When it comes to the concept of "too much" in Zhang Zai's philosophy，Scholars generally believe that its meaning is very rich，It is a heavenly referred to and an astronomical sense.、Space related，And often quoted Zhang Zai's very famous "Toyuchu，There is the name of the sky "(" Zhengmeng · Taihe ") as the basis of the argument。In this dimension，Zhang Zai said too much refers to the sky (Sky)，refers to space (space)，Even more biased to the latter。Broadly speaking，Zhang Zai mentioned that Celestial Sphere and all the celestial spheres。

For living in modern cities、You can only see the dark weather at night and accept the wealth of the sun.，The sky is a very strange thing。We are for stars、Sunday of the planet、Anniversary Sports VIVThe experience is very small。What we see more is an abstract geometric，Among them, the sun is the center，The eight planets are rotating around it according to their own ellipse orbit。Another，After its own telescope，For us，The universe cannot see the side in any sense。But the ancients represented by Zhang Zai，On the one hand，The Earth (Earth) is of course the center of the universe; on the other hand，Although the sky is very far away，But this infinite distant sky itself，In fact, in a certain sense, the "bet365 live casino games boundary" of the universe。After all, as long as you think "Tianyuan"，"Yuan" This expression means that the shape of the sky is surrounded by a boundary。No matter how big the radius of the circle，Theoretically there will be a circle，Therefore, there will be theoretically beyond the theoretical circumference，The world is not really infinitely infinite。Although the ancients may not admit that the sky of "Tianyuan" is not infinite，But standing on the position of contemporary people，It is impossible to have a boundary，It is impossible to have shape。And，Because there is no shape，It can even have a geometric center。On the basis of these two differences，Modern people's understanding of Zhang Zai often has a misunderstanding。Modern people will first link the sky with space，Think of longitude、Location determined by latitude and altitude，and the area defined by a series of position coordinates，That is，Thinking of space in the three -dimensional geometric sense。I will even go further，When telling celestial bodies, you often abstract various star bodies as mass points。But the ancient people associated the heavens with material (qi)，Earth is Yin Qi，Day is Yangqi。Heaven is a practical ball and everything in the ball，Is they are exercising。In other words，In the worldview of the ancients，If you must say，Heaven is the material rather than space。

In this background, we can quickly discover，If within the range of space，bet365 live casino games Zhang Zai is too virtual. Specifically, it refers to the stars removed in space、Seven Politicals and other x。For example, he said: "The foolish person is in the sky，Only Qi Qi。Stars, so people are day and night，Directly ride with the ground to the middle，Therefore the star、Hehan is southern because of the north，Sun and Moon due to the hidden see，Too nothing，If it is not able to test it, it is also。"" ("Zhengmeng · Ginseng") If it is not in the spatial range and within the sky，Too much fingers are replaced by the sky, the wind, frost and snow、Rain dew and thunder X。For example, he said: "negative condensate，Positive divergent;，Yang Biyuan，Its potential is scattered。Yin is wind drive，The stalemate is the rain; the yin is yang gain，Raise the clouds for the cloud。So Yunwu Banbu is too virtual，Yin is wind drive，Convergence and not scattered。Fan Yin Qi condense，Yang is not allowed to get inside，then strikes and become a thunder;，then rotate and persists as wind;，Therefore, thunder wind has a small violence。and loose，It is frost and snowy dew;，It is the haze of suffocation;，Ejected in Yang，then wind and rain，Calligraphy and Summer。"(" Zhengmeng · Gin 2 ") But，A problem is，How do we understand this X?

This x is obviously not like the void (VOID)，It is not a non -existence (Nothing,or the next of Being。Based on this，The academic community also thinks that this X is actually not space，In bet365 live casino games particular, it is not an absolute space in the sense of the classic physics (absolute space)。If you want to accurately point out what X is，We still need to return to this dimension。

Zhang Zai once said: "The gathering of qi is scattered too much，Juxing condensed in water，Knowing Tai Xuying，。"(" Zhengmeng · Taihe ") here can have two interpretations。One，Ice and water are different forms of the same substance，Too Xu and Qi are the same，They are also different forms of the same substance。In this sense，Too much finger qi This substance is extremely thin state。Its two，There can be ice that has not yet turned into water，Taixuzhong can also have qi that has not been scattered too much (and qi gathered)。In this sense，Water is the environment where ice is stored in it，Taixu is also the environment that exists in it。In fact，Most of the scholars who think that Zhang Zai is too vain is space is often added after their judgment，Clarify that Zhang Zai said too much is not the empty space，Instead of gas full of space。but，The concept of space refers to "there must be material space" or "space and material", which are actually problems。Because if we admit that there is space、There is material，​​Space is not the same as material，Space plus material is actually not a thing，but a composition of two things。It's like in the world of the ancients，Thunderbolt and Sinan can only be two things。To solve this problem，Senior scholars have also bet365 live casino games made some concepts of "Faraday" attempt。For example，Zhang Yinian believes that it is too close to "space-time"，and this time is not equal to time、Space; Chenlai、Li Cunshan believes that it is very similar to the "field"，The field here is not a pure place、Location，but the unity of space and material。

The direction of the concept of Taifu in Zhang Zai's philosophy is undoubtedly correct with this unified material and space.。In this interpretation direction，The author thinks that it is too vain to be similar to the Extension (Extension)。Kwarley mentioned the concept of Expansion and its meaning in the history of astronomy in his study of the Western Modern Scientific Revolution.，He said，"Descartes will equal extension with material。... This famous thought contains extremely far -reaching results: first is the negation of the void "。From the Describes' view，Guangyan is the essence，The material is entity，Guangyan has actually become a criterion for identifying a certain X whether it is material。Based on this, there can be inferences: 1. All things that are extensive are material (or objects)，2. The so -called space is extensive，3. So，The so -called space is actually material，instead of void。You can see，equivalent to the extension and material、Guangyan is the essence of the entity、Three aspects of the connotation of the concept of Guangyan，Tu Xu Du is very similar to Guangyan。Kovare also said: "(Descartes) simply bet365 Play online games denied that there is something like the so -called‘ space ’，This kind of thing that is different from 'material' is ‘material’。‘material’ and space are equivalent，can only be distinguished by abstraction。Objects are not in space，between other objects，The space they 'occupying' is not different from them。"If we applies Korovre's description of Cartesta, it will be too bad，I am afraid that there will be not only no place to resist，On the contrary, there will be a feeling of the symbol: Zhang Zai also thinks that the object is not in the space，between other objects。He also denies the existence of the so -called "space"，This kind of thing that is different from "filling" its gas。qi and too virtual (so -called "space") are equivalent，can only be distinguished by abstraction。Qi and things are not in the "space"，is extremely thin、Between qi that cannot be seen with visual，The so -called "space" they "occupy" are not different from them。

If you understand too much as a pure space，So I am interpreting "Knowing Tai Dan is，If there is nothing ", it is possible to encounter difficulties。Because it is easier to launch the P2 "space in the space from P1" space must be full of material "，However。In Zhang Zai's philosophy，proof of P3 is as important as proof of P2、The same cannot be ignored，Even more。When we replace space with Guangyan，Interpret Zhang Zai's too vain as a wide delay in Descartes，Zhang Zai's meaning is actually: if you know that P1 "bet365 best casino games (what is existed in it) Guangyan is (other) objects (wide extension)"，Then we know that P2 "Taixu (Guangyan) and Qi —— Wanbing (Guangyan)，It is not without "。

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