Democratic politics in modern Western countries has already fallen into crisis，The public's questioning of the political elites exposes all the dilemma facing the elite of the Western rule。From the perspective of all aspects，"Occupy Wall Street Movement" in the United States、Brexit Movement in the UK、The "Five Star Movement" of the Italian Party，and in France、Germany、Similar movements that occur in countries such as the Netherlands are visible as the people's legitimacy of political elite rule。Elite crisis is rapidly becoming a common phenomenon in Western countries，Waves widely。Reveal from the source to the essence of the Western elite crisis，The way of exploring the resolution constitutes an important issue for studying western contemporary politics。

　　bet365 live casino games

At first glance，The fuse of the elite crisis lies in the threat of the elite power，The solution seems to be hidden in how to effectively improve the elite power mechanism。But，This comprehensive challenge for elite power is the dynamic development of its internal structure，Therefore, you cannot blame the challenging party simply on populism，The title of labeled itself will cause the illusion of the confrontation between populism and elite duals。For this，Professor James Hankins of American scholars (Virtue Politics: SoulCraft and StateCraft In Renaissance Italy during the new "German Renaissance: The Italian Renaissance:，Try to break this two yuan opposition，Proposal to test politics with virtue。

Bet365 app download The political elite crisis for modern Western countries，Hankins hopes to use history as a guidance to give guidance。In his opinion，Today in the West and Italian Renaissance, humanists have the same confusion: one，How to ensure goodness、Is the wise man having the right to rule? How to protect the interests of the ruler (elite) serving the interests of most people (rather than seeking profit for a few people)?、Hereditary、corruption privilege class? Two，If the elite crisis is placed in the tradition of republican thought，Then there will be a series of new problems。For example，How to make the ruler accept the authority of the elite rule? How to not apply torture、Punishment and other high -pressure methods，Promote the people consciously abide by the law? Third，Under the framework of modern democracy -republican，Elite crisis can also cause another deeper problem，How can you ensure that those people's representatives represent good people (not villains)?

　　Humanistic German politics

Where is Aristotle，Politics is a career that is constantly pursuing good; where the humanist is there during the Renaissance，The ruler and the political elite should also follow the good way，Power legitimacy and moral rationality are derived from whether they can respect the character and behavior of citizens' freedom。The position of humanistic moral politics partially destroys the concept of religious morality in the Middle Ages，A contrast with the subsequent Machia Vili's good and evil theory。The claim of humanistic moral education explains why humanists are keen to revive classical culture，Because they are convinced that antique helps to improve the moral standard of political elites，This bet365 best casino games is an essential prerequisite for improving moral rule。

But，from the John Stuart Mill era to descend，Modern Western political theory has obvious insufficient attention to humanistic morality theory。This may be caused by the long -term misunderstanding of "humanism"。until before the middle and late 20th century，"Humanism" is often interpreted as a philosophy of life in the WTO，It is equivalent to the use of rationality and science to observe the surrounding world，Aparts of opposition with theology。And now people focus on the humanistic movement in culture、Outstanding contribution in the art field，regarding it as a Chonggu Movement of Hao Chiang Poor Sutra，But ignored the political meaning of humanism。Hankins thinks，The boundary of humanism not only touch the political field，And no less than any political movement。If the humanistic movement is aimed at promoting a certain value，Then it must be surpassing the artistic and cultural level，Subvicing to moral and social and political value。Another，The academic community generally regards Makia Veli as a representative of the political theory of the Renaissance，The political de -moralization advocated by Machiavili, even if it is not completely on the opposite side of moral politics，At least to a large extent weakened humanist moral politics。

As a transition for the political thought of Western ancient and modern，Humanism has the importance of self -evident。Hans Baron、Eugenio Garin，and the Cambridge School of John Pocock believe that "Republican freedom" is the core of humanistic political thought。But in Handins's view，This may be a selective prejudice caused by contemporary political interests。Analysis bet365 live casino games of humanistic texts (especially Latin linguistics) based on thousands of thousands of humanistic texts (especially Latin linguistics) for many years，Hankins pointed out，Humanist politics in the final analysis is a kind of "moral politics"。Like "freedom" to classical liberalism，"Equality" to contemporary socialism，"Justice" to Ralesism，"Morality" is the dominance of humanistic political values。

