In the Western bet365 kentucky bonus code and ideological circles in the first 20 years of the 21st century，Raymond Geuss and his “bet365 kentucky bonus code realism” approach can be described as a school of their own。Compared to other well-known bet365 kentucky bonus code philosophers in the 21st century，Gois is considered a "late bloomer" - although he was born in 1946 and has retired from his position as professor of philosophy at the University of Cambridge，But most of his major works were published in the first 20 years of the 21st century；Slavoj Žižek and Judith Butler, who are younger than him, were already famous in academia as early as the late 20th century。Gois took over the banner of critical reflection on modern politics in Western bet365 kentucky bonus code thought in the 20th century，And melt it into a unique "bet365 kentucky bonus code realism"，A sharp point breaks through the imaginary veils in contemporary Western bet365 kentucky bonus code concepts that are divorced from historical foundations and bet365 kentucky bonus code reality，And profoundly reveals the realistic nature of modern politics: Politics is an undertaking that practices power and coercion，Rather than a simple application of established theories, especially moral doctrines。This conclusion not only poses a severe challenge to modern Western bet365 kentucky bonus code theory since Kant，Provides a clear and in-depth path for us to critically reflect on modern Western politics。

　　Hallucinations and Imagination

Gois’s precise criticism of modern Western bet365 kentucky bonus code concepts，Benefited from his in-depth understanding of the German philosophical tradition。As early as 1981 in his debut book "The Concept of Critical Theory"，He introduced the critical theory of Habermas and the Frankfurt School to English readers，Subsequently in 1999, he edited the English translation of Nietzsche's "The Origin of Tragedy and Others"。Gois has repeatedly mentioned three German thinkers who have had a profound influence on him: Marx's criticism of German idealism as being out of touch with reality and his emphasis on the social environment in the historical context，Opened his doubts about the integrity and coherence of modern bet365 kentucky bonus code concepts；Nietzsche’s refutation of the metaphysical tradition and genealogical examination of historical concepts，Provides him with an excellent theoretical tool for analyzing the evolution of modern bet365 kentucky bonus code concepts；And Weber’s explanation of the concept of legitimacy and sorting out the operating mechanism of power，allowed him to enter the context of modern bet365 kentucky bonus code phenomena，Discuss the gap and tension between bet365 kentucky bonus code concepts and bet365 kentucky bonus code reality。

His deep cultivation in the field of intellectual history provided him with a broad and profound historical perspective in his 2001 book "History and Illusion in bet365 kentucky bonus code"。In the book，Gois bravely lifted Nietzsche’s “philosophy of the hammer”，To the country、Liberalism、Capitalist Economy、The five elements of democracy and human rights are interlocking、The airtight collection of concepts unfolds a comprehensive deconstructive analysis。Under the beating of this "hammer"，These seemingly self-evident concepts not only present various internal difficulties，It is even difficult to integrate organically with each other: generally considered to be based on consent、A modern country that gains legitimacy based on the three principles of rationality and common interests，In fact, it cannot fully realize these three goals because of its monopoly on violence；Liberalism, which has always been vague in the evolution of the history of ideas, has been mixed with too many contradictory things about freedom、Tolerance、The doctrine of individualism and protection against power，Therefore it is difficult to get a clear definition of the concept；The concept of democracy has always been in the fuzzy zone between describing a certain real system and outlining an ideal state，The popular control formed by its coupling with the state is difficult to reconcile with liberal principles，Making the three almost form an "impossible triangle"；And the concept of rights is not just an accidental historical alliance with liberalism，It is also difficult to grasp clearly due to its changing nature，The Christian theological background presupposed by Locke in the origin of the doctrine of natural rights and the unlimited access to natural resources，It makes it even more difficult for it to take root in lands outside of Western society。

