Bet365 app download Through Marx's pair of products、currency、Deep analysis of social symbols such as capital，The upside -down and negative nature of the social symbol can be found.，It is the historical prescribed by social symbols in a certain social form，The basic contradictions of human practice, which are rooted in human practice, is the contradiction between objectization and non -objectization，Dialectical essence of practice is stipulated in the relationship of negativeness as a medium，Whether the dialectical dialectics of the definition method on the symbol。The criticism of social symbolism in the view of the historical view of materialism is based on practice、Based on reality、Pointing to the future，It is a revolutionary and constructive criticism。In contemporary，Constructing a scientific social symbol theory，Not only can it promote the development of symbolics，and an important aspect of deepening historical materialism。

　　Keywords:Social symbolism theory of historical materialism symbolics

　　AuthorFang Jun，Deputy Secretary -General of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and director of the Office、Editor (Beijing 100732)。

　　Editor in charge:Li Xiaoxiao

　　Source:"Chinese Social Sciences" 2020, No. 7 P4 -P25

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Symbolics is considered to be one of the fastest development of contemporary humanities and social sciences。But，Wei's signature literature，The general symbols of Linlin's symbols and opinions，The regrets are not to be ignored: except for a few thinkers such as Balt、Portilia and others' work，Basically, it is based on language problems，Language has become the main symbolics (where many thesexes even become the only) research object;，Make symbolics gradually technical、Specialized and Academy，It has become a privatization "discourse carnival"; even research on social symbolic issues，Like Balt about fashion、Analysis of ideas and other issues，Baltricia's criticism of contemporary "consumer society"，Also due to methodological errors，and mysteriousness，As a result, the critical strength of social symbolism is lost。

Research on Social Symbol Theory，The historical view of materialism should not be absent。It is true，The founder of the historical view of materialism does not have a systematic work on social symbolism theoretical works，but，Methodism of the problem of social symbolic problems based on the historical view of materialism，It still has a lively and deep thought penetration power，systematically sort out and use it with a large light，Not only is it helpful for promoting the development of symbolics, especially social symbolism, it is very helpful，also adds new possibilities to the contemporary development of materialist history。

　　1. The upside -down and negation of social symbols

Commodity、currency、Capital，is the most important social symbol of modern society。Marx has made scientific and thorough and thorough political economy critical analysis of these three symbols in "Capital" and several of its manuscripts，The position and method contained in it、Critical direction and strength are unparalleled。

Commodity，As a symbol，Both simple and mysterious，The mystery of the product is manifested in its sense of feeling and super sensing。Marx said: "At first glance，Products seem to be a simple and ordinary thing。Analysis of the product，It is a very weird thing，The subtle and strange theology of metaphysics。”

Any product is a useful thing first，The usefulness of things makes things use value。Use value Essence in essentially indicates that people exist，Reflecting personal relationships of nature，It is the natural existence of the product、Natural object。From the perspective of use value，Products are first of all labor products produced to meet the needs of people，Reflects the process of transforming the natural material transformation of human beings。In terms of value,，Things for my relationship are direct，People’s relationship with nature is clear。

but，Products are different from products (labor products that have not yet obtained product forms)，Not the value of use。Product producers produced products as commodities，Not to meet your own needs，but to meet the needs of others and society，This must be exchanged through commodity。To enable the exchange to reach，Different commodity producers must not only be conceptual but also determine the relationship and ratio of the amount of the amount of use value between different qualitys in practice，The relationship and proportion of this amount completely abandon the difference in quality (use value) of different commodities，This generates exchange value。Exchange value is an abstraction of the exchange relationship of different commodities，The essence is the negation of the value of use，Is the natural existence of the product、Negative Natural Objective。

"In the most primitive object exchange，When two products exchange each other，Each product is first equal to a symbol that shows its exchange value "。Exchange value，Different species of special useful labor (specific labor) is denied，Determine the exchange between different products can be achieved，It is just the simple condensation of non -different human labor that shows in the exchange value of goods，It forms the value of the product。Products must have a dual form: natural form and value form、Natural objectivity and value objects、Natural existence and pure economy exist。

"The value of the product is different from Kuaizu Guiyi，You don’t know what to do for it。The rough objectivity of the feeling of the same product body is exactly the opposite，There is no natural material atom in the value of the commodity body。"" This value object can neither rely on "microscope" nor "chemical reagent"，Only by scientific abstraction can we reveal it。Products are only values ​​in exchange。Value is not only the general exchange ability of the product，and it is its unique exchangeability，At the same time is the index of the proportion of other products exchange for other products。Therefore，Value is the social relationship of goods，It is the economy of the commodity。It is in the universal exchange relationship，The value of the product as the product and the product itself (use value) as the product is separated、Apocalypse，As an objectivity of the value, it is different from its natural existence: the pure economy exists。"In the existence of pure economy，Products are simple symbols of production relationship，Letter，It is a simple symbol of its own value "。

Products as a symbol，Its mysterious nature is not from the value of the product，It is not from the content stipulated in value，and exactly originated from the form of the product itself: equivalent of human labor，The form of equivalent value objects of labor products has been obtained;，The form of social relations of labor products。and this，It comes from the social nature unique to the labor of the labor，is the continuous development of the dual nature of private labor。Use items to become a product，Just because they are products for each other's independent private labor，The sum of various private labor forms general labor。One aspect，Private labor must be used as a kind of useful labor to meet certain social needs，This proves that it is part of the total social labor，is part of the entire social division of labor system; on the other hand，Only in every special and useful private labor can be exchanged with any other useful private labor to be equal，A single private labor can meet the various needs of the producer himself。Different private labor can be equal，Just because their actual differences have been drawn，Consumption of being transformed into human labor、The common nature of as an abstract human labor。but，This dual nature of private labor，It is just reflected in actual transaction、In those forms shown in product exchange，That is, the social usefulness of their private labor，Reflected in labor products must be useful、In the form of useful others，Reflected in the form of these different labor products with a common value nature。

