In the turbulence of the world's political turbulence，Coburaism has become a radical transformation force due to its extraordinary influence。initial，People are elected from Trump、In the event of Brexit referendum and other incidents, I was surprised that a deconstruction force against globalization suddenly came to power，Then discovered that populism through political thought、Multiple paths of social movements and political parties have recovered rapidly and spread globally，Show the reorganized political order、The strong intention and huge energy of resetting power relationship。After 2020，Civilian seems to show a signs of silence。Analyzing populist thoughts and its changes to the world today，helps where the complexity and uncertainty of modern politics come from。

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populism is a simple connotation、Modern political phenomenon with clear goals and diverse shapes。In the more than 150 years that it has appeared,，Civilianism, whether it is a political trend、Political movement or political strategy，Never stay away from the stage of human politics。As the only radical political trend that resort to resort to the people of the people，Amblyr has set off a wave of four waves in history。In the second half of the 19th century，The Russian Civilian Movement and the American People's Party Movement have opened the curtain of populism.，Latin American populism not only leaves a deep populist gene in Latin American political development，and established the left -wing tendency of Latin America's political overall; in the 1980s and 1990s，East Asia、Southeast Asian populist movement is the product of the third wave of democratization，Classic experience of becoming a non -Western country's modern transformation。After entering the 21st century，Especially since the financial crisis in 2008，Copycinist thought tide has been fully revived in Europe and the United States and swept the world，presents the polarization trend of the left and right wings with the right wing。but，Due to serious economic inequality and identity crisis due to economic globalization，The free democratic system is deeply in trouble，Extremely conservative right -wing populism has become an increasingly powerful force。

Facing the wave of populism，People have enough motivation and interest to observe、Study it。The research interest on populism in the Western academic community has begun since the 1960s，The scholars at that time were keen to define the conceptual definition of populism and the types of types of type，But it has never been able to form a consensus about what is populist。The 1990s，The rise of European new populism triggered the initial alertness of liberal scholars on the crisis of liberal democracy，This alert was further strengthened when the economic globalization encountered in the early 21st century。In the extremely prosperous period of populism in 2008-2016，People start to reflect on the root cause of this anti -building force in the West。In the 1920s，When the initial passion is soaring gradually bet365 Play online games calmed down，The long -term impact of populism and its precautions have become new research priorities。Summary related research since the 20th century，Although there are always differences between differences and differences，But people's understanding of populism is getting clearer，General consensus is becoming more and more full。Since the latest wave of populism, the wave of populism mainly occurs in Europe and the United States，Therefore, the research results are focused on Western populism，Mainly answered the following questions。

How do I define populism? Representative views include Margaret Kanowan's "Shadow theory" (a shadow cast by democracy itself)、Benjamin Adi's "Ghost Theory" (a democratic politics is hidden in time、strong "ghost")、Cas Mude's "thin ideology" (a kind of "thin ideology" based on the opposition between the pure public and the corruption elite)、The "Central Zone Introduction" of Paul Tagt (a kind of help and belief for the people who are the source of legitimacy。Generally speaking，Alternative research provides two interpretation frameworks: a value that emphasizes populism，Taking the people as the essence，It is the supremacy derived from the theory of people's sovereignty;，It is a political strategy carefully planned by the political elite to attract the people's obedience and attachment。

How to identify populism? A vi -thought tide with a high degree of recognition，Expressing anti -institutionality、Typical features of authoritism and localism。First，Civilian believes that the people represent wisdom and virtue，Positions on doubt and resistance to the current authority and the current system，Actively promote the two "people's rebellion"，that is, civilians fight against elite、The people of the country fight against foreign immigrants。Next，Civilian highly relies on national authority or leadership authority to realize the ideal of public democracy，Intervention of the state、strong expectations of strong man politics，authoritarian populism is equivalent to right -wing populism。Last，populism advocates localist values，Moving traditional value、Defending national culture，Its discourse mobilization is full of their own interests、Foreigners and foreign culture are destructive power and other creeds，Political correctness against liberalism、Opposition to multiple culturalism。

