David Miller (David Miller) is a famous political philosopher at Oxford University in the United Kingdom，He wrote a book that criticized the free economy of capitalism in 1989，Try to propose a socialist market economy theory。The title of this book is "Market、National and Community "，The subtitle is "the theoretical foundation of market socialism"。At that time，It is the time of socialist development of socialist development globally。So，Miller's work does not cause much response。But，Time is the test gold stone of truth，Expressing over time，Since China's reform and opening up, politics、Economy、The great achievements achieved in all aspects of culture are enough to prove to the world: a socialism combined with the market economy is not only possible，It is also a political and economic system that is better than the capitalist market economy。Review History、Looking forward to the future，Miller pointed out in the communication with the author: "Now it is probably the right time to return to market socialism!"

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In the 1970s and 1980s, when the Western capitalist market economy ideology was the same as the way。Western scholar Hayek、Nokk、Friedman and other right thinists have written books and said，The legitimacy of the argument for laissez -faire free markets，Opposition to any form of macro -control and re -distribution policy。These ideas are not only sweeping Europe and the United States，It also has a great impact on Bet365 lotto review other countries。One time，Minimum country、Comprehensive privatization、The country is just the perspective of the market -running nightman and other viewpoints dominate the right to speak，Almost the standard mode of the market economy。But，Socialism in capitalism、The market is still planning such a completely dual controversy，​​Miller soberly aware of the danger of laissenging to the market economy，keenly discovered the theoretical problems of liberal economics and the adverse consequences that may be generated，And pointed out a socialist road that is walking with the market economy。

In "Market、National and Community "in the preface，Miller opened the door to see the two ideas of this book: First，Reveal various theoretical issues of laissez -faire economic theory; second，Explore a socialist theory that contains active market economy。Miller pointed out，The theory of the market economy should not be "one yuan"，It should not only be a form of capitalism，Socialist and market economy for contemporary people，It is an attractive value combination method。At the same time，The diversity of theory also means the diversity of the system。The free release market economy is not the only institutional form of the market economy，The market economy system coordinated with macro -control has greater reasonableness。

Miller thinks，Hayek and Nonick represent a "new right" tendency of liberalism，This is a kind of "market -oriented" and "anti -political thought"。He pointed out，In Hayek's theory，"Whether the law constitutes a violation of freedom" is virtuous。From this，Those legal system that regulates free markets，Bet365 lotto review For example, tax system，Will it threaten people’s freedom，It's blurred。other，Hayek's so -called market is a spontaneous order、The market should maintain value neutrality and other ideas，Theoretically there are defects: the spontaneousness of order itself does not guarantee the legitimacy of order。Miller thinks，If a certain value consensus and value -oriented，So the independent development of the free market will only lead people to monopoly、Exploitation and oppression，Leading to a division of rich and poor、order of weak meat and strong food，instead of guided the common development of everyone as Har Yayo's conception。

For the concept of freedom of Nokkk，Miller believes that its foundation is "voluntary exchange" and "consent principles"。But，"Desperate Transaction", "Money Transaction", "Drug Transactions" are voluntary exchange，But it may greatly hurt people's freedom。From this，Nogk believes that a free market based on "voluntary exchange" is a pure program justice，This is also unreasonable。Miller thinks，People should not accept the results of market exchange unconditionally。Because，During the voluntary exchange process，Possible events that infringe on people's rights，And this is precisely a reason for the state's supervision and macro control in the market。In short，Miller thinks，Starting from the concept of freedom from Hayek and Nurkick, you cannot get a release market that completely abandon the macro -control of the country and the government。

　Marketing socialism that maintains the core concept of socialism

From the view of Miller，Market socialism represents such an attempt: abandon bet365 best casino games some of the shortcomings of national socialism，The core concept of maintaining socialism at the same time。Miller thinks，Socialism in the market should reach four goals: First，Realize the advantages of the market economy in the production of all goods and services; second，Limit the role of the country in the economy within a certain range，to ensure the operation of the democratic government; third，Ensure that workers are autonomy as a member of the individual or private enterprise; fourth，Control the income gap in a certain range through the first distribution (rather than relying on re -distribution)。To achieve the above goals，The key lies in the social possession of capital。

Miller not only demonstrates the possibility of market socialism，Also try to demonstrate on the basis of the market economy，The possibility of constructing a socialist country，and the possibility of people forming a social relationship in the community。This is exactly what the title of the book is clear: Market、Country and community。Miller pointed out，In the market，People’s relationship is based on voluntary exchange，Everyone exchanges what they want with their own exchanges; citizens of the country，The relationship between people is specified through the form of regulations and obligations，Products are distributed through these rules; as members of the same community，People are connected by the bond recognition，and negatively helps each other's informal obligations。Contrary to market socialism，The free market theory of the capitalist version only emphasizes the legitimacy of the "market"，Emphasize "voluntary exchange" between Bet365 app download people，Ignore the dimension of "country" and "community"，The understanding of human society is one -sided。

The great achievements of China's reform and opening up over the past 40 years have just proved that a socialist country with a market economy is completely possible，And，Socialist market economy through macro -control policies based on national construction and community recognition，Abandon many disadvantages of the capitalist market economy，It is an economic system that is better than the capitalist market economy。Today，In Sino -US trade friction，A major accusation of the United States for China is that China's political and economic system is "national capitalism"，This completely misunderstand China's political and economic model。

From the view of Miller，The fundamental characteristics of marketing socialism are: social possession of production materials，and the design that can be designed through some democratic system，Reduce the salary gap between entrepreneurs and ordinary workers。In the capitalist market economy system，The wages between capitalists and workers are very different，and directly leads to the inequality of workers 'dependence on capitalists and capitalists' exploitation and oppression of workers。But，In the socialist economic system，Workers lead the development of enterprises through democratic decisions，Can effectively control the income gap between employees with different status。From the standards explained by Miller，The capital of Chinese state -owned enterprises in China is owned by the whole society，And most state -owned enterprises can control the wage gap between corporate leaders bet365 live casino games and ordinary employees。So，my country's market economy is a typical socialist market economy。

As Miller said，The capitalist market economy system's understanding of human consortia is extremely one -sided。In the free market，People can only exchange themselves in exchange for their own need，Everyone is regarded by others as a tool for achieving their own purposes。But，In a human consortium，The relationship between people is except for mutual use in the market economy，There are two very important levels: first，equal citizen relations in the same political community。This equal relationship requires people to regulate their behavior with rights and obligations，On the other hand, it also requires the basic needs of all political community members through social distribution led by public power。In this regard，The re -distribution of the market for the first time of the market becomes one of the core functions of the country。Every citizen in the country has equal right to life、Health Right、Education rights, etc.，These are not achieved by a market economy that is not competing freely。To protect the basic rights of everyone，Government and the state must adjust the results of free competition through macro -control policies。2，In a human consortium，People are still members of a united community。In a specific historical and cultural context，People identify through their identity，Become a member of the same community。This member identity requires people to make beyond rights to others、Care and care of obligations。"Old and old and old people，Young and young。"as a member of the united community，bet365 Play online games People pass the alms、Charity、Obligations and other good behaviors and care about others。Love of humans、Emotional bonds between citizens，This is probably one of the fundamental reasons for human society。

　(Author Unit: School of International Relations of Renmin University of China)