That seems to，"People make their labor products have a relationship with each other，Not because of their opinion that these things are only material shells of human labor in the same species。Just the opposite，They make their various products equal to each other in the exchange，It also makes their various labor equal to each other as human labor。They don’t realize this，But they did this。So，The value is not written on the amount what it is。Not only that，Value also converts each labor product into a pictograph of society。Later，People try their best to guess the meaning of this pictographic text，To understand the secrets of their own social products，Because the items are specified as value，Just like language，It is people’s social product。"The value of the value has the function of turning labor products into" pictographs of society ", that is, specific social symbols，Mainly in terms of value itself eliminates the natural characteristics of the product and enables the abstract human labor of different types of labor in the product.，Makes the product a sense of feeling and super sensation because of this，and this，It is the product of the development of human society to a certain historical stage。Therefore，Commodity、Value，As a "pictograph of society"，As a specific social symbol，It is not inherent in human brain，It is not always available from humans，In the final analysis, it reflects a certain social relationship at a certain historical stage。

"Each product is a symbol"。If you borrow Sosuer、Balt and others' terms and abandon their connotation，Products as a symbol，There are three levels or elements: (1) The object refers to，that is, the product itself，There are dual existence: natural existence (use value)、Pure economic existence (value); (2) Finger means expression or expression，That is value、Exchange value (it is a form of value in itself);，There are also duces: the relationship between things、The relationship between people。Pure products or items that are not converted into products or items，It refers to the usefulness of useful or objects (can also be said to be used value)，It is reflected in the object that meets the individual (producer) itself; its ability to indicate a corresponding relationship between the object (object) and the person's needs、Following the relationship，The more positive the relationship is、The higher the affirmative，The more it can be accepted and spread by people; it means reflecting the meaning that can be expressed。In the product here，The referred to the symbol、Can finger、Means to present an unproof direct unity，is a closed -loop system explained in a positive explanation。and the product as a specific social symbol，It has significant significance for its generation and development，It indicates: one，The continuous differentiation and expansion of the activity。The generation of products，First show the formation and increase of the remaining products，and this indicates production、division of labor、The continuous expansion of communication，The private nature of the event is denied，Individual labor is becoming more and more transformed into social labor。But in a long history，The social nature of the labor is more reflected in things that have a supporting position，Natural form of labor、Special form is a direct social form of labor。Therefore，At that time，The so -called sociality of labor，What is reflected by a certain exchange value，More at the end of the community，With this form of development，These communities also Bet365 lotto review disintegrate。and the generalization of goods，Especially the product transformed into capital，But the premise of the full development of this historical form。Its two，Universalization of the relationship。Product、Use value to reflect the relationship between man and nature，Reflecting the relationship between individuals for a special useful object，This relationship is simple and primitive。Commodity、exchange value and value reflect people's universal social relationships，Therefore, the relationship between man and nature also gets more and more branded and is dominated by it。Its three，Renewal of the person itself。The full development of commodity production and exchange，High professional division of labor system，Make people’s activities and relationships continuously exceed the direct、Simple、Limited purpose，So that people themselves show a one -sided and independent diversified development，Therefore, the product has the meaning of culture。

but，All of this is based on negativeness，Universal separation、Upside down、Forms of confrontation to achieve。From use value to exchange value、Value，In essence, the objective abstraction process with negativeness as the medium。The ability of the product symbol — exchange value and value，First is the negation of value of use，This negation is by no means as analyzed by Baliax，is simply negating (cancellation) the value itself，On the contrary，I just abandoned the one -sidedness of the use value、Easy to flew，and the simplicity of activities and connections based on natural necessity between the same single，and the value of use of yourself in the form of abandonment becomes the value of the use of others。

Products are followed by private ownership and different forms of development，and the latter as the premise。Private ownership means that people's activity products negate the person itself，Therefore, the commodity as its faction is a kind of power and relationship that is upside down and negative。From the perspective of symbols，Both reflect the duality referred to -the separation of natural existence (use value) and the existence of pure economy (value)，It is more reflected in the separation and reversal that can be referred to -can refer to negative、Diplide and even swallow the pointing，It is also reflected in the separation and reversal that can be referred to and meaning -can refer to eliminating、Swallowing meant refers to。It one，Alienation of activities。Products as a social symbol，It can refer to value、Exchange value becomes the "overlord" of commodity society，This indicates that it is precisely in the product symbol，The process and results of the activity are continuously expanded，Become the essential force of the negative person、Ghost the heterogeneous power of the person itself，Become an alienation。Therefore，The sociality of labor reflected in the commodity as a social symbol is presented in a reversed form，The positiveness of the development of people marked means that it is reflected in the form of negation。Its two，Alienation of the relationship。The energy refers to the product is value、exchange value reflects the general social relationship between people，But the universal relationship wrapped under the shell of the thing，Therefore, the rule of people's comprehensive dependence on things and the rule of the relationship between the relationship brought by it、Relations to human externality and independence。The relationship here is a comprehensive upside -down and negative relationship。The relationship is denied for my nature，Become a relationship for him，For each product producer and owner，Products as a symbol，completely becoming "Others"，Become a relationship of dissidents。Its three，Alienation of people's own development。The energy refers to the product is value、Exchange value always try to break all boundaries，Therefore，One aspect，Objectively indicate that people get more and more break the blood margin、Land、The boundary of the nation，It may achieve comprehensive development; but on the other hand，This development is in its most developed form -in the capitalist society，Itself has adopted the method of sacrificing individuals to the greatest extent，Make the development of the person itself and the development of each individual show sharp confrontation。This indicates，The product itself has an irreplaceable boundary，It can refer to and refers to、The contradictions that can be referred to as meant always exist，The solution is just to produce contradictions in another new form。