Gois insists，Believe that this set of concepts is internally coherent and use this set of concepts to examine real politics，It is the biggest illusion of modern Western politics。This systemic contradiction actually reminds us，Not only does every concept have its own genealogical historical evolution，We also learned these concepts in a specific historical context and applied them to real life。If certain bet365 kentucky bonus code creeds are overly abstracted，In effect stripping them of their historical roots，Thus, it also ruins the possibility of explaining and guiding actions in real scenarios。Recognize the clumsy rigidity and mismatch of contemporary bet365 kentucky bonus code ideas，Not only can we optimize our bet365 kentucky bonus code practice，It also opens the way for Gois’s “bet365 kentucky bonus code realism” perspective。

　　bet365 kentucky bonus code and reality

In the 2008 work "Philosophy and Real Politics"，Gois points directly to the core idea that supports these contemporary concepts: neo-Kantianism。In the English world，The Kantian slogan "Politics is ethics in application" is quite popular。And Gois thinks，Three mainstream forms of contemporary bet365 kentucky bonus code philosophy - Rawlsian concept of justice、Nozick’s concept of rights and egalitarianism，In essence, they all inherit the moralizing tendency of this argument towards politics，So it ends up being ideological preaching without touching the essence of bet365 kentucky bonus code things。However，This does not mean that Gois is opposed to any normative doctrine，Nor does he mean that he believes that all moral doctrines should be excluded from the bet365 kentucky bonus code sphere。Gois acknowledged that moral doctrine has played a pivotal role in the post-Christian Western world，But it just simplifies complex human behavior into a binary world of "black and white"，Not helpful in understanding real politics。Politics has its own independent operating mechanism，Moral doctrine is not the cornerstone of this mechanism，Rather, it exerts its influence in some way within the framework of this mechanism，This mechanism is exactly the theoretical picture that Gois’s “bet365 kentucky bonus code realism” approach attempts to construct。

According to Gois，The so-called "bet365 kentucky bonus code realist approach" continues Hobbes' concern about the specific forms of human collective behavior in history，This means no longer starting to think about politics with some ontological definition of the realm of “politics”，But start with some specific questions first。Gois lists three typical questions: Lenin’s question focuses on “who has power over whom”，That is, how power operates among people；Nietzsche’s question involves “how to choose”，Focus on the subject’s preferences in a specific specific historical situation，Rather than absolute and universal goodness；And Weber’s question is “Why obey”，Discuss the reasons and basis for bet365 kentucky bonus code action based on the concept of legitimacy。Based on these three questions，Gois summarized the four basic propositions of the "realist approach to bet365 kentucky bonus code philosophy": 1.Focus on people’s “real motivations” rather than the rationale for their actions；2.Believe that politics involves more than just beliefs and opinions，Also including actions and their context；3.Politics in history，Thus "there are no interesting 'eternal problems' in bet365 kentucky bonus code philosophy"；4.Politics is more akin to using a certain skill，Rather than some theory。Therefore，The bet365 kentucky bonus code philosophy of realism，Modern politics primarily involves "power，And the acquisition of power、Distribution and Application”。Unlike Machiavelli who made such a conclusion、Laswell or Dahl，Gois expanded the category of power from coercive force to various "soft powers" including bet365 kentucky bonus code theory itself，And place it at the core of bet365 kentucky bonus code and philosophical thinking，Any bet365 kentucky bonus code theory that thinks from various abstract concepts，If you don’t realize that you are also in this power network，You will not be able to gain a true understanding of politics；The real bet365 kentucky bonus code theory must be generated from the understanding of the existing bet365 kentucky bonus code and social systems and culture。

Alasdair MacIntyre once praised，“No contemporary moral and bet365 kentucky bonus code philosopher can compare with Raymond Gois”。Gois’ refined writing style，The argument goes straight to the point，By reflecting on the ideas that have become deeply ingrained in Western politics，He not only raises sharp questions about certain bet365 kentucky bonus code theories，It also guides us through various complicated ideological doctrines，Thus, we can see into the core of modern politics—power and its operating mechanism。The "bet365 kentucky bonus code realism path" pioneered by Gois can undoubtedly provide a good recipe for modern politics，Provide reference for building a broader “community of human civilization”。

　　(Author’s affiliation: School of International Relations, Renmin University of China)