Problem awareness in bonus bet365 geography
January 20, 2021 09:26 Source: "Chinese Social Sciences Journal" January 20, 2021, Issue 2094 Author: Yang Jingzhe

bonus bet365 geography usually refers to,Focus on politics in the 1990s、A new research field opened up by a group of geographers on issues such as law and power relations based on the academic accumulation of intersection research between law and space。This field takes multiple spatial concepts and bonus bet365 concepts as the prerequisite for understanding,The concept of space will be reconstructed、Revealing spatial inequality and seeking spatial justice as fundamental tasks in studying the interaction between law and space。

 A brief history of the development of bonus bet365 geography

The 1960s to 1980s were the preparatory stage for the birth of bonus bet365 geography,Interdisciplinary research on law and space widely exists in “geography of law” and “law and geography” research。for example,Harris(K. D. Harris’s Criminal Geography and Justice Research,Fruge (G. E. Frug)’s study of urban power,Grossfield (B. Grossfeld’s water law research,Sander (P. H. Sand) African bonus bet365 Integration Research,and Santos (B. de S. Santos)’s Latin American bonus bet365 Diversity Research, etc.。These studies draw on social science concepts and methods,There are both policy research and normative research。However, in the view of bonus bet365 geographers in the 1990s,It is difficult for these "cross-research" to break through the traditional view of space and its conceptualization,It is also impossible to reveal the power/rights relationship embedded in the established law/space。for example,Bronli (N. Blomley) and others believe,Compared to the intersection research of law and space,The research orientation of bonus bet365 geography should be a critical research。Criticism of bonus bet365 Geography,On the one hand closely related to the position of early advocates,They believe that bonus bet365 geography is part of critical jurisprudence - closed to the law、Be somewhat skeptical about claims such as universality and formality;On the other hand,bonus bet365 geography has been deeply influenced by the critical stance of the “spatial turn” in the humanities and social sciences since the 1970s。

Actually,bonus bet365 scholars have paid attention to the social-bonus bet365 constitutive nature of space and the social-spatial constitutive nature of law,It’s just that their understanding of institutional change is very different from critical geographers。Mid-to-late 1990s,Richard Ford (R. T. Ford's "The Territory of Law: A History of Territorial Jurisdiction" with Davina Cooper (D. Cooper's "Unstructured Governance" represents the bonus bet365 academic community's response to bonus bet365 geography。It’s worth noting,Early 21st century,Various radical spatial practices and discourses have gradually transformed into a critical force within society in major civilized countries in the world,Researchers invest more in system construction。bonus bet365 geographers at this time clearly had different starting points than their earlier advocates,They are based on different social and historical contexts、The maturity of the country and the complexity of the problem itself,With support from multidisciplinary resources,Choose one or several research orientations。In other words,Policy Research、Both normative and critical research should be considered an integral part of bonus bet365 geography today。

With the expansion of the influence of the "spatial turn" in the political-bonus bet365 field and the participation of multidisciplinary research,bonus bet365 geography focuses on territory、Land、Property、Planning, etc.,Gradually expanding to the rights of special groups、Social welfare、Food Safety and Public Health、Issues of natural resource protection and forensic ethnography。Representative research results in the past ten years include,Muller Moore (S. The bonus bet365 Topology of Müller-Mall、Braverman(I. Braverman’s wildlife conservation research、Kenan (S. Keenan) Research on the subject in the relationship between law and space、Valverde (M. Valverde) bonus bet365 chronotope research and Kida (A. Kedar) et al.’s Comparative bonus bet365 Study of Bedouin Rights。The book "bonus bet365 Geography: Perspectives and Methods" published in early 2020 focuses on law、Environment、The relationship between development and culture,Considered to be a masterpiece that attempts to summarize the methodology of bonus bet365 geography。

 Re-understanding the concept of space

After 2010,The discussion on bonus bet365 geography in my country’s theoretical bonus bet365 circles has reached a certain scale。But the current discussion about geography/spatial is in the question、There are differences in the selection of paths and methods,However, these discussions all point to the multidimensionality of the concept of "space"、Heterogeneity and complexity and their manifestations in the political and bonus bet365 fields。Understanding from the perspective of theoretical law,The problem awareness of bonus bet365 geography can be summarized into the following three aspects。

1st,Rethinking modernity and its bonus bet365 discourse。The modern narrative of “using time to eliminate space” is reflected in the economy、Political and cultural fields,Also reflected in the bonus bet365 field。Under the dominant narrative of “time-history”,The evolution of modern law has created the “results” of globalization of law,It also produces the “consequences” of the law losing its spatiality。For example,bonus bet365 regulations of specific nation-states、System、Value and general theory for transplantation、Inherited、Expand to the world through export or reengineering,The scientific nature of bonus bet365 theory and the empirical nature of national law strengthen the "de-spatialization" characteristics of law。Space as place、Place、Resources and other objective phenomena or adjustment objects,It is an inherent way of conceptualizing space in law,It is also the “space common sense” of bonus bet365 professionals。Modernity’s bonus bet365 discourse consists of a kind of nature、dominated by the concept of homogeneous and unified space,In daily life bonus bet365 practice,The dynamics of space、Difference and diversity are obscured。Reflection on “spatial common sense” in theoretical law is an integral part of reflection on modernity and its bonus bet365 discourse at the “macro-ideological” level。

Second,Response to the “spatial turn” in the field of humanities and social sciences。The “spatial turn” in the humanities and social sciences began in the 1970s,The spatial problematic awareness, which was marginal and slightly radical at that time, eventually became a “turn” that affected the paradigm of humanities and social science research in the 1990s,Interdisciplinary research that attempts to break disciplinary boundaries and be problem-oriented has become an important manifestation of today’s “spatial turn”。Last 20 years,Thinking spatially appears in global governance、Space Policy、International Relations、Undergoing research on sustainable development, ecology and natural environment protection,The rise of bonus bet365 geography has become an example of this "turn" in the field of bonus bet365 research。The spatial discourse of different disciplines produces a large number of observations and descriptions about the bonus bet365 field,And the important thing is,To what extent and extent have these observations and descriptions influenced bonus bet365 theory and practice,How should bonus bet365 researchers respond?