Products as a symbol，It can refer to and refers to、Can refer to contradictions with meaning，Can refer to what you mean、Can refer to the upside -down meaning、Negative and alienation，I have been concentrated in product worship。Marx said: "The value relationship between the product and it is used in order to obtain the performance of the labor product，It is the physical nature of the labor product and the relationship between the substance that is generated.。This is just a certain social relationship of people，But it adopted the illusion of the relationship between the relationship between the matter and the thing。So，Find a metaphor，We have to escape in the illusion of the religious world。Where，The product of the human brain is manifested as a life that gives life、Independent existence of each other's relationship and relationship with each other。In the commodity world，The product of the man's hand is also the same。I call this as worship。Once the labor product is produced as a product，Just bring the nature of worship，Therefore, worship is inseparable from the production of goods。"The nature of the product of the product，The ability of the product symbol — value、A sense of feeling and super sensation of exchanging value，It is also a form of goods and its development -currency、The important reasons for all ideal history on the issue of capital。

Products as the upside -down and negation of social symbols，further expand in the currency symbol，Its illusion is more mysterious、More dazzling，The nature of alienation is more acute。

The further development of currency as the form of commodity value，First is the negation of simple material exchange。Two different products, because their own owners do not directly need the products in the other party，But it must be reached to find the products that they need in the market，There must be a third object exchange。This third thing is first a product，Different special products can be exchanged with it，Therefore, it is no longer a special product，It's just a simple value symbol，is a symbol of the product，Is the symbol of the social symbol of the product，It represents the labor time itself。It is the activity of society that makes a specific product separated from the general equivalent from all kinds of products，Through it to fully express the value of other products，So the natural form of this product becomes a recognized equivalent form in the society，Become a social symbol。In fact，It only shows a social relationship。Due to this social process，A negative form of the simple material exchange relationship was generated，That is the simple value symbol as a general equivalent -currency。Currency generation，Make product exchange get a typical form，that is W -G -W。A practical reasoning and abstraction is a series of historical conditions and activity processes repeated results，Products used as exchange medium，Just gradually converted into currency，Converted into a symbol，Once such a real process is completed，This product itself may be replaced by its own symbol，"The symbol of being recognized by the exchange value"。From the historical perspective，Livestock、Stone、Iron、Copper, etc. have all served as currency。With the restrictions of the commodity exchange breakthrough，Currency forms are increasingly transferred to those commodities that are naturally suitable for social functions that are suitable for general equivalent objects -precious metal。"Gold and silver is not currency，But the currency is naturally gold and silver。”

With the universalization of commodity production and exchange，The social symbol function of currency is becoming increasingly rich，Therefore, its reversal and negation nature is also dazzling: separate from the product and independent; from the means to the purpose; through the negation of its own purpose, to achieve its own purpose at the same time; The value of exchange; the exchange is easy to perform the exchange; the difficulty of the exchange of commodity exchange is generally overcome this difficulty; according to the producer dependence on the same degree of the exchange, the exchange is separated from the producer and independent。

As a value scale，Although the referring to currency also includes natural existence (use value) and pure economy existence (value)，But because it is a special attribute of general equivalent objects，Makes its natural existence even obtains a dual existence: one is the special use value of it and all other products，For example, gold can be made into a ring，Become a symbol of love; one is what it has、8254_8281，And this use value is given by its social functions。So on currency，The relationship between man and nature，The more and more the social marking of the society and is dominated by social relations。

As a means of circulation，Symbol of the product，Currency molt all the traces of its natural formation in its value form，All traces of the special and useful labor that created it，The incarnation of pupae is turned into no different human labor。Because it does not see from the currency symbol, which product it is transformed from the transformation of it，Not only that，Currency also denies the product itself，The relationship between it and the product is upside down。It is not showing it in front of people as the medium nature of commodity exchange，Not the undertaking of the exchange value of other products，On the contrary, all other products can only achieve their own value only through it。"Currency is a slave image such as simply circulation means，Jumping to become the rulers and God in the commodity world。”

Not only that，Currency as a means of circulation，As the exchange is becoming more abundant、Frequent and universal，and then derive the currency coin form。First of all gold coins、Silver Coin、copper coins、Gold mark、Silver mark、copper mark，until it generates a banknote。Mint, especially the generation of banknotes，It is a negation of the physical nature and natural form of the currency。Banking is the symbol of gold or currency symbol，Symbols of social symbols。Its movement only means the continuous transformation of the opposite process of the commodity morphology W -G -W。Here，The independent expression of the exchange value of the product is just fleeting element，Therefore，In the process of currency continuously,，The symbol of currency is enough。"The existence of currency function can be said to swallow its material existence"，Can refer to swallow it。"Currency as the fleeting objective reflection of the price of goods，Just use it as its own symbol to perform functions，Therefore, it can also be replaced by the symbol。”

As a payment method and credit symbol，Currency becomes "mortgage of society"。It is an abstract socialist as a general equivalent，That is, the social nature of the abstract labor of the abstract labor of each specific labor character is drawn.，More abstract than all other products，Demand with quantitative countermeasures、The characteristics of swallowing quality are more vivid，"Just as the difference in the quality of the product is eliminated on the currency，Currency as an radical alternative to destroy all differences。”

