Analysis of the theoretical expansion method，It is an important question facing the time of comparative political science。Different choices of analysis levels，Not only determines the perspective and research object of the researcher，and will affect the selection of different research methods。Since the birth of political science，The analysis unit is mainly the country，Comparison of different countries constitutes the main body of political science。But，With the development of real politics，The analysis of comparative political science began to appear upward and downward trends，The emergence of the levels of the level of super nation (Supra-Nations) and sub-nations (sub-nations)，This has formed the three different analysis levels of the super nation -the country -the country。At the same time，Cross -level comparison formed on comparison between different levels，It is also becoming a new method selection，The imagination of comparative politics has been expanded accordingly。

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Since the birth of politics，The country is the core object of political research。In the era of classical city states，Aristotle's "Political Science" was founded in the analysis and comparison of 158 city-state (City-States) in ancient Greece。After modern times，With the emergence of sovereignty and the formation of national countries，The country is the absolute core of Bet365 app download political science research，German political science has been directly called "National Studies"。

From the perspective of the monographs and textbooks of comparative politics，The country is the most basic analysis unit。Many classics of political science are comparison between the country and the country，Ru Moore's "Social Origin of Democracy and Authorities"、"National and Social Revolution" in Swichebo、Almond's "Citizen Culture", etc.。From the perspective of comparative political textbooks，Whether it is method -oriented or special topic，These textbooks have special chapters to introduce and analyze "Modern State"，Textbooks mainly based on the country will directly introduce several important countries。French political scientist Matthew Du Gan even directly named the book "Comparison of the State"。The reason why the state becomes the focus of political science，It is determined by the following two major factors。

One is determined by the real value of modern countries。Modern World is a system composed of many nation -states with sovereignty。Sovereign state is the basic unit of the international system，At the same time, it is also a domestic monopoly violence in various countries、Formation of law、The main body of the management economy and other matters。Modern countries have a very important position，Drives many governance functions，It has a significant impact on everyone's life，Naturally, it has become the main analysis unit of political science (especially relatively political science)。

The second is determined by the discipline positioning of comparative politics。Except the real value of the country，The discipline positioning of comparative Bet365 app download political science also determines that it will inevitably use the country as the main analysis unit。The secondary discipline of political science is generally political theory、Compare politics、Compare politics、Four areas of international relations。Political theory mainly research standardized political philosophy issues，The governance system of the country where the main political researchers are located，International relations mainly study the interactive game between the country and the country，The research space left for comparative politics is the comparison between the country。Comparison from the original industrialized countries in Western Europe and North America，Comparison with major developing countries such as Asia, Africa and Latin after World War II，Research objects for comparative politics are basically concentrated at the national level。

　　The rise of super nation and sub -national levels

With the development of realistic politics and the evolution of the international structure，Traditional sovereign paradigm faces a series of challenges，In summary, there are two main aspects in the following two aspects。

On the one hand，The development of globalization and regional integration brings challenges to the traditional sovereign paradigm。Globalization is enhanced the economic connection between countries around the world、Make the economic division of labor and cooperation at the global level，It also exacerbates unprecedented economic competition between countries。To attract investment to develop the economy，Many post -developed countries pass the tax rate、Inhibit Bet365 app download benefits and other measures to attract multinational companies，This essentially reflects the advantages of international capital to traditional sovereignty。Regional integrated development，It also transferred many power within the scope of national sovereignty to transfer to the hands of transnational political entities。For example, the currency issuance right of various members of the EU、Some traditional sovereignty matters such as diplomatic and military power are transferred to the EU's hands。

On the other hand，The trend of decentralization within the nation -state also brings challenges to the traditional sovereign paradigm。Since the 1970s and 1980s，Many countries have implemented decentralization reforms。These countries put their power to the local government in various ways，Some traditional single countries (such as Britain、Spain, etc.) has become a quasi -federal state。Although the reform of decentralization, although the reform of the decentralization meets the needs of political and economic to a certain extent，But it also brings a lot of challenges to the traditional sovereign paradigm。Extreme people such as the Catalonia area of ​​Spain、The Scottish region of the UK has produced a strong separatist appeal，Serious unity of serious threats of national sovereignty。

In the above background，The research paradigm of the country as the main analysis unit naturally faces challenges。From the perspective of the methodology，The biggest problem of the research paradigm of the country as the main analysis unit is the "methodology" (Methodology National "or" WHOLE-NATION BIAS "，It uses national state as the only action unit，bet365 best casino games and preset the homogeneity within the nation -state。Actually，These two points are not exactly available in real politics。To cope with the above challenges，The analysis of comparative political science is no longer based on national state as the only unit，Beginning the dual trend of upward and downward。

The upward trend mainly refers to the research object of comparative political science at the super national level (such as international organizations)。The comparison of the super national level is mainly to expand between various international organizations，For example。In recent years，Research on various multinational organizations is becoming increasingly becoming a research hotspot，Research on the political influence of large multinational companies、Research on the European Transnational Party Alliance。

The downward trend mainly refers to the comparison of comparison of political science began to pay attention to the comparison of the national level。The national level is mainly compared between the sub -national units within a certain country or between the sub -national units between different countries，The former compares to the southern and northern regions of Italy，Comparison of the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta region in my country; the latter, such as comparing the British Scottish region and Spain's Catalonia，For the Guangdong -Hong Kong -Macao Greater Bay Area and the Tokyo Bay Area in Japan、Comparison of the New York Bay Area in the United States。Compare the sub -national units within the same country，Can control history to the greatest extent、Culture、Government and other factors，Bet365 app download Improve the comparators between cases。

　Innovative attempts to compare across levels

Except the above two trends，Cross-level compay also gradually becomes a trend。Cross -level comparison is compared to different levels of political systems at different levels。French comparative political scientist Matthew Du Gan has advocated to determine the research strategy based on the size，For example, compare large cities with a population of millions of people and some pocket countries。From the perspective of political and legal level，Large cities and small pocket countries certainly cannot be the same as on the same day，But the two face certain common problems due to similar scale，Therefore, you can compare them (such as Hong Kong and Singapore、Wuhan and Switzerland)。

From the perspective of volume and scale，It can also push China、A major country like the United States compares international organizations such as the European Union，The three are economically integrated economies，The difference lies in the degree of political integration of the three: China maintains a unified political model，Political integration is high; the EU's composition unit (EU member states) are sovereign countries，Enjoy greater independence and autonomy，Therefore, the degree of political integration is low; the United States is a federal political structure，The independence and autonomy of the composition unit (state) are between China and the European Union。Effective comparison of these three cases，It can be found that different political models affect different mechanisms and effects that affect economic development。

　(Author Unit: School of Public Management of Central South University for Nationalities)