The most important thing in different countries is，It has its own consciousness and cognition of the society。The body is values，It is the most fundamental thing; cognition is the epistemology level，What is the way to get to know this world。Politics research in the United States and other countries in the world，Not without a historical perspective，But the historical perspective is the edge。Research Politics in a country，No historical perspective is not possible，Especially China has such a long history、So many experiences can be summarized，If you always follow the West，That must not be possible。

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Historical perspective is important，But what is historical and political science? In the long run，No matter what social science research is done，There should be a historical perspective。I understand historical politics in this way: politics and sociology、The biggest difference in history，It is an applied discipline in its bones。How to understand the discipline? Some disciplines have independent variables，It has a set of unique perspectives。For example，History is looking for causality in the timetable，Sociology finds cause and effect in structure。bet365 best casino games For example, doing party history research，Many timetables，Expand around various meetings，Because those are all turning meanings。But if you use a sociological perspective，Mao Zedong's "Analysis of the Class of Chinese Society" and "Fire of Stars，You can "" Paradise "," Hunan Peasant Movement Investigation Report "," New Democraticism ", etc.，These are sociological。Actually，Time perspective and structural perspective is the original perspective，Is an independent variable。

But what is politics? Human politics is particularly important，The particularity of people's speciality leads to political laws。Although it has the meaning of application discipline，But because people are born political animals，It actually has a great foundation。From this perspective，We generally regard political science as a basic discipline。but，Political Science always lacks its own independent variables and perspectives，This leads to the unsure of Western politics，Follow fashion。So，Western politics will make anthropology bands for a while，Let the sociological belt for a while，Let the economics belt for a while。Why Western Economics、Western politics tails are always bitter? The best political science in the West should be more politically，But doing comparative politics is to take a few cases，Find a few simple independent variables from it，It is ridiculous if you stand bet365 Play online games from the perspective of history。

　　Politics in history and society

So，Joining a historical perspective is very important。The most concerned about historical sociology is the problem，The arrival of modernity and its consequences。This is a common question of human beings。We know，Human self -control ability is getting stronger and stronger，The individual level is getting smarter，The ability to conquer nature is getting greater and greater，Self -cognitive language ability is getting stronger and stronger。but，Micro is very smart，Macro without wisdom，This is a big problem。Why do many people study traditional，Why are certain traditions so important，In fact, I still can't find a way out of some problems of modernization，This is the core question。What is this core question，The key is political issues。Modernization is coming，Nothing to industrial capitalism and democratic countries，It is caused by a large string of political construction in modern Western history，But the reason behind it is very complicated。

Western doing historical sociology，Especially the old generation，All historians。The third wave of politics in the West，The third wave of historical sociology has changed a bit。It should be said that they are also historians，But all are leftists。They all see Western problems，but not looking for hope in the East like Daniel Bell。I can't see hope when I get to the left with very cutting -edge，So bet365 best casino games they basically rely on structure，From the edge perspective、colonial perspective、Women's perspective，Find the perspective of the edge group，This is here，The way of organizational materials becomes more，But these scholars have been politicized。Why? They can't see the cards on their hands。Politics is the card in the hands of the actor、Resource。This is here，Although the core issues of these people are still political issues，But the card is less。That is to say，After the Western left in the 1960s and 1970s, after the overall collapse of the 1960s and 1970s，Turned into a small sense of identity left。

From this perspective，History and political science is important。During the transformation of modern countries to modern countries，China's territory is very large，Modernization is basically based on the original imperial framework。We are strong because of nationalism，It is inevitable that China is very disadvantaged。But in fact the end of the Ming Dynasty，The land area is also 56 million square kilometers。In this process，Compared with other countries，Even India, including，Our racial cleaning at least，Colonialism does not completely interrupt China's backbone。Indians said that when your spine is interrupted，The only thing you can do is cry。So it is difficult for Chinese people to understand Siye，It is difficult to accept the post -modern perspective，The reason bet365 best casino games is that our backbone is not interrupted。This means，China is completely likely to make its own set of things。In fact，New Confucianism after the Song Dynasty began，Confucian deepening society，Confucian expansion leading to the country's core territory of China has been built nearly a thousand years earlier than other countries，This is the core cause of China's modernization later。This is an accidental phenomenon，But there is inevitability behind this accident。This is the importance of politics in historical society。

　Time and historical perspective

Augustine proposed that history is the ultimate，Walk forward in 7 stages。Ultimate and phase theory actually originated in "Old Testament"。From the end of the 18th century to the 19th century，West, especially Hegel, pioneering and innovating a linear world。To China，We said Mencius is a historian，"There will be a king now in 500 years"，This is his view of time。In Islamic World in the 14th century，Scholar Ibn Khaldun，1332-1406)，The entire historical process is two major laws: sense of identity and ethnic group。He thinks，As long as a country is good, there is a problem，A sense of recognition after the third and fifth generation must be loose，The total population will inevitably increase，The entire society basically rely on these two variables to dominate。So，The concept of human time is not only wired，There is also a cycle bet365 Play online games time、Degenerate time、Multi -time。History sociology is a grasp of time，What are the laws of human history，is the time rule。At this time of time，Ultimate practice always does not dominate。

We emphasize the perspective of history，The ultimate solution is the time narrative of the time -related narrative of sociology too mechanically mechanical and political science.，These two are too tight，It will produce a diversity that completely violates history，Forms a world view with the same forward -powered machine。The current crisis of human survival，I call it Human Condition，What should I do if human survival conditions? Westerners' core thinking，Civilized conflict，Liberalism is good，Basically the dedication of Jewish Christianity and the rational combination of Roman Greek tools。Sun Yifei proposed a good concept to summarize，Call zero and expansion religion。We have no such thing in China，We don’t think about the problem like this。So our story tells good、Analysis，It can appear your own body theory。I think recently，There is an academic resource in China that is Lao Tzu's worldview。Chinese people may understand time bet365 Play online games from the perspective of Lao Tzu may be a way out，Because Chinese philosophy actually provides us with little way out。Although Confucius is very powerful，But both on the body and Tuerkan are very functional，Can't provide ontology，The body is in Taoist。

　(Author Unit: Department of Sociology, Zhejiang University、Department of Sociology at the University of Chicago)