cornerstone of its theory。Everyone knows，Discussing benevolence through business is an invention bet365 bonus code pa Neo-Confucianists bet365 bonus code pa Song and Ming Dynasties。Cheng Hao, one bet365 bonus code pa founders of Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties, said: "The business of all things is the most impressive，This element is the source of good deeds，What is called benevolence。” (Volume 11 of "Henan Cheng Family's Posthumous Letters") Business is the vitality of all things in the world，The universe is a sentient world where business flows and communicates。Different things make up a colorful world，Represents that everything in the world is connected by business and becomes one，This is "man and heaven and earth are one thing"。This shows that in Neo-Confucianism of Song and Ming Dynasties，Human beings and all things in heaven and earth together form a community of heaven and earth。In the final analysis，“Business” is actually a metaphysical expression bet365 bonus code pa universal inner connection between characters，Not just a poetic experience of placing affection on things。"Benevolence" thus has a cosmological meaning: people and people、The inner connection between man and everything in the world，It is the cornerstone of order and harmony in the community of heaven and earth。The intrinsic relationship between the businesses that Ren refers to，Can be analyzed from two levels: existence and character。In terms of existence，Internal correlation refers to the relationship between individuals based on mutual stimulation of nature、Mutual success，This allows individuals to merge from the finite into the infinite by entering into the order bet365 bonus code pa community of heaven and earth，Acquire universality、The meaning of publicity。From the perspective of mind，The way in which limited individuals obtain universality，Revealing the broader order from which life emerges，Indicates the higher-level connotation of human life，The transformation and cultivation of life are possible。

From the perspective of Chinese classics and history tradition，The above characteristics of Neo-Confucianism have special significance。The Confucian tradition since the pre-Qin Dynasty has always advocated the widespread enlightenment bet365 bonus code pa three generations of civilization represented by the Zhou rites，Moisturize yourself with virtue。Zhou Li represents the historical height of three generations of civilization，Individual life has been infiltrated and shaped by three generations of civilization；Life acquires the dimensions of history and civilization，Also demonstrates the political and religious ideals of etiquette, music and civilization。Confucian political and religious ideals can be summed up as "the world is for the common good"，According to Zheng Xuan's annotation "Gongyu Gongye"，“The world is common” means that the world is shared by all people in the world，Not privately owned，The position of emperor is passed down to the virtuous but not to the sons。After the establishment bet365 bonus code pa patriarchal feudal system in the Zhou Dynasty，Especially after Confucius "states without writing"，As proposed by Zhang Zhiqiang，The principle of "common world" is refined into "coordination through differences" under the unity of benevolence and etiquette，Cancel instead of difference，To realize and maintain the survival and prosperity bet365 bonus code pa community”。The "Government bet365 bonus code pa Three Generations" represented by "Gongtianxia" has always been the goal of Confucian political practice。As a product bet365 bonus code pa political trend of "returning to the rule bet365 bonus code pa Three Dynasties" since the Northern Song Dynasty，Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties achieved its goals with its unique ideas。The historical roots of this idea，Mainly due to changes with the times，Rites and music can no longer play a role in shaping people。

The ancient Chinese ritual and music civilization is the product bet365 bonus code pa three generations of civilization, especially the feudal clan system bet365 bonus code pa Zhou Dynasty，Since the abolition of feudalism in the Qin Dynasty、After the implementation bet365 bonus code pa county system，Ancient society has always been faced with the problem of how to make profits and losses and implement Zhou rites。The "New Tang Book: Rites and Music" written by Ouyang Xiu and others also has a famous conclusion: "From the three generations up，Government comes from one，And the rites and music spread all over the world；Three generations down the line，The cure comes from two，The rituals and music are just a false name。"Government comes from one means to guide the people with etiquette、Unity of governance and education；Governing comes from two means the separation of governance and education，The government records books、Prison litigation、Soldier and food are the rules，Light ritual and music education。In Chen Yinke’s words，It means "the etiquette recorded by historians since the Han Dynasty has been used in suburban temples and imperial courts，Everyone has something to do”。This is what modern historian Liu Xianxin said about etiquette "not being in line with human ethics"、Unconventional change”，Lost enlightenment、The function of guiding people’s lives。Chen Yinke quoted Shen Yao from the Qing Dynasty as saying，“The etiquette system is essentially connected with the feudal class”。In his opinion，Rites and music originated from the feudal (aristocratic) system，Chinese society from the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty is not far behind the times，There are still feudal patriarchal elements，The disconnect between the etiquette system and the times was not as serious as that bet365 bonus code pa Song and Ming Dynasties；The Song and Ming Dynasties were a civilian society in which "all the scholar-bureaucrats came out bet365 bonus code pa grasslands"，People’s understanding of etiquette at that time is no longer “similar to that of ancient times”。For the above situation，Zhu Zi once proposed to separate ritual and music from feudalism，Think about the reconstruction of rituals and music in the historical reality bet365 bonus code pa county system。The author’s preliminary research pointed out，This is the ideological effect brought about by Zhu Xi’s use of human nature to lay the foundation for the movement to rebuild rituals and music，This is also the characteristic that distinguishes Neo-Confucianism from other contemporary trends of thought。The so-called use of human nature as the foundation for the movement to rebuild rituals and music，This is what this article calls Neo-Confucianism bet365 bonus code pa Song and Ming dynasties, which positions people from the perspective bet365 bonus code pa order bet365 bonus code pa universe，And then reinterpret the rituals and music bet365 bonus code pa three generations。This new positioning bet365 bonus code pa relationship between man and the universe，Established the conditions for making kung fu cultivation possible，It is also the premise for the three generations of rituals and music to be updated and realized in the present。

