The bet365 mobile betting psychology and attitude of the people are indicative of national stability and the survival of the regime，It is an important issue that attracts attention in any country and society。Although attention to the bet365 mobile betting psychology of citizens has a long history，But not until the second half of the 20th century，With Almond、Vibha's book "Citizen Culture" is a symbol，As a branch of bet365 mobile betting and cultural research, bet365 mobile betting psychology research has officially entered the scope of modern social science。

　　From "alienation" to "bet365 mobile betting": changes in conceptual discourse

Empirical bet365 mobile betting psychology research emerged in the United States in the 1960s。On the one hand，The behaviorist revolution in postwar social science brought new ways of thinking and research techniques，Pay more attention to the precise quantification of individual information，It also makes large-scale data collection and structured analysis possible，Thus promoting the study of bet365 mobile betting culture to get rid of the simple impression description and philosophical speculation paradigm。On the other hand，At that time, the United States had experienced a decline in government support and the spread of bet365 mobile betting apathy among the people in successive years，In the context of universal suffrage，Scholars naturally project their concerns about citizens’ bet365 mobile betting attitudes into the study of people’s voting behavior and psychology。

Realistic anxiety caused by negative citizens’ bet365 mobile betting attitudes，Making the field initially focused on negative attitudes such as “alienation”，Scholars hope to discover the possible bet365 mobile betting consequences of public attitudes (i.e., bet365 mobile betting attitudes are used as independent variables)，Also trying to explain why these attitudes arise (i.e., bet365 mobile betting attitudes as the dependent variable)。In this context，Concerns about practical issues go beyond the construction and testing of concepts。In early empirical research on citizens’ bet365 mobile betting attitudes，Conceptual discourse is complicated，Present a picture of everyone speaking his own words。In representative literature and questionnaires，Words used to express citizens’ bet365 mobile betting attitudes are: cynicism/disaffection/discontent、Alienation、Trust、support、trust(belief)、Conviction、Confidence, etc.。These concepts are used generally and casually，Lack of clarity、System definition，There is even less explanation of the conceptual structure and differentiation between different concepts。

Vague concepts and confusion of discourse，Making academic exploration of bet365 mobile betting attitudes during this period unable to focus on the research object，It is difficult to have an efficient dialogue between different studies。In view of this，Excavation and reflection on concepts also appear at the same time。David Easton in his book "Systematic Analysis of bet365 mobile betting Life" published in 1965，Preliminary distinction between different forms of "bet365 mobile betting support" (attitudes or behaviors)、Different properties (specificity or diffuseness) and different objects (institutions、System or community)，The first structured analysis of bet365 mobile betting attitudes。The other branch draws on the theoretical achievements of sociology，Deconstruct "bet365 mobile betting alienation" into "sense of powerlessness", "sense of meaninglessness", "sense of disorder" and "sense of isolation"。But these discussions stop at identifying and classifying the psychological elements behind “alienation” as discourse，The purpose is to find more appropriate empirical measurement indicators，In Ontology、There is still a lack of systematic theoretical construction at the epistemological and methodological levels。

Easton’s 1975 article “Reevaluation of the Concept of bet365 mobile betting Support” Comprehensive、Systematically elucidates the conceptual system of "bet365 mobile betting support"，From nature、Object、Content、Source、Five aspects of formation mechanism to build a theoretical framework for supporting attitudes，Covers different dimensions and levels of bet365 mobile betting attitudes，Pioneering exploration of the connotation and structure of bet365 mobile betting psychology，Established a basic paradigm for the study of bet365 mobile betting attitudes for postgraduate students。In Easton’s conceptual model，“bet365 mobile betting trust” as a sub-concept of diffuse support，Specifically defined as: “The public believes that bet365 mobile betting objects can consciously serve and meet the needs of the public。”

With the accumulation and deepening of empirical research，Scholars have found that while people are dissatisfied with government authorities, they still have affirmation and confidence in the basic principles of the democratic system，Anxiety about the “crisis of democracy” has been relieved to a certain extent。Plus Easton’s conceptualization of supportive attitudes、Strong promotion of systematization，The relatively positive "support" and "trust" can surpass the negative "dissatisfaction" and "alienation"，becomes a more commonly used expression to refer to bet365 mobile betting attitudes。Semantically speaking，“Support” can be both attitude and behavior，It is easy to cause confusion if not specified，In comparison，"Trust" is completely an attitude，More specific wording to express bet365 mobile betting psychology and attitudes、Intuitive、Accurate。So，Post-schoolers generally equate "trust" with attitudinal support。

　　bet365 mobile betting plane to three-dimensional: the development of academic paradigm

Easton presents the basic framework of bet365 mobile betting attitudes，Made fundamental theoretical contributions to the study of bet365 mobile betting psychology。But its thinking method is still traditional empirical observation and logical induction，The division of concepts into modules is relatively rough，The degree of expression of the concept is also relatively vague。His theoretical framework leaves several unresolved questions。First，The boundaries between Easton’s three types of support objects are not clear enough，Especially since many bet365 mobile betting outcomes are both affected by the authorities and have something to do with the basic system，So the bet365 mobile betting regime and the authority are often difficult to distinguish from the perspective of bet365 mobile betting performance。Secondly，Easton believes that the content of specific sexual support is a manifestation of the behavior of government authorities，This is not logically complete，Ignoring the more fundamental quality of bet365 mobile betting objects。Moreover，What is the relationship between diffuse and specific support？How the two influence and transform each other？What is the specific path of the formation mechanism of diffuse support—Easton believes that it is influenced by individual socialization experience？These questions still require more detailed answers。

