In Western political and thought circles in the first 20 years of the 21st century，Raymond Geuss and his "political realism" path can be described as a self -made faction。Compared to other well -known political philosophers in the 21st century，Goyce is a "big dealer" -Although he was born in 1946, he has been in Rongxiu from the post of professor at the Department of Philosophy of Cambridge University，But most of its main works were published in the first 20 years of the 21st century; while Slavic Zezek and Judy Butler, younger than him, had already known the academic circles as early as the late 20th century。Goyce took over the banner of the 20th century Western political thought on modern political critical reflection，and melted it into a unique "political realism"，A bloody place breaks the imagination veil of the historical foundation and political reality in the contemporary Western political concept，and whipped in revealing the real nature of modern politics: politics is a cause that practice power and compulsory force，instead of a simple application of the theory of the theory, especially the moral theory。This offense not only puts forward severe challenges to Western modern political doctrine since Kant，More criticized for our critical reflection on Western modern politics provided a clear and in -depth channel。

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Bet365 lotto review Goyce's precise criticism of Western modern political concepts，Thanks to his in -depth understanding of the German philosophy tradition。In the debut "Concept of Critical Theory" published in 1981，He introduced the critical theory of Harbamas and Frankfurt to English readers，Later, in 1999, I edited the English translation of Nietzsche's "The Origin of Tragedy" and Other "。Goyce has repeatedly mentioned the three German thinkers who have had a profound impact on him: Marx's criticism of German idealism and the emphasis on the social environment in the historical context，Open his doubts about the integrity and coherence of modern political concepts; Nietzsche's traditional refutation of the school's tradition and the spectrum -style inspection of historical concepts，provides an excellent theoretical tool for analyzing the changes of modern political concepts; and Weber's interpretation of legitimacy concepts and combing of power operation mechanisms，Let him enter the context of modern political phenomena，Discuss the gap and tension between political concepts and political reality。

The deep cultivation in the field of thought history provides a broad and profound historical perspective for his 2001 book "History and Phantom in Politics"。In this book，Goyce bravely lifts Nietzsche's "Hammer's Philosophy"，For the country、Liberalism、Capitalist economy、Demonstration of five elements of democracy and human rights、The concept of unprepared concepts has launched a comprehensive deconstruction analysis。Under the knock of this bet365 Play online games "hammer"，These seemingly self -evident concepts not only have various difficulties inside，It is difficult to organically integrate each other: it is generally considered to be established in consent、Modern state that obtains legitimacy based on the three principles of rationality and common interests，In fact, these three goals cannot be fully achieved due to their monopoly; liberalism, which has always been blurred in the evolution of conceptual history, is mixed with excessive self -conflict.、tolerance、Doctrine of Personalism and Prevention，Therefore, it is difficult to get a clear concept definition; the concept of democracy has been in the vague zone describing a realistic system and outlined some ideal state，It is difficult to coordinate with the principles of liberalism and the principle of liberalism with the national coupling，Makes the three of which almost formed a "impossible triangle"; and the concept of rights is not just an alliance with liberalism in history，It is also difficult to be clearly grasped due to its multi -end nature.，Natural rights doctrine theory of Christian theological background and infiniteness of natural resources in the origin of the origin (Lockera)，It makes it difficult for it to take root on the land outside Western society.。

Gource insisted on，I believe that this set of concepts are inherently integrated and this concept is used to review real politics，Is the biggest hallucination of modern Western politics。This systematic contradiction actually reminds us，Not only does it have a spectrum bet365 Play online games -based historical revolution behind any concept，We also learned about these concepts in a specific historical context and applied them to real life。If some political creeds are excessively abstracted，In fact, they are peeled out of their historical foundations，Therefore, it has broken the possibility of explaining and guiding operations in the real scene。Aware that the clumsy and rigidity of the contemporary political concept is not matched with each other，Not only can we optimize our political practice，It also opened the path for Goyce's "political realism" perspective。

　　History and reality

In the 2008 work "Philosophy and Reality Politics"，Goyce is the core idea of ​​supporting these contemporary concepts: New Kantism。In the English World，"Ethics in politics is the ethics in the application" This Kant -style slogan is quite popular。and Goyce thinks，Three mainstream forms of contemporary political philosophy -Rols -style justice、Nozic -style concept of rights concept of peace and equalism，Essentially inherited this assertion tendency to politics，Therefore, they all flow in ideological preach and cannot touch the essence of political things。But，This does not mean that Goyce opposes any specification doctrine，It does not mean that he believes that all moral doctrine should be excluded outside the political field。Goyce acknowledged that moral theory played a pivotal role in the Western world of the post -Christian era，But it just simplifies the complex human behavior to the dual -opposing world of "non -black and white"bet365 live casino games ，No help to understand real politics。Politics has its own independent operating mechanism，Moral Theory is not the cornerstone of this mechanism，Instead, in this mechanism framework, exert its influence in some way，This mechanism is the theoretical picture of Goyce's "political realism" path.。

According to Goyce，The so -called "political realism path" continues Hobbes' attention to the specific form of human collective behavior in history，This means no longer starts to think about politics with a definition of certain ontology in the field of "political"，Instead, start with certain specific problems。Gource lists three typical problems: Lenin's question is concerned about "Who has power to who"，That is the operation of power between the crowd; the problem of Nietzsche involves "how to choose"，Follow the preferences of subjects in a specific specific historical situation，instead of absolute and universal goodness; and Weber question is "why obey"，The reasons and basis for discussing political actions from the concept of legitimacy。Based on these three issues，Goyce summarizes the four basic propositions of "realistic paths of political philosophy": 1. Pay attention to people's "real motivation" instead of "that should be so".，also includes action and its context; 3. Politics in history，Therefore, "there is no interesting 'eternal problem' in political philosophy '"; 4. Politics is more similar to using some kinds of skills，instead of a certain theory。Therefore，Political philosophy of realism，Modern politics bet365 best casino games first involves "power，and the acquisition of power、allocation and application "。Different from Makiawari, who has made such a judgment、Laswell or Dar，Goyce expands the scope of power from force from force to various "soft power", including the political theory itself，and place it in the core position of political philosophy thinking，Political theory that think about thinking from various abstract concepts，If you can’t realize that you are also in this power network，It is impossible to obtain a true understanding of politics; and the real political theory must be sent out from the understanding of the existing political and social system and culture。

Alas Dell Macinol once praised，"No one among contemporary morals and political philosophers can compare with Raymond Goyis"。Goyis Wind Winter，The argument is pointing directly at the main point，Through reflection on those concepts of those who have been rooted in Western politics，He not only raises sharp questions about certain specific political theories，More guided us through all kinds of complicated ideological doctrine，Therefore, see the core of modern politics -power and its operating mechanism。The "Political Realist Path" developed by Gource can undoubtedly provide a good recipe for modern politics，Provide reference for building a more extensive "Community of Human Civilization"。

　　(Author Unit: School of International Relations of Renmin University of China)