The political psychology and attitude of the people are implanted for the stability of the country and the existence of the regime，An important issue in any country and society is an important issue。Although it has a long history of paying attention to the political psychology of citizens，But until the second half of the 20th century，Emperor Almond、Viba's book "Citizen Culture" is a sign，Political Psychological Research as a branch of political and cultural research to officially enter the category of modern social sciences。

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Empirical Political Psychology Research Raising in the United States in the 1960s。On the one hand，The behaviorist revolution of post -war social sciences brings new ways of thinking and research technology，Pay more attention to the precise quantization of individual information，also makes large -scale data collection and structured analysis possible，Therefore, the study of political and cultural research get rid of the simple impression description and philosophical speculation。On the other hand，At that time, the government's support rate declined and the spread of political indifference in the United States at that time，In the environment of the general election system，Scholars naturally projected the concerns of the political attitude of citizens into research on the voting behavior of the people and their psychology。

Real anxiety caused by the passive citizen's political attitude，Make this field at first focusing on negative attitudes such as "alienation"，Scholars hope to discover the political consequences of the people's attitudes (the political attitude is about to be an independent variable)，At the same time, try to explain the cause of these attitudes (the political attitude is about to be a cause of the variable)。In this background，The concern of realistic issues surpassed the construction and inspection of the concept。In Empirical Research on Political attitude bet365 Play online games of citizens，Conceptual words are complicated，presents the pictures of each word。In representative documents and questionnaires，The wording used to express citizens' political attitudes: Cynicism/DisaFFECTION/DISCONTENT、alienation、Trust (Trust)、Support (SUPPORT)、Trust (Belief)、CONVICTION、Confident (confidence), etc.。The use of these concepts is in general and casual，Lack of clear、Definition of the system，Analysis of the interpretation of the conceptual structure and different concepts。

Vague concept and chaos of discourse，The academic exploration of political attitudes during this period cannot be focused on the research object，It is difficult to launch high -efficiency dialogue between different research。For this，The excavation and reflection of the concept also appears at the same time。David Iston in the book "System Analysis of Political Life" published in 1965，The different forms of "political support" (attitude or behavior) of "political support" initially distinguished、Different properties (specific or diffuse) and different objects (institutions、System or Community)，The precedent for structured analysis of the political attitude。Another theoretical results of the sociology，Dolocate "political alienation" as "weakness", "sense of meaninglessness", "disorder", "isolation"。But these discussions stay in the psychological element behind the "alienation" behind the discourse to identify and classify，The purpose is to find more suitable empirical measurement indicators，In this body theory、The theoretical construction of epistemology and methodology still lacks the theoretical construction of a system。

Iston published in 1975 "Reintegral Evaluation of Political Support Concepts"、systematically explained the concept system of "political support"，From nature、Object、Content、Source、Five aspects of formation mechanism to build a theoretical framework for support attitude，covering the different dimensions and layers of political attitude，Openly excavated the connotation and structure of political psychology，bet365 live casino games The basic paradigm of political attitude research for post -learning。In the concept model of Iston，"Political Trust" as a sub -concept of stimulating support，It is specifically defined as: "People believe that political objects can consciously serve and meet the needs of the public。”

With the accumulation and deepening of empirical research，Scholars have found that the public is still affirmed and confident in the basic principles of the democratic system while being dissatisfied with the government authorities，The anxiety about "democratic crisis" is relieved to a certain extent。Coupled with Iston's conceptualization of support for support、Systematic vigorously promoting，Relatively positive "support" and "trust" can surpass negative "dissatisfaction" and "alienation"，Become a more commonly used discourse that refers to political attitude。From a semantically,，"Support" can be both attitude or behavior，If it is not specially explained, it is easy to cause confusion，Comparison of comparison，"Trust" is completely an attitude，The wording of political and psychological and attitude as the political psychology and attitude is even more specific、Intuitive、Accurate。So，Post -school generally equates "trust" with attitude support。

　　From plane to stereo: development of academic paradigms

Iston presents the basic framework of political attitude，The foundation contribution to the foundation of political psychology。But its way of thinking is still traditional experience observation and logical induction，The division of each module is relatively rough，It is also vague in the extent of the concept。His theoretical framework left a few problems that have not been solved。First，The three types of supporting objects divided by Iston are not clear enough，Especially because many political results are both influenced by the authorities and have nothing to do with the basic system，So the political system and the government authorities (The Authority) often difficult to distinguish from the perspective of political performance。Next，Iston believes that the content of specific support is the behavioral bet365 Play online games performance of the government authorities，This is not logically complete，Ignoring the quality of more fundamental political objects。More，What is the relationship between the two types of support and specificity? How does the two affect and transform each other?。