 Third,Reunderstanding the concept of space in theory and practice。In bonus bet365 theory,The traditional “domestic-international” dichotomy looks at the “world bonus bet365 map” based on the physical spatial boundaries of nation-states;But since the 1990s,This dichotomy is challenged by the theory of bonus bet365 globalization。Although bonus bet365 centralism still dominates bonus bet365 practice in various countries,But some important theoretical reflections and empirical studies have shown to bonus bet365 scholars,Anywhere、National or global,The space is never static and homogeneous。The spatial conceptualization model of modern bonus bet365 theory is rooted in bonus bet365 science’s emphasis on systematicity、The pursuit of unity and certainty,It also highlights the functional aspect of law that attempts to simplify the complexity of modern society。In specific provisions、Judgments and Codes,An internal normativity that “reduces” or “resists” the hybridity of law/space、Pluralism and heterogeneity。However,Some basic concepts related to space、The classification standards and adjustment objects are changing,This change has not been properly expressed in the existing cognitive framework of bonus bet365 science,In this sense,External observation and description may provide some help for us to re-understand the concept of space in bonus bet365 research and bonus bet365 practice。

  Multi-level cognitive framework and theoretical presuppositions

After more than 30 years of development,bonus bet365 geography is still a new field。Whether abroad or at home,It is studying the object、There is no mature consensus on basic issues such as domain definition and theoretical framework,These questions have always troubled bonus bet365 geography researchers and other scholars trying to understand bonus bet365 geography。But from another perspective,The future of “young” bonus bet365 geography is also full of possibilities。Given the differences in context and the variety of issues,Instead of directly determining its nature,We might as well consider bonus bet365 geography as a multi-level cognitive framework that includes possibilities,This framework should include the above three "problem awareness",Some basic presets are also required,Acknowledged: first,A socio-bonus bet365 perspective;Second,Pluralism of law;Third,The socio-spatial constitution of law;Fourth,Multiple views of space;Fifth,Spatial heterogeneity;Sixth,The contingency of space;Seventh,Variability of space。bonus bet365 geography as a cognitive framework may include the following three levels。

1st,bonus bet365 Geography as a Research Field。A post-disciplinary approach to bonus bet365 geography,Think of it as a problem-oriented research area,Downplaying subject boundaries and problem attribution。for example,Unequal rights for regional space、Redefinition of gender space、Issues such as the boundary of public-private space and the management and protection of river waters,bonus bet365 researchers explore possible solutions as participants。The primary issue that participants in various disciplines of bonus bet365 geography are concerned about is the identification of the nature of space and its interaction with background institutions,The importance of bonus bet365 researchers is reflected in the discussion of policy and normative research,This discussion should be based on multiple alternatives,Instead of directly legalizing all issues。

Second,bonus bet365 Geography as a Perspective of Observation。Under the premise that bonus bet365 theory has spatial-inclusivity,Regard bonus bet365 geography research as an external observation and description of the bonus bet365 world。This observation and description does not conflict with "bonus bet365 logic",It is like a feedback mechanism。Researchers use geography、Social Theory、Resources in bonus bet365, social science and other fields,Provide a spatial analysis or spatial interpretation for bonus bet365 phenomena in different contexts。for example,About regional ethnic autonomy、Urban spatial planning and land management issues,bonus bet365 geography attempts to reveal bonus bet365-spatial relationships and the rights/power relationships therein that may be "de-contextualised" by rules and institutions,Showing the complex diversity of human needs in multi-dimensional space and the effect of bonus bet365 implementation,Thus examining the pros and cons of the system。

 Third,bonus bet365 Geography as a Comparative bonus bet365 Approach。Based on comparative bonus bet365 geography in Quetta,Australian scholar Spencer (L. Spencer) proposed bonus bet365 geography as a comparative bonus bet365 method。No matter the concept、Comparison between function and meaning,Comparative law research puts historical and cultural factors in the first place,This is also the consistent way of thinking when discussing bonus bet365 transplantation。bonus bet365 geography scholars believe,Historical and cultural factors are certainly important,But future comparative law research needs to focus on considering the environment、The interactive relationship between people and institutions,Issues such as environmental diversity and human diversity。The idea of ​​combining bonus bet365 geography and comparative law is precisely based on this,The concerns of bonus bet365 geography involve both the environment (physical/social space)、People (spiritual space) and institutions (social space),Also involves issues such as diversity (spatial heterogeneity and bonus bet365 pluralism)。Based on the accumulation of certain empirical research,This idea may have important methodological significance for reflecting on existing bonus bet365 transplant research。

  (This article is a phased result of the "Spatial Imagination of bonus bet365 Research" (19SKGC-QT04) project funded by the Fundamental Research Funds of the Central Universities and Huaqiao University's Philosophy and Social Sciences Young Scholars Growth Project)

(Author’s unit: Huaqiao University Law School)

Editor: Chen Jing
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