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2012，The report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed the first important proposition of "sound socialist negotiation democracy"，At the same time, "incorporate political consultation into the decision -making process，Adhere to negotiation before and in decision -making，Enhance the effectiveness of democratic consultation "。2017，The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China further emphasized "something good to discuss，The affairs of everyone are discussed by everyone，Is the true meaning of people's democracy。To promote negotiation democracy and broad、Multi -layer、Institutional development，Ensure that the people have the right to extensive and continue to participate in daily political life "。As an important practical carrier of national governance，Public policy is the main way to realize the true meaning of the people's democracy of "the affairs of everyone"，It is also an important field for realizing democracy。From the perspective of the process of public policy，Discussion and discussion of the policy agenda setting before decision -making，Not only the key move to improve the level of decision -making democratization and the effectiveness of the government's response，Also refined the insights in all kinds of decentralized opinions，Unify different opinions，An important foundation for achieving high efficiency concentration。So，In the background of the new era，Theoretical and practical logic based on socialist negotiation of socialism with Chinese characteristics，Going to a negotiated policy agenda settings，Or it will become an inevitable choice for the democratization of China's policy agenda。

　　History of the development of contemporary China democratic politics

From the process of public policy，The logical starting point of the development of democratic politics lies in the democratization of the policy agenda，Democratic model selection of policy agenda is derived from the specific practice of democratic politics。Practical logic of contemporary Chinese democratic and political development，determines the inevitability of my country's going to the negotiated policy agenda setting mode。

First，It is the logic bet365 Play online games of the shoulder in China for political practice and development。Choose different from the value preferences of democratic procedures，Modern democratic politics generally develops along two paths: competitive democracy and negotiated democracy，The former emphasized to determine the candidate of the decision maker through competitive selection，The latter advocates that social diversified forces directly participate in the process of democratic decision -making。The differences in the historical environment and real conditions determine the different choices of democratization.。"Real conditions of China's political development、Historical responsibilities and basic political concepts assumed，Jointly determines that the selection of procedures for democratic politics in China must be based on negotiation。"Since the establishment of the People's Republic of China，The Communist Party of China has led the construction process of modern democratic countries in China，One of the important achievements is to establish a multi -party cooperation and political consultation system led by the Communist Party of China，It constitutes an important institutional foundation for modern democratic politics in my country。After 70 years of practical development，This basic political system has gradually developed from the original channels for participation in politics to important ways to govern and democratic decision -making。So，From the perspective of national decision -making democratization，Constructing a negotiated policy agenda setting is the logic of the shoulder and development of my country's negotiated political practice。

Next，It is a concentrated manifestation of the implementation of the principle of democratic centralism。Democratic centralized system is a fundamental organization principle of the Communist Party of China，"From the perspective of the evolution of the connotation of democratic centralism，It is the party's organizational principles first，Later, it evolved into a criterion for political life and extension into a leading style of a leading cadre，Finally became the decision -making criteria for the party and the government "。A basic principle of decision -making as party and government，Democratic centralized system emphasizes the entire decision -making process，Democracy in the policy discussion stage first，After the decision Bet365 app download -making formulation stage concentration，These two processes are successively followed、complement each other。So，From the perspective of the policy process，Democratic democracy implemented by the party and the government is concentrated as the extensive participation of the policy agenda setting stage，Make multiple policy demands can fully express，This will inevitably require the construction of a negotiated policy agenda setting mode。

again，It is the only way to adhere to the mass line。The mass line is an important link for our party to closely contact the people of the majority，"Come from the masses，Go to the masses "value positioning，The fundamental value orientation of "centered on the realization of the people's interests" is completely consistent。From the perspective of practice，The mass line itself is a way of democratic decision -making，It is closely associated with the setting of the policy agenda，All emphasize respecting and maintaining the right expression and democratic participation of citizens in the decision -making process。As a participating discourse democracy，There is a close kinship between negotiating democracy and the decision -making method of the mass line。"Leading cadres take the mass line，Deeper into the masses，Consultation of the masses' opinions and requirements，It also created the opportunity to participate in the public。In the process of negotiating democracy，Leading cadres not only organize and implement democratic consultations，Promote citizens to form consensus decision -making，Even as a party in the process of negotiation, participating in the negotiation dialogue，Exchange and interact with the masses，Provided the ways to affect decision -making。"So，Construct a negotiated policy agenda setting mode，Persist in taking the mass line、The only way to achieve the democratization of decision -making。

　　Internal requirements of responding to the transformation of the main contradictions in society

"The main contradiction in society shows the problem of demand，Its essence is a question of interest。"" at different historical stages，The judgment of the main contradictions of the governor is essentially based on the changes in the level of public needs and the changes in the structure of the interests。The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out，"Socialism with Chinese characteristics enters a new era，The main contradictions in our bet365 best casino games society have transformed into a contradiction between the people's growing good life needs and unbalanced and inadequate development ... The people's beautiful life needs to be widespread，Not only has higher requirements for material and cultural life，And in democracy、rule of law、Fair、Justice、Security、Environmental requirements are growing "。The transformation of the main contradictions in society is the result of the continuous improvement of my country's economic and social development。According to Maslow's needs level theory，With the people's material needs, it is basically met，Other higher -level needs will appear。Political level，People's demand for democracy continues to grow，Start paying attention to your own interest expression，The enthusiasm of political participation gradually increases，They are increasingly hoping to participate in the process of public policy related to their own interests，Make your own interests and policy demands get the attention and response from government decision makers，Then affect decision -making formulation。

