Any organization needs to provide effective incentives to attract members' joining、Dimination of members，To maintain your own survival and development。For example，The company and the company pays the salary in exchange for employees' labor payment，Its main incentive method is material incentives; communities and clubs need to exchange for members by satisfying members' social interactions，It mainly provided by its members is intangible incentive。Organizations that cannot provide effective incentives are invalid organizations，It is difficult to survive in competition。Political parties as an important organization in modern society，Also need to solve how to provide effective incentive organization problems。Compared with other organizations，The incentive method of political party organizations has its own characteristics。As "non -governmental and non -people、Yiguan Yimin "organization，Political parties also have the way of material incentives and intangible incentives。Peter B. Clark and James Q. Wilson summarize the three incentive methods of the organization -material incentive、Unity incentive and target motivation，It can be applied to analyzing political party organizations。

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Maternal incentives mainly because political parties bet365 live casino games think that their members provide material returns to attract members and achieve organizational goals。In modern world，Except for a few non -party countries，The political power of most countries is exercised through political parties。Political parties pass the campaign、Revolution and other methods to seek political power，By recommending the members of the party as a member (member) and a member of the administrative agency (president、Prime Minister, Minister, etc.) to exercise power。Therefore, for ordinary citizens，Joining the political party is the only way for politics。

As early as the early 20th century，Weber noticed，The significance of joining the political party to politics，"The number of official positions caused by universal bureaucracy increases，As more and more people are required to ask the official position because the official position represents a particularly guaranteed livelihood，This trend of any party will be enhanced。For their followers，The political party has become a means of obtaining such a guaranteed living. "。

Material incentives can be divided into selective incentives and inclusive incentives。Selective incentives include the right to nominate the public office provided by the political parties、Public office improvement opportunities、full -time party management work, etc.。Get public office can not only bring the corresponding material income，If salary、Welfare、Office facilities, etc.，It also includes the psychological satisfaction caused by changes in power bet365 Play online games and status。Initiative incentive refers to incentives that all party members can benefit，If the political party's policy program can be exported as a actual government policy。

From the perspective of real politics，Regardless of Member or government or full -time party workers，The quantity only accounts for a small proportion compared to all party members，The quantity only accounts for a small proportion compared to all party members。The Spoils System of the Political Party in the United States in the early days of the United States，After the victory, political parties can divide most of the public office to the members of the party，There are relatively many opportunities for party members to get public office。But due to the inherent defects of the party's stolen system，The reform of the subsequent cultural and vocational system established the two -point method of "politics and administration"，The scope of public office that the party can allocate is limited to the elected government officials。In the case where selective motivation is relatively limited，Pratt & Incentives become material incentives for most party members to "meet but seek"。

Incidentity material incentives can be shared by all party members，But the problem lies in，Many inclusive material incentives (such as policy output) beneficiaries not only include ordinary party members of the party，It also includes all voters who support the party。3105_3129，So in this case，What is the significance of joining the political party? At this time, other non -material incentives need to be introduced。

　　Unite incentive

If material incentives are tangible incentives，So united incentives are invisible incentives。The scope of unity incentives is very extensive，Including the sense of participation brought by the organization、A sense of belonging、Pride and identity。Actually，Any organization that exists for a long time may bring unity and incentives to its members，Such as a famous brand、Political Society、Political Society、Club, etc.。political parties as an organization，Its unity incentive also has its own characteristics。

First is the exclusiveness of the party identity。Like other political communities，Political parties generally follow the principle of voluntary consciousness，That is, members can voluntarily join and exit。But unlike other political communities，Political parties usually do not allow members to have multiple political parties，and other political communities usually allow their members to have multiple members of similar organizations。

Followed by the cross -perception of political parties。Political parties can use the way of sucking party members，Gathering people in different units in society。As American politician David E. Apte said，"Party connects different functional groups。Political parties can be in the factory、School、Church、clan、Big Family、Cooperatives and other occasions Establish an organization，These organizations are connected together through their relationship with political parties。No matter how reluctant wish，Civil servants with overseas education Bet365 lotto review are forced to communicate with political party officials in the countryside or taxi drivers who have important positions in the party "。

In order to enhance the unity and incentive effect of party members，Many Western countries have continuously improved the political participation of party members through various measures，If the right to vote for ordinary party members to the nomination of the party。Before the reform，Police candidates' nomination rights are usually monopolized by minority elites，After the reform。The nomination right of the public office candidate is handed over to all party members to decide，While improving the democracy within the party，It has also enhanced the unity and incentives of political parties。

　　Target Incentive

Target motivation and unity incentives are invisible incentives。The difference between the two is，The many incentives obtained by the process of unity incentive focus on the process of joining the organization; the target incentive depends on the incentive energy of the organization itself。

When talking about the colonial liberation movement，Robert Bates, a famous American politician, saw the huge energy contained in the target incentive: "For the independence of the nation，People have made a huge sacrifice。People have abandoned normal pursuit to enter the political field，They gave up their careers、Sacrifice education and even gives life。Many people do this to pursue a lofty ideal: get rid of foreign rule，End race oppression and avoid colonial slavery。In short，They do this to seize the control of bet365 live casino games the country。They strive to enable the African people to obtain power to create and implement public policy，Then achieve greater prosperity。”

The goal incentives of political parties include short -term targets and long -term goals。Short -term targets are usually reflected in the specific campaign program，It is a commitment made by the party and party members during the campaign。Long -term goals reflect the unremitting pursuit of long -term social development in the long -term governing conditions。Compared with Western political parties，One of the advantages of the Communist Party of China is the ability to build and pursue long -term goals。In recent years，Chinese academic circles try to use the concept of "mission party" to explain and explain the Communist Party of China。Proposal of this academic concept，In fact, it is the typical feature of the Chinese Communist Party in terms of target incentives。

In short,，The above three incentive methods are used as three ideal types，It may be used in the specific operation process of political party organizations，The difference is the weight difference of three different ingredients。As for the specific weight allocation of its specific political parties，Depending on the nature of the parties、The governing environment and other specific factors，Need a specific problem for specific analysis。

　　(Author Unit: School of Public Management of Central South University for Nationalities)