After that, the researchers have continued to improve the logical framework details of the Iston model in theory，Fill in various types of survey data and empirical analysis information in experience。With the change of the background of the times and the in -depth academic discussion，The main purpose of political psychological research is transformed by instrumental policy response to comprehensive scientific exploration。Research goals、perspective，even more analyzed words and ways to advance more systematic and refined，The research station also gets rid of the one -sided "crisis response" narrative，Different countries、Citizen's political attitude in the region and different cultural environments is compared to the research vision，At the same time through rolling large multinational data surveys，Gradually accumulated to form multi -dimensional、Multi -level analysis framework and cross -regional and durable three -dimensional academic paradigm。

In terms of the structure of trust，Annette Bell first proposed the four paragraphs of trust relationships- "Who trusts whom、and why "，Russell Hardin summarizes the four -paragraph theory as the formula of "A trust b"。This statement confirms the subject of the political attitude、Object、Content、Source four elements，and connect various elements in series to form an organic dynamic relationship。Hardin also incorporated the quality behind the behavior of the object of the object in the later article.，Form the formula into "A believes that B does X (or B X)"。The elements of these trust relationships have been further refined and explained in subsequent research。

Pipi Nonoris developed the theory of objects that support attitude，further divide the political system in the Iston model into two levels: value and performance，To a certain extent, the blurred zone that may exist between the "system" and the "bet365 Play online games authorities"。Russel Dalton specifically the object of political trust into a political institution。Echo here，The collection and analysis of empirical data is mainly concentrated in the attitude of the respondent to government agencies。The World Value Survey (World Value Survey) and the Asia Barometer Survey since 2002，All the degree of trust in the respondents' trust in the respondents through questionnaires。World Value Question Volume Survey Objects include Parliament、Political Party、Central Government、Court、Police、Army、Business Administrative Department，The object of the Asian barometer measurement includes the head of state、Parliament、Central Government、Political Party、Local government、Court、Police。

　　Insufficient and improvement of the operation method

Most of the existing empirical research rely on these standardized international survey databases，Select the questionnaire topic directly to implement the variable operating，and use ready -made data for empirical analysis。This also brings two problems。

First，Empirical operation and theoretical progress is disconnected。Due to the limitations of the existing database meter scale，The theoretical dimensions and levels of the theoretical interpretation of the first literature cannot be fully implemented in the field measurement。For example，Among the different objects of political trust，Most of the existing survey projects focus on government agencies，For politics value、Political performance、The measurement of the political actor and the political community is more scattered。other，The existing questionnaire topic can only measure the degree of trust and trust，but cannot accurately screen the specific content of trust attitude，That is, you cannot directly examine the "X" in the formula of the trust formula above。More，Some important links in the process of trust generation mechanism，The subjective attribution of the interviewee to objective political results、The value of the respondents for specific affairs、The process of the respondent's social experience shaped its value concept, etc.Bet365 app download ，Can't achieve operationalization through existing table topics。

Second，The survey method affects the validity of the data。Questionnaire survey and measure political psychology in methodology、History of epistemology has its inherent defects。Arthur Miller once pointed out the NES quantity table，Some operating situations of questionnaire surveys are likely to cause the interviewees to understand the deviation，Can't effectively reflect its actual thoughts，Need to use additional interviews to cross -verification and deep mining of questionnaire surveys。The situation that may affect the measurement results includes: the language expression of the questionnaire、The cognitive understanding ability of the respondent and other psychology that the interviewee may exist。

For the above two problems，Although there are a lot of discussions in political psychological research literature，But at present, it is still at experience description and logical reasoning，Lack of targeted practical inspection and support of specific data。In the field survey，Researchers can truly feel the stereotypes and omissions of the current conceptual operation method，and the extensive existence of contextual interference phenomena。But this does not mean that the real "political trust" is unavailable，Just the opposite，Adjust and improve existing measurement methods，It can largely reduce random errors and avoid system errors。This requires researchers to deepen the comprehensive understanding of the concept and strengthen the organization of language，More accurate、Pass the concept information in a detailed manner，and combined with the background environment of the interviewees，Formulate a more localized quantity table，At the same time, ask the specific content of trust to screen and exclude the interference of measurement of other psychology of the interviewee。

I have to admit，The problem left by the Iston model has not been completely solved。The details of the considerable part of the concept have not received enough empirical research，Especially the empirical research on diffuse trust is seriously scarce，The complete mechanism bet365 best casino games chain formed by the confusion of confusion still needs to be revealed urgently。other，How much does the field situation affect variable measurement and theoretical construction，How to deal with it，This is not only a question that requires positive political psychological research，At the same time, it also has important theoretical discussion value for social survey methodology。The existence of these problems calls the update of the content and structure of the existing scale and the upgrade of the research design ideas。In short words，Empirical political psychological research also has a large number of theoretical ore for mining and empirical gaps that need to be filled.，Exploration in this field is far from end。

　(Author Unit: Department of Political Science, Fudan University)