In a certain sense，Public policy is the action taken by government decision makers to respond to social needs，"Any public policy，A response to the realistic issues of a public power on a social real problem "。The main contradictions of the society reflect the concentrated field of social reality，The decision -making activities of the party and the country must also make effective responses around the transformation of the main contradictions of society。If the demand for citizens is relatively single，Government decision makers can actively respond to policy demands from society more，So when the demand of citizens becomes more diversified and complex，Government decision makers with limited attention are difficult。In other words，A large number of complex and diverse public issues and policy issues cannot get the attention of decision makers at the same time and enter the decision agenda。In this case，Social response of public policy will inevitably present an uneven state，To a certain extent, it is also the root of the main contradiction in the new era of society。From this perspective，An important prerequisite for improving the response to the government's public policy，It is to continuously meet the needs of the increasing interest in citizens。So，In the process of socialist democratic politics with Chinese Bet365 lotto review characteristics，By promoting the establishment of socialist negotiation and democratic institutionalization to meet the needs of the people's interests，To effectively respond to the transformation of the main contradictions in the new era of society in the new era，It has the inherent inevitability。

Because，Socialist negotiation Democracy emphasizes "things involved in the interests of the people of all ethnic groups in the country，It is necessary to discuss extensively in all people and the whole society;，It is necessary to discuss among the people in this place; involve the interests of the masses、Things of the interests of specific masses，It is necessary to discuss among these people; things involved in the interests of the grassroots people，We must discuss extensively among the grassroots people。The process of discussing in all aspects within the people，It is to carry forward democracy、The process of brainstorming and beneficial，is the unified thought、The process of condensing consensus，is scientific decision -making、The process of democratic decision -making，It is the process of realizing the people's head as the master "。Setting mode of the negotiated policy agenda，Let the people can fully negotiate discussions on issues related to their own interests of their own interests before the decision maker can be discussed，In the process of negotiating, a large number of social and public issues are continuously focused，Forming policy issues Enter the government decision -making agenda，This can effectively respond to diversified and complex social needs，Solve the main contradictions of society。

　　Reality needs to realize the modernization of national governance

The logic of understanding national decision -making is to understand the core content and important perspective of national governance logic。In the context of national governance，Citizens are no longer passive recipients of public policy，"Citizens are managers，It is also the autonomous person、The dominant of the co -governors and the destiny of their own "。That is to say，Modern national governance is a kind of democratization、programmatic、Institutionalized governance，It requires the party and the country to decide the process of providing institutionalized channels for citizens' opinions and interests of interests，so that public policies can truly realize the interests of the people。But，Compared with traditional bet365 Play online games society，State governance in modern society is undoubtedly more complicated。With the development of industrial society in the back of the industrial society，Human society is entering a complexity、The era of rapid growth and uncertainty，This causes the dilemma of the two dilemma between national governance efficiency and citizen participation。Traditional elite democracy and mass participation democracy obviously cannot provide a satisfactory solution for overcoming this dilemma，The rise of negotiating democracy provides a feasible choice for alleviating the tension relationship between the "elite decision" and "citizen participation"。

As a democratic decision -making method，Democratic democracy emphasizes the diverse interest subject to start a equal and rational negotiation in public affairs involving vital interests、Discussion，As a result, preference conversion，and gradually reach a consensus。It can provide both consultation channels before decision -making for citizens，It can also guarantee the public opinion foundation of elite decision -making during the decision -making process，to improve the democraticity of the decision -making process。The "dual -track discussion democracy" theory proposed by the important advocate of negotiated democracy Habermas believes，Democratic democracy includes the democracy of the law of rule of law and the informal public domain aspects of the formal political system，The former is a process of formation of public will，The latter is the formation process of a public opinion。Both of them are both different and closely connected with each other，The public will of the formal political system points to the final decision，and ordinary citizens through negotiation in the informal public domain、The public opinion formed discussed cannot determine the public policy，Instead of becoming the basis of democratic decision -making in the formal political system。"Discussion politics is therefore inseparable from the process of formation of the will of democracy and the interaction between the process of form that does not have formal forms。”

From the perspective of the public policy process，Citizens' negotiation in the informal public domain also occurred in the policy agenda setting stage，That is, citizens' negotiations in the setting stage of the policy agenda in citizens、Discussion，Make their respective policy demands fully express，and in the process of Bet365 app download rational negotiations to achieve preference conversion，Reach consensus on policy issues that everyone generally cares about，Become a key variable that affects the decision -making in the subsequent formal political system。Under the political context of contemporary China，The current national governance system also faces the dilemma of obvious "elite decision" and "citizen participation"，Real needs to overcome this dilemma must be required to introduce the value concept and institutional program through the introduction of negotiation democracy，Construct a negotiated policy agenda setting mode，Provides basic institutional guarantee for the realization of national governance modernization and national decision -making democratization。

　　(Author Unit: School of Public Management, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics、Nanjing Normal University National Civil Affairs Policy Theory Research Base)