The incarnation or representative of wealth，Currency becomes a symbol of "expanding social power"。Because it does not see what it changes from currency，So，All things，Whether or not it is a product，can be turned into currency，can be bought and sold，"The circulation has become a huge social distiller，All things are thrown inside，Crystals of currency when they come out。"with money with money，The desire for wealth becomes the endless chase of currency，bet365 live casino games Currency therefore has a "expanding social power"，Become a symbol of social power。This symbolic function of the currency deny the circulation method when it generates it，Become a negation of yourself。Currency as a symbol of general social wealth，presents a universal domination right，It is not premised at any personality of its possessor at all; the development of the occupation currency is not the essential development of the personality of the possessor，I am rather，This is a person who has a personality without personality，It can be mechanically occupied，You can also lose the same loss，Become a crazy and elusive thing。As a social symbol，Its magic is further displayed。

As the world currency，The social symbol function of the currency really breaks the regional restrictions of various nations，The international nature of the product has obtained a common form。Only in the world market，Currency can fully serve as such a product，Its natural form is also a direct social implementation form for abstract human labor，"The way of currency existence is suitable for the concept of currency。"here，The functions of the general payment method of currency execution、The functions of general purchase means and the function of the absolute social incarnation of general wealth，to get a kind of surpassing individual、"Super Power" of the nation and the country。World Currency becomes a complete social symbol，Breaks through any symbol of any natural boundary。

The evolution of social symbols from goods to currencies shows that as a product of human activity，As a practical reasoning and abstraction，Reflects of a certain social relationship under the form of objects，From goods to currency，Once it is created by people，It's like opening "Pandora's Magic Box"，The more and more become a negation of the person itself，Become a person's alien force，Social relationship of becoming a dissident of people。The separation and opposition between the symbol itself and the ability to finger，Can refer to the reversal and negation of the referred to and meaning，It even shows an inevitable trend that is irrelevant。

So here，Commodity worship education will inevitably develop into currency worship。A product becomes currency，It seems not because other products show their own value through it，On the contrary，Because this product is currency，Other products can express their own value through it。The media movement disappeared in its own results，without leaving any trace。"If there is no power to find the product, you find that one is outside them、The product that coexists with them is their own ready -made value form。These things，Gold and Silver，Once under the ground，It is the direct incarnation of all human labor。The magic of the currency is from this。... the mystery of currency worship is the mystery of the commodity worship，But it becomes obvious，dazzling。"Currency worship teaching fully illustrates the upside -down and negative nature of the social symbol of currency。

Capital，As a social symbol，Both of the products、Negative (abandoned) of currency (abandonment)，The highest form of product development，Is the form of currency。On capital，The upside -down social symbol、Rebellion、The negative nature is the most typical、The deepest manifestation。

Capital，Further development as a currency form，First reflected the negation of the rigidity of the currency itself，From a elusive thing to a never -stop exercise process。From W -G -W to G -W -G ′，A fundamental change has undergone currency，Convert to capital，Exercise realized as permanent self -proliferation。Capital denies the functions of simplicity of currency circulation，reflected as currency brought about currency，Create value value。In the general formula of capital，Ending point G ′ is different from the starting point G，is g ′ = g+Δg，This proliferation amount exceeds the original value is the remaining value，originated from the remaining labor (time) from workers, that is, the surplus labor created by living labor (time)。This remaining labor (time) is occupied by capitalists，The elements and strength reflected in capital。So，Currency convert to capital，Itself is a series of motion in a series of negative links，Is in the product、Graduation of the currency form, the sharpness and the sharpness of the negative nature、concealment and typical。

Convert from currency to capital，is an inevitable product of a series of historical conditions interaction。One aspect，Labor conditions created by labor is the production information、Separation of Life Information with Labor，As materialized labor, it is increasingly concentrated in the hands of a few people, that is, the capitalist; on the other hand,，Capitalist as a currency owner，Can find free workers in the commodity market。The so -called freedom，A worker is a free man，As a living labor, we can dominate his labor force as his own product; second, he has no other products to sell，Freedom to have nothing。The conditions of the above two aspects are the old ownership relationship、Social Relations -Whether it is slavery，Still feudal，Whether it is the guild system，It is still a form of hand workshop -the result of disintegration，Therefore, it is reflected in the relationship between the old ownership、Negative of social relations (abandoned)。

So here，In the social symbol of capital，Independence of Relationship、Upside down and negative are increasingly sharp，separation of ownership with labor，The opposite of materialized labor is more and more acute in the opposite of living labor。Living labor，As a non -capital labor，It is all the objectivity of the same labor (raw material、Tools, etc.) Labor separated by phase，It is completely excluded from the non -value beyond material wealth，It is a pure object of use without medium，Is the existence of the non -objectized subject of the labor itself。materialized labor is capital，It is a general wealth that exists as an objectized, which is the general wealth，One aspect，It itself is just the accumulation of labor products and is separated from the labor phase，Building a small number of capitalists; on the other hand，Because it is a general wealth，Continuous proliferation is its nature，It must also buy live labor through the commodity market，so as to make creative value and surplus value possible。Live labor can only pass materialized labor，contact with capital，can the simplicity of the simplicity of the activity of the activity of the value of value become actual activity。But all of this，In reality，All are just the activity of capital、The process of capital、The power of capital。For capital，This kind of activity can only be the reproduction of the capital itself -save and proliferate capital。Of course, this is a substantial reversal and negation，It is a laborer and labor product (labor condition)、Living and materialized labor、The relationship between the creation of value and the relationship between the value of value。materialized labor as labor conditions，As an independent、Personalized things are opposite to workers，Not workers use labor conditions，but workers。