Third, why is it rejuvenation? Before the 1980s，Western populism is dormant，After the start of the economic globalization of New Liberalism，Capital worship、Market first、The international capitalism of the country's retirement has caused various contradictions and dissatisfaction with politics，populism to wait for the opportunity to re -debut，With the mobilized people's supremacy and underlying political logic，resonance with a large number of global frustrated people。Three reasons for the revival of populism。Economically，Globalization has caused serious economic inequality。With the decline of the manufacturing industry、The contraction of the erosion and welfare security network of labor organization，The middle class and low -income groups are strongly dissatisfied，The outbreak of the Wall Street Movement Bet365 app download and the rise of left -wing populist parties in Europe are examples。Culturally，Multi -culturalism and post -materialism values ​​have caused the new middle class to be anxious。They rationally support anti -globalization、Anti -immigration、Anti -political correct cultural position，White identity politics with racist background has begun to prevail，Tea Party Movement、Trump came to power、Brexit and European right -wing populist parties will launch an attack on the political political politics。Politically，Democratic deficit brings political alienation and dissatisfaction。mainstream parties face representative crisis、The social foundation is constantly weakening，Because freedom and democracy cannot truly represent universal public opinion、Can't guarantee mass political participation，European suspected Europeanism and anti -establishment politics in the United States have obtained a large number of supporters。

　　Combining with nationalism:Strong right -wing populism

Early studies on populism are rarely discussed in the ideological spectrum of left and right wings in the left and right wings，The reason is that the populist in history is generally regarded as a political trend of the left -wing nature。Although the American People's Party Movement has partially existed in the right -wing tendency，But essentially a farm master movement，Class political characteristics with partial left wing;、Latin American populism and the main tone of populism in Asia are also left -wing，This is class conflict with the modern transformation process、Economic struggle has a direct relationship。but，The Western populist thought of Western populist in the 21st century shows a very obvious phenomenon of left and right differentiation。Where，Left -wing populism and democratic socialism relative，Emphasize allocation of justice and equality of results，Policy advocates re -distribution and rebel。Right -wing populism is in line with nationalism，Cultural conservative position with localism，Follow identity and national interests，Anti -immigrants in policy、Trade protection、The nation is preferred as the goal。

But，The left and right points of Western populism are imbalance，The situation of right strong left weakness is very prominent。Left -wing populism is declining due to the working class、The weakness of union organizations and the slightly declining political decline of the trade union and the momentum of the decline of political decline，The scope of influence is limited。Comparison of comparison，Right -wing populism with extreme conservative positions is great、Far -influence，Especially the combination of nationalism has created the strong position of right -wing populism。

From theoretically,，Dialogue between populism and nationalism is huge。Both are modern radical thoughts that are sufficient to cause power and order change，Amblyr emphasizes the decisive position of pursuing people's sovereignty within the country，Nationalism emphasizes the exclusive possession of national sovereignty outside the country，The "people" of populism in the political and legal sense and the "nation" of nationalism in the historical and cultural sense，Docking is achieved under the national framework。At Bet365 lotto review the same time，Due to globalization, it has promoted the increasingly interweaving of domestic politics and world politics，Vertical mobilization structure based on class confrontation and the horizontal mobilization structure based on ethnic segmentation of ethnicism is linked，Eventually leading to the theoretical combination of populism and nationalism，Extreme right -wing ideology of so -called national populism or populist nationalism。

From a practical point of view，The historical experience of the combination of populism and nationalism is very rich。For example，In the early practice of populism，The Russian Centers inherit the village concept with the characteristics of the Russian national characteristics from the Slavic faction，The American People's Party has developed out of line with the tradition of the Anglo-Saxon tradition、Anti -Semitic and racial isolation White Nationistism。Latin America, which has a rich populist experience, is extremely rich，Starting to anti -American anti -Western economic nationalism。The wave of populism in the 21st century is a by -product of economic globalization，Anti -immigrants and anti -globalization campaigns of the white mainstream community are began in the national populism。These historical contact descriptions，There is no so -called "internationalist populist"，Although not all nationalists hold the population position，But all populists have their nationalist positions。