The expression of moral politics is easy to associate with moral ethics。Divided by the philosophy of morality (practice)，Moral Ethics is usually considered to inherited from Aristotle，and in contemporary philosophers，Elizabeth Anscombe、Bernard Williams、Alasdair Macintyre can be revived。Ethics with two other types of norms: (contract) moral theory and (utilitarian) consequences different，Morality Ethics (also known as "Objective Theory") emphasizes that it is necessary to continue to develop self -development by reflecting on reflection and practical good behavior (that is, morality)，So as to get good and happiness。amplify it to the national level，Focus on improving the spleen and wisdom of the rulers，Finally realize the national happiness of the country。Moral politics will be closely linked to the legitimacy of rule with the rulers，In particular, pay attention to whether the ruler will put good on private interests，or the virtue of "Other-Direct"。

　　Morality Politics and RenaissancePolitical change

During the Renaissance period, the era of monarchs and oligarchs。Humanists are mostly private teachers、Politician、The status of the court officers provides services in the Holy See and City -state countries。"New Monarch" in Italy、oligarchs control the title of defects to control the affairs inside and outside the city state，Bet365 app download If you cannot make changes from the elite itself，Harmonious city -state life is afraid that there is no way to talk about。In view of this，Humanists headed by Francesco Petrarch in the middle of the fourteenth century opened the revival of German and political concepts，Explore the responsibilities and specific guidelines of the national ruler，Promote cultivation from the root cause、Improve the morality of the political elite (benevolent、generous、Friendly, etc.)。It is because of the humanist's appeal to redefine morality，Only deeply affects changes in the political field。

Not this，The interpretation of "freedom" during the Renaissance period is also based on moral politics，Moralization of freedom concept，This is different from classical political science，Also different from contemporary republican political theorists' understanding of freedom。In Evodo、Classical Political Philosophy represented by Syrlo Thought，Freedom and slavery constitutes opposition;、Skinner's view，(No domination) Freedom means independence and autonomy。But，The "freedom" of humanistic construction in the Renaissance period must first cater to human rationality and morality，In other words，Freedom is the inevitable result of being accompanied by virtue，The so -called free behavior must be a moral behavior。If freedom (such as burning and looting) violates moral justice，This kind of freedom becomes a wanton arrogance，Is a kind of immoral behavior that has obstacled the freedom of others，It should be eliminated。On the other hand，In political life，No established ruler，Bloodline、Wealth's external conditions cannot be awarded the power that someone is Bet365 app download above others，Power has legitimacy only under the framework of virtue。

It can be considered without exaggeration，The political path taken by Western countries today is opened by the early modern Italian political thinkers，Various problems encountered in Western politics today，Including the cultivation of citizen virtues、Social Development、Construction of the country ruled by law、Disadvantages of Democratic Assembly and Responsibility System，Both the Renaissance can trace the origin in Italy's political thoughts。Hankins also noticed，The common political politics of Italian humanism and the common point of Chinese Confucianism politics。Confucianism Politics also emphasizes morality、Li Zhi and Renzhi，Profile to the rulers should do benevolence、Schidezheng，Believe in the model effect of moral models in the political field。Of course，Confucian moral philosophy more emphasizes worshiping ancestors than humanists、Pay attention to the family; although the humanist affirms the priority of morality relative to desire，But they look more important to commercial interests，Not as concerned about civilians as Confucian、The interests of the poor。These differences also reveal why the tradition of virtue politics is not as farther as walking in Eastern society。This kind of ideological collision that spans time and space also indicates，Many problems related to morality and politics have universal significance due to the penetration of ancient and modern。

Hankins' research also leaves a lot of room for readers: For example, how to distinguish the truly moral rulers? What are the standards for judging moral value?，Humanists during the Renaissance endless，Their political bet365 Play online games ideas are too ideal，But it is valuable for thinking and resolving the elite crisis in the West today。

　(Author Unit: Marxism College of Shanghai University of Foreign Languages)