Confrontation of materialized labor and living labor，Is the upside down of the relationship between subject and object。The value of the use of labor capabilities for the purchase of capitalists，It is the power to create and increase value，and this power does not belong to workers，and belong to capital。When capital incorporates this power，It has vitality，and start to work with the impulse of "seeming to hurt acacia"，As a result, living labor becomes a means to maintain and proliferate itself，The past materialized labor ruled the current live labor。"This objectization process is actually manifested as the externalization process of labor in terms of labor，From the perspective of capital, it is the process of possession of the labor of others，For this point，This twist and reversal is real，instead of simply imagination，Not simply existing in the concept of workers and capitalists。”

The paradox of the question is，Confrontation of materialized labor and living labor、Universal alienation、Real upside down of the subjective relationship，In the form of capital，It is also manifested as a pure currency trading relationship，So I put on freedom、Equal coat。Capitalist and workers、The relationship between materialized labor and live labor，Unlike the owner and the servant、Master and Monk、feudal owner and companion、The relationship between the master and the helper，Instead, all politics、List of religion。This relationship is attributed to the relationship between buying and selling in the phenomenon and the consciousness of both parties，Therefore, it is expressed as a simple production relationship -pure economic relationship，It seems to be an equal exchange relationship on the surface，This exactly covers the essence of capitalists who have the labor of others for free。Capitalists through the exchange process of the same workers，Get two things for free: First, the remaining labor that increases his capital value，is the surplus value; the second is the quality of the live labor at the same time，This quality enables the past labor of materialization to be preserved in the past part of the capital，so as to save the value of the original capital。Equality on the surface、Freedom exchange relationships cover up real inequality、Not free。

Capital as a specific social symbol，The nature lies in continuous proliferation，That is to chase the remaining value，Endlessness reflected in the end of all bounds、Unlimited desire and strength。One aspect，It will make goods、The nature of the natural international faction of currency is exerted to the extreme，Here，Any boundary is a limit on capital，All are to be broken，Otherwise it is not capital; on the other hand，It is because the capital is unsatisfactory to chase the remaining value，Factors that can make capital proliferation，All will be included in your own system and strength by capital。This is here，The huge accumulation of social wealth is also manifested as the power of capital。In a capitalist society，Wealth as the power of capital，When it shows a medium、It is manifested as the middle item between the exchange value and the value of the use value，Always show the exchange value on the highest level。"When the general conditions of the social production process ... when the capital of capital is created，Capital has reached the highest development。This aspect indicates，To what extent capital, all social production conditions belong to themselves，Therefore, on the other hand, it also indicates，How much the wealth of social reproduction is capitalized "。Capitalist production method also separates science to become an independent force for service capital，It is this development condition that is separated and independent to become scientific and knowledge。Because capital drives workers to engage in this kind of labor that exceeds them，So capital creation culture，execute a certain history、Social functions。

but，Within the scope of capital，All of this，All show the power of capital and opposite workers。The free development of one party is that the workers must put all their time，Therefore, the space they develops is completely used for production; the development of one party's ability is based on the development of the other party.。This is both capital and workers、Comprehensive alienation of the relationship between materialized labor and living labor，It is also an inherent contradiction in the capital relationship。Therefore，Scientific progress and its application in production，Development of the Great Industry of the Machine，Make materialized labor's rule of living labor，Capitalists occupy the remaining labor of workers for free，"Not only becoming a social truth that is manifested in the relationship between capitalists and workers，and it can be said to be the real process。”

From goods to currency to capital，The upside -down and negative nature of social symbols is reflected as gradually deepening、bet365 Play online games Comprehensive，The process of confrontation。On the social symbol of capital，referred to -the materialization and activity form of labor、Value (remaining value) and use value，Can finger -value (remaining value)，Meaning -the relationship between things and people，presents a comprehensive split、Upside down、Negative and confrontation，Can refer to swallowing what you mean，Control、Garment means，With comprehensive alienation and illusion，and get the most superficial on the survival capital、The most richest worship teaching、It is also the most mysterious form。If it is said on the total capital formula of G -W -G '，At least there is a general form of capital movement，—The currency as the starting point of capital，It was originally a completed capital，It is the uniform of the production process and circulation process，Capital that provides a certain amount of surplus value in a certain period of time，In the formula of life -interesting capital G -G ′，It is attributed to the two poles G -G ′，That is to create more currency currency，Sports conversion disappears，No medium item，Capital manifestations of interest, that is, the mysterious self -created source of the proliferation of capital itself。This is here，On the capital capital，This automatic worship education，That is the value of self -proliferation，A currency of currency will be given to the currency，Just show it purely，No trace of its origin in this form，Social relations eventually become a kind of object that is currency and its own relationship。Further say，In Capital -Interest、Land -Land Rent、Labor -The Trinity Formula of Wages，Mystery of capitalist production method、materialization of social relations、The process of directly fusion of material production relationships with its historical and social stipulated nature has been completed。"This is a magic、Upside down、The inverted world。In this world，Mr. Capital and Mrs. Land，characters as a society，At the same time as simplicity，Being a monster in Xing Monster。”

If the critical investigation of social symbols shifted from the economic field to the political field，You can see，The upside -down and negative nature of social symbols is equally common，It's just that there is a different kind of scenery。"Louis Bonaba's Fog Moon Eighteenth Day", which was called genius by Engels, is also written in the serial article "The French Class Struggle from 1848 to 1850" in its previously written，Marx using the view of materialism，Through the study of the French economic history in the first half of the 19th century，"Deep deeper from the appearance of political form to the depth of social life"，Avant to reveal the changes in French socio -economic relations、The changes in class relationships and how class struggle is logically "caused by a situation and conditions，Makes a mediocre and ridiculous person may play the role of the hero。”