Right -wing populism is the root cause of the increasingly conservative ideology of Western politics today。In this trend of political thought，Nationalism is not a new coat of populism，but the rich connotation it obtained in this era。Although populism is thin，But it has obtained the ideological resources that can strengthen its political mobilization from nationalism。Therefore，populism and nationalism have jointly created the strong position of right -wing populism，Formed an authoritarian、Extra -pierced and extreme conservative ideology。Cas Murd believes，The status quo of the combination of populism and nationalism is difficult to change in the short term，and may become more intense。In recent years，The political reality of Europe and the United States indicates，The combination of nationalism has enhanced the ability of populist changes and the ability to reset the existing political order and power structure，leading to serious consensus rupture and political polarization。

　　From domestic politics to world politics: the spy effect of populism

populism first is a kind of change that happened within the country，Its formation comes from dissatisfaction with domestic institutional factions and its political and economic order。As a political trend, populism will trigger unprecedented anti -building politics，For domestic power relationship、System structure and value system caused a significant impact。but，Civilian often surpass the boundaries of the country and has a global impact，Because it can run through ideology、Sports demonstration and policy adjustment, overflow from the country。John Judis thinks，populism is made in the United States，It runs through American history，Later was transplanted into European soil，It also had an important impact on Latin America。

Bet365 app download In fact，From the beginning of the political stage，populism has become the ideological bond connecting domestic politics and world politics。Anti -modern Russian American populism represents the interests of farmers/farmers，Economic exploitation of against capitalism and monopoly capitalists，For socialism、Democratic world communication is prepared for social foundation。Anti -Westernized Latin American populism is committed to getting rid of the attachment to the central country，Questions about the applicability of Western developmentism，Proposal to explore the independent development path of Latin America。East Asia、Southeast Asian populism is a by -product of democratic transformation，But in the end, the turbulent political order and chaotic democratic practice caused by excessive public political participation。

Since the outbreak of the financial crisis in 2008，The resurrection of populism in the West is closely related to the severe question facing economic globalization，That is, new liberalism ignores the distribution justice within the country and global society，It cannot protect traditional value and national interests。Although this wave of populism first erupts at the domestic political level，But the political and economic root of its rejuvenation is worldwide。Therefore，In the same background、All nationalism that occurs in the same way constitutes a new world political picture。Western countries cater to the demands of populism through the increasingly conservative internal and foreign policies，Eventually leading to the ebb of the new liberal globalization。Although the populist impact does not lead to the fundamental disintegration of the EU，It will not cause the complete collapse of the mainstream value and system in the West，But suspicious Europeanism、Anti -building politics obviously severely damages the mainstream politics of the United States and Europe，Social Division、The exacerbation of political polarization destroys the relative stability of Western politics。With the depth of populism and nationalism，Right -wing populism will continue to impact Western political order based on freedom and democracy，Globalism and Nationalism、Liberal and Conservatism、The opposition between multi -ism and localism has hindered the obtaining and maintenance of political consensus。

The basic order of human political development has never been constant。Since the 20th century，The durable changes of world politics are reflected in modernization、In the continuous process of democratization and even globalization，This process is in the West、Modern and capitalist value -oriented，Its structure is generally economic developmentalism、Political liberalism and cultural diversification determination。but，Due to uneven development of modern capitalism、The limitations of the free democracy system，Inside the West, there is an emergence of capitalism、Liberal political resistance。A populism is always a deconstructed anti -building force in its stirring process，It is the public、The interests of the nation and the country are basic appeals，Oppose Capitalism、Opposition to Liberalism、Opposition to globalization。Civilianism connects domestic politics and world politics bet365 Play online games in a fierce or even extreme way，Find a political future full of uncertainty。