Since then, researchers have continued to theoretically improve the details of the logical structure of the Easton model，Fill in various survey data and empirical analysis materials based on experience。With the changing background of the times and the deepening of academic discussions，The main purpose of bet365 mobile betting psychology research has changed from instrumental policy response to all-round scientific exploration。Objectives of the study、Perspective，Even the discourse and approach of analysis become more systematic and refined，The research station also got rid of the one-sided "crisis response" narrative，Change different countries、Comparison of citizens’ bet365 mobile betting attitudes in regions and different cultural environments is included in the research scope，At the same time, through a large-scale cross-national data survey relying on rolling，Gradually accumulated to form multiple dimensions、Multi-level analytical framework and cross-regional and diachronic three-dimensional academic paradigm。

In terms of the relationship structure of trust，Annette Bell first proposed the four-paragraph theory of trust relationship - "Who trusts whom for what、And why”，Russell Harding summarizes the syllogism as the formula "A trusts B to do X"。This expression identifies the subject of bet365 mobile betting attitudes、Object、Content、Four elements of source，And connect various elements to form an organic and dynamic relationship。Hardin later took into account the qualities behind the act of trusting the object，Revise the formula to "A believes that B does X (or X aspect of B)"。These elements of trust relationships were further refined and elucidated in subsequent research。

Peanuts Norris develops the object theory supporting attitudes，Further divide the bet365 mobile betting system in Easton’s model into two levels: value and performance，Resolves to a certain extent the possible ambiguity between “system” and “authority”。Russell Dalton concretized the object of bet365 mobile betting trust into bet365 mobile betting institutions。In response to this，The collection and analysis of empirical data mainly focused on respondents’ attitudes towards government agencies。Survey projects such as the World Value Survey started in 1981 and the Asia Barometer Survey started in 2002，We all measure the respondents’ trust in various government agencies through questionnaires。Objects measured by the World Values ​​Questionnaire include parliament、Party、Central Government、Court、Police、Army、Public administrative department，Objects measured by the Asian Barometer include heads of state、Parliament、Central Government、Party、Local Government、Court、Police。

　　Defects in operation bet365 mobile betting and room for improvement

Most existing empirical bet365 mobile betting relies on these standardized international survey databases，Directly select the questionnaire questions to operationalize the variables，And use ready-made data for empirical analysis。This also brings about two problems。

　First，There is a disconnect between empirical operations and theoretical progress。Due to limitations of existing database scale settings，The various conceptual dimensions and levels theoretically deduced by the prior literature cannot be fully implemented into field measurements。For example，Among the different objects of bet365 mobile betting trust，Most of the existing survey projects focus on government agencies，And for the value of government、Government Performance、The measurement of bet365 mobile betting actors and bet365 mobile betting communities is more fragmented。In addition，The existing questionnaire questions can only measure trust and the degree of trust，But it is impossible to accurately identify the specific content of the trust attitude，That is, the “X” in the trust formula above cannot be directly examined。Moreover，Some important links in the process of trust generation mechanism，For example, the respondent’s subjective attribution of objective bet365 mobile betting results、Interviewee’s ranking of the value of specific matters、The process of interviewees’ social experiences shaping their values, etc.，Cannot be operationalized through existing scale questions。

Second，Survey method affects the validity of data。Methodology of measuring bet365 mobile betting psychology through questionnaire survey、There are inherent flaws in epistemology。Arthur Miller once pointed out about the NES scale，Some operational situations of questionnaire surveys can easily lead to deviations in respondents’ understanding，Unable to effectively reflect its actual thoughts，Additional interviews are needed to cross-validate and in-depth dig the results of the questionnaire。Situations that may affect the measurement results include: the language expression of the questionnaire、The cognitive understanding ability of the interviewee and other psychology that the interviewee may have。

Regarding the above two aspects，Although there is a lot of discussion in the bet365 mobile betting psychology research literature，But it is still limited to empirical description and logical reasoning，Lack of targeted practical testing and specific data support。In fieldwork，Researchers can truly feel the rigidity and omissions in the current way of operationalizing concepts，And the widespread existence of situational interference。But this does not mean that true "bet365 mobile betting trust" is immeasurable，Quite the opposite，By adapting and improving existing measurement methods，Can reduce random errors and avoid systematic errors to a great extent。This requires researchers to deepen their comprehensive understanding of concepts and strengthen the organizational expression of language，More accurate、Convey conceptual information thoughtfully，And combined with the background environment of the interviewees，Develop a more local scale，At the same time, ask about the specific content of trust to screen and eliminate the interference of other psychological factors of the interviewee on the measurement。

Have to admit，The remaining problems of the Easton model have not been completely resolved。The details of quite a few concepts have not received enough attention in empirical research，Especially there is a serious lack of empirical research on diffuse trust，The complete mechanism chain formed by diffuse trust still needs to be revealed。In addition，How much influence does the field situation have on variable measurement and theory construction，How to deal with it，This is not only an issue that needs to be addressed in empirical bet365 mobile betting psychology research，It also has important theoretical discussion value on social survey methodology。The existence of these problems calls for updating the content and structure of existing scales and upgrading research design ideas。In short，There are still a lot of theoretical riches to be mined and empirical gaps to be filled in empirical bet365 mobile betting psychology research，The exploration in this field is far from over。

　(Author’s affiliation: Department of bet365 mobile betting Science, Fudan University)