From Marx's view，All political struggles、Political events，No matter how complicated，How absurd the ending，As long as the bubble and trap of the discourse，Thorough analysis of various classes、Economic foundation -based interest relationships，All become understandable。For example，Napoleon this character，France in 1848，There is a specific meaning of its political symbols。In the election on December 10 of that year，Social class、Why does the class vote to support Napoleon (actually his nephew Louis Polipa)? Marx pointed out，"Napoleon is a collection noun that combines all factions against the bourgeois Republic"。and Election on December 10, 1848，French farmers，This day is also known as "the day of peasant uprising"。"This means that their symbol of their revolutionary movement is both awkward and cunning、Types and naive、Both stupid and savvy，Is a weighing superstition，It is a funny drama that moves people，It is a ridiculous era.，It is the mockery of world history，It is an unbelievable pictograph that is difficult to understand "。In the eyes of French farmers at the time，Napoleon is the most fully representing the interests of the French peasant class and the only one of the newly formed French peasant class，Therefore, Napoleon "Not a character，but a program。"They hold the banner，Playing the music and heading for the voting station，Check "Cancel Donation Tax，To knock the rich，Dowry the Republic，Long live the emperor! "The Republic that they voted to overthrow is the rich Republic。The rest of the class helped farmers complete the victory of the election。For the proletariat，"Election Napoleon" means the cancellation of the bourgeois republican; for the petty bourgeoisie，"Napoleon" means the debtor's rule of creditors; for the majority of the large bourgeoisie，"Election Napoleon" means that they have deepened their dissatisfaction with the group that once temporarily used to deal with the revolution.，It must be disclosed with it; the army's voting "Election Napoleon" means opposition to Peace -shepherdling and supporting war。This is here，Louis Popa Napoleon，Just because he is Napoleon’s nephew，Connect with his great uncle's last name，"One of the most mediocre people in France has gained the most meaning。Because he has no importance，So he can show everything，I just don’t show himself。"here，"Napoleon" such as "Napoleon" is given many aspects of meaning，—— one refers to multiple capable fingers，Multiple refers to multiple meanings of multiple meanings; behind multiple meanings is the class、The interest relationship of the class，But I took the upside -down、Negative、Even the form of funny farce;、Separation meaning、Upside down and negative nature is both real，It is illusory again; he is given a variety of meaning，Only does it mean himself。Breaking Analysis of Marx，revealed in the political field，As in the economic field，The upside -down and negative nature of social symbols，That is the reverse energy finger、Meaning features: Equality means unequal，Freedom exactly indicates not freedom，Boai just shows hatred，Unity just means splitting，Loyalty just means betrayal，Brave exactly indicates that timidity，Peace just indicates war，Police just means a thief，etc.。

　　2. The source of upside down and negative

Social symbols such as products、currency、Capital and even Napoleon (Louis Popa), etc.，The reason why it is head and foot inverted、Upside down、Negative，Against the negation of the social symbol、The negation of the negation between the meaning of the meaning is common，From the root cause，In the basic contradictions of practice and the dialectical essence of the practice specified in this regulation。

Marx said: "The environment of the environment is the same as that of people's activities or self -changes，It can only be regarded as and reasonably understood as a revolutionary practice。"" "Living in all society is essentially practical。Any mysterious thing that leads theory to mysteriousism，Both can be reasonably solved in people's practice and the understanding of this practice。"understanding the essence of practice，Three of the decisive significance links:

　　It one，Practice is the consensus of the environmental change and the self -changes of people。The basic contradiction of practice is the contradiction between objectization and non -objectization。Practice is not only manifested as the subject's processing of the object，is the transformation of the environment，and more important，The results reflected in consumer practice，Make reproduction with new quality、The subject that needs and ability，That is the transformation of themselves for themselves。Objectized，That is the main object of the subject，It is the essential force of the person，From the main body existence, that is, the way of activity，Convert to the existence of objective objects，Reflected the transformation of the environment。instead of objectization，That is the subject of the object，It is an object (including the results of the activity of the predecessor) from the existence of objective objects to the content and form of the main activity，Make the main activity of the objects of the object and objective laws and become objective activities，It can be understood between becoming different subjects、Activity and exchange activities，and shaped through possession and enjoying the results of the activity、Developer's essential power，Then overcome the existing limitations of people itself，Achieved self -update、Self -confirmation and self -implementation，Self -renovation reflected in human beings。The entire human practice，All social life，is the change of the environment and the self -changes of people、The continuous development process of the contradiction movement of objectization and non -objectization。

　　Its two，Media (intermediary、indirect nature) is one of the basic features of practical activities。Animal activities also have objects，But this object does not constitute a relationship for it，Because animals have no self -consciousness，It is even impossible to establish a relationship between the medium through manufacturing and use tools。"Every place where there is a relationship，This relationship exists for me; nothing happens 'relationships' ‘relationship’，and there is no 'relationship at all; for animals，It does not exist as a relationship for his relationship。"and human practice is not only an objective activity，And it is an objectized activity。In practice，As the subject of the event，Not only the objective relationship with external objects，And with the help of "artificial tools", this objective relationship is converted into objects at the same time，Construction of "relationship between relationships"，Therefore, the person itself is also transformed into the object of the transformation。Media，It is the difference between human practice (higher) animal instinct activity，At the same time, it is also an important symbol of continuous regeneration and reform and development。In practice，The subject and object are mutually medium，The interaction between the subject and object is the medium; whether it is production，Still consumption，-Ir they are just different ways of practice -they are based on the activities of manufacturing and use tools; whether it is material production，Still material interaction，Both the conceptual process (spiritual production and spiritual communication) as the medium; and the material transformation and spiritual transformation in practical activities，The relationship between the subject's value (meaning) of the subject is also the medium。The medium nature of practical activities is the source of all symbols from the source。