　　The inherent tension bet365 bonus code pa practice of Neo-Confucianism and politics

Neo-Confucianism’s “Business” Theory，The essence is a metaphysical expression bet365 bonus code pa "human psychology" as nature。On the one hand，“Human psychology” has the cosmological significance bet365 bonus code pa community of heaven and earth，This makes every individual in the civilian society directly face the order bet365 bonus code pa universe，Able to settle life at the level of cosmic order、Rebuilding a better public society。On the other hand，Based on "human psychology"，The Sixteen-Character Mental Method and the "Distinction between the Taoist Heart and the Human Mind" regarded as the orthodoxy bet365 bonus code pa Three Dynasties by Neo-Confucianism can be explained in detail: Up，The metaphysical construction of sexual rationality leading to transcendence；Go on，Towards emotional communication、An ethical society constructed by reflecting and caring for each other。So，Able to cope with the metaphysical challenges of Buddha and Lao，It can also solve the problem of constructing political and religious order in a civilian society that is "unorganized"。In other words，Through the foundation bet365 bonus code pa human nature that everyone is equal to heaven，Three generations of ritual and music were separated from the feudal system，The subject bet365 bonus code pa reconstruction of rituals and music has shifted from the aristocratic class to the common people。Promulgate the top-down profit and loss system for politicians throughout the world，Transforming into individual moral improvement and group ethical community construction in civil society, each with its own nature (autonomy)。This also explains，The Neo-Confucianism of Song and Ming dynasties was originally a new principle of social organization，A new principle that fully adapts to the social and political conditions bet365 bonus code pa civilian era。In this sense，Neo-Confucian metaphysics has the most fundamental political and religious significance in the classical cultural and educational system。This is what Zhu Zi pointed out，The "reason" that was not fully explained until Er Cheng's appearance (Volume 129 of "Zhu Xi Yu Lei")，It solves the political problems bet365 bonus code pa times、Laid the cornerstone bet365 bonus code pa three-generation rule。

It is based on the establishment of "business" metaphysics，As the order and harmony bet365 bonus code pa community of heaven and earth, ritual and music are placed on the basis of human nature，Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming dynasties opened up a new vision of Confucian practice: ritual and music are the development of public connotations in human nature；And the cultivation of life，It has also become the hub and channel for establishing a harmonious and orderly community of heaven and earth。What needs to be explained is，The cultivation mentioned here is carried out in two dimensions: one is the dimension of heaven and earth，One is the dimension of three generations of civilization。Originally in the interpretive mechanism of Neo-Confucianism，The theoretical characteristic is to integrate metaphysics as the dimension of heaven and earth and social and political construction as the dimension of three generations of civilization，The cultivation of individual life becomes the source of power that activates the ritual and music system and transforms the world。From the perspective bet365 bonus code pa development process of Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties，These two dimensions run through the theoretical system of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties，Fundamental questions constituting Neo-Confucianism，In turn, it became the internal tension that promoted the evolution of Neo-Confucianism in the development process。Because bet365 bonus code pa cultivation bet365 bonus code pa heaven and earth dimensions，It can be done in the sense that an individual "communicates alone with the spirit of heaven and earth"；And the cultivation bet365 bonus code pa three generations of civilization，It has the connotation of objectification and public establishment。The differentiation between Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism and Lu-Wang Neo-Confucianism within Song and Ming dynasties，It is the inner tension between the two that drives it。In the early Ming Dynasty, Chen Baisha was confused by the fact that "the heart and reason are not in harmony"，The ideological history event of young Wang Yangming’s “Grobbing bamboos in front bet365 bonus code pa pavilion”，All with this tension as the background。The excessive ethicalization of Yangming’s studies in the late Ming Dynasty、The problem of excessive religion，It is also unfolded in this context。

Gu Yuncheng bet365 bonus code pa Donglin School pointed out: "I sigh at the lecturers today，The sky is falling and the earth is falling，He doesn’t care，Just teach your ears...In the Jin gentry, you only need to be wise and protect yourself，Only one sentence is passed down to the feudal lords in common clothes。”The lecturers Gu Yuncheng talked about，Mainly refers to the group of post-Yangming scholars in the mid- to late Ming Dynasty。What he described is obviously not an isolated phenomenon，This is an issue in the history of thought that we must seriously consider: the thoughts on life and life studied by the post-Yangming scholars are over-ethicalized、Suspicion of being overly religious，It shows indifference to political affairs，Not to mention practical application。In the early Qing Dynasty, Huang Zongxi advocated that "study must be based on the classics and not follow the false rules；Must be proven in historical records，Then it will be enough to cope with the task" (Quan Zuwang's "Yongshang Witness Academy")，This is the solution proposed to address the shortcomings of Yangming’s studies in the late Ming Dynasty。Huang Zongxi constructed a fusion of literature and Taoism、History and Life、The "New Mind Study" of Morality and Work，It has important theoretical significance for Yangming studies and even Song and Ming Neo-Confucianism。On the one hand，As Wang Hui pointed out，The significance of Huang Zongxi’s thought is reflected in the call bet365 bonus code pa three generations of ritual rule from the inside bet365 bonus code pa Neo-Confucian building to the outside，Transforming from fragmented institutional criticism into the basic structure of theory，Thus completing the unfinished task of Neo-Confucianism。On the other hand，From the perspective bet365 bonus code pa development bet365 bonus code pa Huang Zongxi-Zhang Xuecheng school in eastern Zhejiang since the late Ming and early Qing dynasties，It also constitutes a secret clue to the development of Neo-Confucianism in the Qing Dynasty。

　　(The author is a professor at the Department of bet365 bonus code pa, Sun Yat-sen University)