　Where to go from: Come and go of populism

When any kind of political trend has a tide and tide，populism rising、The wave of extremeism that shocked the world has its rise and falling laws of rise and fall。The extremely prosperous period of Western populism in the early 21st century was roughly several years around 2016。The financial crisis in 2008 triggered the populist left and right -wing trends of populism represented by the tea party movement and the "Occupy Wall Street" movement，European right -wing populist parties have also embarked on political front desk，In 2016, Trump was elected as the President of the United States and the Brexit referendum.。With Trump defeated in the election、Brexit process is basically end，The violent offensive of the politics of civilianism temporarily comes to an end。

But，populism does not leave the game。French National Alliance、The influence of European right -wing populist parties such as Germany's selection of the party in elections and parliaments continues to rise，All kinds of reality and prospects all suggest that populism is always present。For Western -made factions and liberals，populism is a destructive force，Discovery、Clearing populism is its diligent political goal。but，Civilian thought tide since the formation of the second half of the 19th century，Never disappeared in the world。Paul Tagt thinks，populism is an intermittent political episode，It may disappear hidden，But from time to time, the strong potential of radical political change can be produced，Where is the permeable public opinion，Where there is a populist political thought and political movement that expresses political dissatisfaction。From the perspective of the United States，Since the People's Party movement in the late 19th century，American populism is not in a vacant state for a long time，Instead, a large scale appears almost every thirty years、A very influential populist movement。For example，After the People's Party movement in 1892，In the 1930s, there was Hughi Lang's "Common Wealth Plan"，In the 1960s, George Wallace's populist election mobilization，In the 1990s, there was Rose Pero's third party movement，and 2016 is the wave of right -wing populist set off by Trump。You can see，The interference and impact of populism on existing political order are long -term、Continuous。

In fact，The populism of the 21st century is not just a political episode that Tagt said，It has become the component and conventional content of Western politics，Even the mainstream of politics of contemporary Western countries。The trend of populism and other conservative ideas has profoundly changed the power structure and organizational method of domestic politics and world politics。For example, in Europe，Politics politics has a so -called populist party mainstream under the influence of the election mechanism、The "two -way movement" of the population of mainstream political parties。On the one hand，The election support rate of right -wing populist parties continues to rise，Italy、Austrian and other country's populous political parties have successively realized the transformation of "from the edge to rule"，French National Alliance、The folk party such as the German selection of bet365 live casino games the party will localize its extremist image，Began to advance to the mainstream political party camp。On the other hand，Mid -left、The mainstream parties in the right wing in the right due to their representative decline、Voter foundation is loose and has to adjust the election strategy，Political issues that absorb right -wing populism and imitate their mobilization strategies。Sarkozy in the 2012 French presidential election In order to cater to the polar right -wing voters，Even claiming to transform its party into a "lightweight national front"。

populism is the extreme conservative trend in contemporary Western politics，It entered a gentle development period after the rapid expansion from 2008 to 2016，Whether there will be a new climax in the future，In a sense, it depends on the degree of social consensus and national governance in the West。If social division intensifies、Political polarization without solution，Coupled with the weak economic growth，Aoculture is a response to the failure of governance，It will inevitably come back under the stimulation of specific events。Since the financial crisis，Liberal camps are highly tight for populism，I hope to reflect and revise，The value foundation and institutional foundation of strengthening freedom and democracy，Even completely get rid of the nightmare of populism。But，The current populism has become an important component of Western politics and a new variable that has a continuous impact on national governance，The expectations of the Westernist style about the elimination of populism are undoubtedly unrealistic。In fact，Western institutionalists will have to consider such a long -term strategy，How to rebuild value consensus in the case that must coexist with populism、Realize high -quality national governance。

　　(The author is a professor at the School of International Relations of Renmin University of China)