　　Its three，The dialectical essence of practice is the relationship between negativeness as the medium、Event and process。The reason why practice is the revolution，It is that it is never satisfied、The never -stop changes in the environment and the self -changing historical process of people's self -changes。The so -called change，That is, deny (overcome) objects (environment) and the existing state of the person ("yes")，Reaching an ideal state ("should")。Objectized and non -objectized，The two directions of the practical process are opposite but the premise of each other，In the eternal contradiction movement，and therefore causes historic changes in practice at different stages; the process of contradictions between objectization and non -objectization，Also human and nature、People and society、The process of motion changes that people and their own triple relationships are negative。In a certain sense,，Media is negative，It is between the poles of the subject and the object，It is both a negation of the intimate state of the object，It is also an existing concept of the subject、Night of the Ability。

The subjective relationship in practice is first manifested as the transformation relationship of nature，This transformation contains the dual transformation of the natural and natural nature of external nature。Nature will not automatically meet people's needs。On bet365 live casino games the contrary，Nature often shows heterosexuality for people in its free form，Through various natural forces such as severe cold、Cool Summer、Flood、A fire、Earthquake and even various viruses to oppose people。That's for this，Nature's relationship with people is a kind of alien relationship。People transform nature in a practical manner，is to negate this alienity，That is to abandon the freedom and heterogeneity of nature，Make it to obey people's purpose，Profitting and avoiding harm，Dangerous danger。The result of this negation (negative) is dual: the destructiveness of the external natural forces is overcome，Become a human essential force; at the same time，The natural nature of people is also denied，Transforming human natural instincts into a social nature of adults。From the transformation of people to society，Society is first presented as the result of the practice of predecessors to the current practice subject，Therefore，Social Relations、Social environment for the subject of reality，It will also be manifested as a kind of free state，It is impossible to automatically meet the needs of people who automatically meet the reality。On the contrary，often show the alienity of people who are reality，For example，Social relations between slavery are a kind of free for slaves、Alien relationship; feudal production relationship is not only for farmers，And the emerging citizen class is a kind of free、The relationship between dissidents; the production relationship of capital is also a kind of free for workers、The relationship between dissidents。Freedom is the social relationship that the practical subject that cannot choose;。So，Social relationship with people as a kind of existence，Freedom is also a negative relationship。People transform society in a practical manner，Revolution this negation through revolution (including reform, etc.)，So as to abandon the freedom of the old social relationship、Alienity、Irregularity，to obey the purpose and nature of the development of the person itself，So that social relations become more people's development needs、More reasonable and beautiful power。The result of the latter negation is also dual: the social environment is transformed，Old restraint、The power of the ruler is overcome，The new essential force of becoming a person is the new positive social force; at the same time，People themselves have also been liberated，Get new needs、Ability、Quality, etc.。

You must point out，People are in practice through practice、Society and human self -freedom、Negativeness of Alienity，Not negative、Mechanical、Simple negation，but dialectical negative，As a link as contact、Development link、Negative links of the change，It is negative that contains affirmative factors。People overcome the nature of the relationship between nature and social relations、Process of the nature of aliens，From the general trend,，It is not a destruction of nature and social systems (although there may be such a situation，But whether it is nature，Ordinary society will warn people in a retaliation manner to follow the laws of nature and social laws)，but construction，Make it perfect、Perfect and reasonable。Therefore，The so -called change，Revolutionary practice，Never be understood as negative、Mechanical、Simple damage，It should be understood as the negative negation of the dialectical containing affirmative factors。From the aspect of the event，Reform people's own natural nature、The original social nature of the person，Not a simple negation，Instead of discarding，Use reasonable content as a positive thing in the new social nature，So as to achieve human reshaping and transformation，Establishing the purpose of developing human beings in nature as the purpose of practice，-This is a affirmation of human society，But it is by no means anti -nature，Not to be anti -human。Whether it is the transformation of the environment (nature and society)，Still people's self -transformation，The morphological changes and results accumulation of each practical activity，All people overcome (negative) objects, and also overcome people's own free state，As a step towards freedom。This positive、Dialectical negation，That is, Hergel pointed out and is Marx、Engels highly affirmed，Dialectics of "Principles and Creating Principles" as a history of history。and lack or ignore this historical dialectics，It is an important methodology for the mysterious understanding and interpretation of social life, including social symbols。

