Why should you advocate historical and political science at this moment? Now there is a relatively streamlined and authoritative method，It is "a big change in a century"。As a Chinese knowledge worker，We have to prepare psychological preparations、Knowledge Preparation，Welcome to the arrival of this historical drama era。

early 2019，The theme of the "Munich Safety Forum" is "WHO is Going to Pick Pieces of the Disintegrating World Order?" Global order is in a process of disintegration，The parts have fallen to the ground，Who has the ability to stitch it out? The dilemma faced by Western countries is extremely profound，Every link they used to be confident in the past was wrong: First，Trump wants to dismantle the multilateral mechanism after the war，After the war after the war, the international order is crumbling。2，The main axis of the post -war system is the United States，The Atlantic Alliance is a very important cockpit stone。But the partnership between the United States and Western Europe began to crack，It is also a question whether the EU itself can be continued。third，The globalization model led by the United States is unsustainable，At least a huge rebound in developed countries in the West，Anti -political movement of anti -globalization and anti -new liberal policies rising，Its political bet365 best casino games foundation、Social foundation is disintegrated。Fourth，The democratic system itself also has a legitimate crisis，It does not solve the fiscal crisis、Mystery in all aspects of ethnic group fusion，The distribution conflict has hardly been resolved。

Too many social science research in the past is American -style，Dedication that this society has developed to a very mature and stable state，Mistake believes that you only need to study some parameter changes，​​Instead of thinking about big structural transformation and other fundamental problems。The knowledge challenges faced by the mainstream social sciences of the West today are more sharp than us。Because it is difficult to foresee and understand the current historical trend，For example, the global financial crisis is still spread today，No real recovery。Japan is the first economy to enter the era of negative interest rates，It has been more than 20 years，Now the entire Europe is almost entering the era of negative interest rates，This is a normal capitalist society，It's like a black hole。The United States is now going to this road。This pair of mainstream economics，Especially for neoclassical economics is the biggest confusion，I don't know how to deal with this problem。Western democratic system has changed from the end of history 30 years ago to the current unconfident，This makes political scholars very embarrassed，Because in their ideological field，Except the deconstruction of the left，No new constructive things to cope with the bet365 Play online games current deep conflict and contradictions。The free international order after the war also makes liberal economists very panic，It is difficult for them，Especially the road and experience of the past forty years，Therefore, it is difficult to truly understand how China has driven the rise of many non -Western countries and underdeveloped countries，and it may drive world order to reshape。

These are some of the important knowledge challenges that are in front of us，Need a stronger scientific philosophical foundation for support，Need a broad、Social science research with a historical perspective response。I don't look forward to U.S. political scholars too much，Because they have a hidden and unsatisfactory ideological preset position，For example, Western centralism。Only a few people can break away from this limit，But they have been marginalized in the academic community。Another，The basis for the social science philosophy they rely on in the past sixty or seventy years is "asking for blindness"，Not said it is completely useless，Instead, it is just a tool knowledge。If you want to solve operating problems，This kind of carved insect skill is useful。But if you want to respond to the structural transfer of the era of history,，It is completely incompetent。

Of course，Political scholars with reflection are also available in the United States。Ian Shapiro of Yale University has a very thorough and deep criticism of the rational choice school，Call for the re -establishment of a realistic scientific philosophy foundation。bet365 Play online games He is very opposed to the explanation of the mainstream social sciences, especially economics，Back to the social science interpretation mode that uses individuals as the basic unit and explain the starting point。He pointed out，The scientific philosophy theory of the later evidence has long been indicated，It can truly reflect the position of scientists，Definitely the ontology of non -atomic theory。The same is true in the natural world，There will be a higher level of structure constantly gathered，Its attributes and causal effects cannot be transformed into an component，Can't be transformed into the smallest basic composition。

Experienceism theory is also worthy of reflection。It completely limits the scientific category of scientific knowledge to the experience world，This is also the basic knowledge theory that does not conform to natural scientific knowledge activities。The position of empirical understanding theory cannot explain the most basic core proposition of scientists' knowledge activities。Another，Under the guidance of logic empirical theory，often thinks that science should pursue a rule -style explanation，Relying on a so -called empirical law is to explain the starting point。But after the empiricalist philosophy theory, it has long been clarified，Good explanation or effective explanation is a so -called structural interpretation，Back to the structural premise behind the phenomenon or its production mechanism，instead of using the laws on the surface to explain Bet365 lotto review the occurrence and cycle of specific events。

other，Provenism is also extremely naive，Because the premise is that the facts and theoretical propositions can be clearly distinguished，Facts can be used as an independent pillar to verify the authenticity of the theory。But in fact, there is no such possibility at all。Social science should be a construction of scientific knowledge，but not the guidance principle of the guidance of natural sciences in mechanical。When facing society，It should be a conditional rather than a full transplant; social research should not be exactly equivalent to humanities，Only interpretation、Decoding or text。

If you want to carry out historic and political research，So，Re -constructing a scientific philosophy foundation is a job worth doing。It can help us understand and judge whether the knowledge of knowledge is required for rigor。Interpretation of mainstream social sciences in the United States often guide researchers to find the source of explanation at the individual level，All theories must have an individual to make the foundation，But this is completely upside down。Because，Some individuals who are born with social action，Only social structure can give it possibility。Each individual belongs to、Participated in the structural relationship between layers and one layer，It is possible to play various characters，Only the possibility of social actions。From this perspective，The interpretation of many social phenomena should be used as the source of the overall regression as the source Bet365 app download of the explanation，History research is the same。A good study should be in -depth，Just like peeling onions。and，Before do a very deep case research，Go to other studies again，can there be a high starting point。Only this，You will know where many possibilities are，Where can I find the answer，You will have a guided knowledge map。If you want to rebuild the scientific and philosophy foundation of history and politics，This will be a very important starting point。All political studies or social science research should be based on depth research。and today's mainstream social sciences or political sciences are still broad，A significant feature is big，and usually a horizontal section research at a certain time point。

Although this method of historical and political science is rare，But there are already some research paths that are very similar to it，For example, historical sociology、Analysis of historical structure、Historical empiricalism，They have a certain status in sociology and political science，These are the pioneers and important foundations of historical and political science，It's worth learning from。Political Science is very diverse，In different periods，Its definition is also different。Some critical historical theory can be used as a very important new philosophical theory and program for guiding social science or future historical sociology，There is a very clear close relationship between it and many pioneers (such as Marx) in the past。The knowledge work they do can find a footnote in critical evidence。

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