All symbols come from human practical activities。A large number of archaeological results have been proven，The original symbol of human beings originated from a person to a certain object (natural force、Social Relations, etc.) abstraction，instead of abstract materials，Still abstract ability，All products of people's practical activities。Analysis from the time of the common tense，Any specific practical activity is from the purpose、means (ie tool)、Results The composition of the three elements，It is also reflected in the process of transforming each other。Purpose as the "ideal intention" as an active activity，is a negation of the concept of the subject's free state，It has to be converted into reality，It is necessary to rely on the material or tools to achieve the transformation of the objective purpose of the object。means or tools as an intermediary for the purpose and purpose of the purpose and purpose of the purpose，It is the fundamental sign that can be generated by practical activities。The manufacturing and use of tools for the fundamental significance to practice is: on the one hand，It is differentiated from the object (object)，It is a object processed by the previous practical process，With objective attributes; on the other hand，It condenses the essential power of the person，It is an object with a certain subject。Results The implementation of the purpose，Of course，The emergence of a specific practice result，Do not mean the end of practice，Instead, it is the starting point of a new practical process，Especially the tools of becoming a new practical process (means)。Hegel said: "The means is a limited purpose than external purpose as a limited purpose; ——The hoe、As the purpose、Direct enjoyment is more distinguished。The tool is saved，Direct enjoyment is temporary，And will be forgotten。"means (tool) is" higher "，The reason why it is "more distinguished"，It is in the form of "external objects" created by humans to save "reasonableness"。In other words，means as a tool created by people，Make the in vitro accumulation of human practical results possible，to make the inheritance of civilization、The progress of culture becomes possible。Not only that，means (tools) In addition to meeting the current limited needs ("limited purpose of external purpose")，It also points to higher purposes，It is reflected in the negation of limited purpose，Pursue "Infinite Purpose" or "Ultimate Purpose"。That seems to，Tools as "the first real abstraction" (Leonjiev)，Not only means people know the objects，and people from value、The means of grasping the object in meaning，Therefore，The tool is the real birthplace of the mystery of symbols。For example，The manufacture and use of the original person's stick，The first comes from people picking、The labor process of hunting food，and then develop more than the useful use of direct production。"This is an appropriate invention，But it has many different usage。People are used to the sign of the physical strength and authority of the representative work，The supporting hip stick used by the ferry and the shepherd's hippocker，Until Moses or his brother Aaron's cane，ivory rods held by the Roman governor，Curvi sticks performed by the divine officer，and the scepter performed by the magician or the king。"" Evolution from stick to the scepter，is the generation process of a symbol。Language，As a representative symbol，It also originated from the needs of people's practice, especially crowd,。Archaeological data indicates，It's just the late period of the Paleolithic Age，The dense level of the primitive person only generates the need for crowd contact。Some linguists think，During the period of language "" It seems to be in the late period of the Paleolithic Age "，The history of the language is only 13,000 to 40,000 years。Chinese archeologists are in the excavation of Oracle，Discovery Oracle Except for pictographs，There are still many words，These meaningful words truly reflect the production and living conditions of people during the Yin and Shang Dynasty。If the word "is"，The word of Oracle，Holding the elephant with a person's hand，Indicates the meaning of a thing。The shape of the word indicates that Yin merchants have been able to tame and control the elephant。So，As a typical symbol，Language and text are neither a single person's imagination，Not to mention the revelation of some so -called "God"，In the final analysis, it comes from people’s production and communication, that is, practical activities。"Language itself is the product of a certain community"，"Look at the language as a single person for a single person，This is ridiculous "。

Practice is essentially production，And a continuous expansion of reproduction。Contradictions of objectization and non -objectized，Decided that practice is an endless development process，determines the specificity of practice、Historical changes。

History is always the history of people's activities。Examination from a durability，Practice the contradiction movement in different periods and its expansion，It also constitutes the history of human development。Marx from the total historical process，The perspective of the relationship between economic and social development and human development，I proposed the famous "three forms of social development"。In these three different social forms，The contradiction between objectization and non -objectization shows different appearances，Dialectics of Practice -Relations with Negance -Negotors -Have a Different Quality，So social symbols also have different historical prescribed accordingly。

The largest social form，That is "human dependence relationship"。In this form，The production capacity of a person is only developed in the narrow range and isolated locations。No fundamental separation between people and nature，So "people's narrow relationships about nature determine the narrow relationship between them，The narrow relationship between them determines their narrow relationship with nature "。From Marx's view，The narrowness of the relationship between people and nature、The narrowness and interaction of people between people，It is the social form before capitalism、。Here，Personal relationship of the objective conditions of labor，It is necessary to use the community of community members as a medium as a community of community as a medium; the basis for the development of a single person is a reproduction of the original relationship (more or less naturally formed) of the community，Therefore，The foundation is limited from the beginning。Limitation of the basics of development、narrowness caused the direct nature of labor at this stage。The direct nature of labor makes people naturally regard themselves as part of nature。At this time，Although there is a division of labor，but not universal;，But it's just narrow、Regional interaction; individual is just a narrow regional existence，Is the naturalization of personality and natural personality，reflected as a simple original rich。Here，The contradiction between objectization and non -objectization has not yet been sufficient、Universal expansion，Although the social production conditions (tools, etc.) of the individual in the community，It already contains the negation of natural existence of people，However，The commonality of the activity is just the commonality of the community that occurs naturally，Therefore，The bet365 best casino games negation of various media in practical activities is not fully expanded。

Decided by "people's dependence relationship"，Human and Nature、People and society、Direct unity of the relationship between people and their own，Fundamentally determines the social symbol and what it refers to、Can finger、The direct unity of the relationship between the relationship，Even if the direct unity of social symbol contains negative factor，Also covered by affirmed factors、absorbing，Direct affirmation，contains indirect negative。Marx has specifically analyzed religion、The origin and nature of myths。"Labor productivity is in the low -level development stage，Correspondingly，A relationship between people in the process of material life，That is, the relationship between them and their relationship with nature is very narrow。This practical narrowness，Conceptual reflected in ancient natural religion and folk religion。"" "The origin of religion，Ancient mythology is the product of human dependence on nature through the product of "unconscious art processing"，"Any myth is to conquer natural forces with imagination and imagination，Given natural forces，Perform the natural forces; so，As these natural forces are actually dominated，Myths disappear。"" With the development of Greater Industry，"The basis for becoming the fantasy of the Greeks、thus becoming the foundation of Greek [Art] basis for nature and perspective of social relations，Being able to go with ingots essential texture、Railway、Is the locomotive and telegram coexisting? In front of Roberts，Where is Wulkan? In front of the lightning rod，Where is Chuibett? In front of a real estate credit company，Where is Haiermes? "

Foucault says in "Words and Things"，The language is in its initial form，It is completely true and transparent symbols of things，Because the language and things are similar。"The noun is placed on the queue，Just like strength is written on the lion，Power writing in the eyes of the eagle，Just as the effect of the planet is portrayed on people's forehead，All in the form of similarity。"and the similarity of language and things is the initial reason for the existence of language。until the 16th century，"Ci" and "Things" are still the mainstream。Starting from the 17th century，"Ci" and "things" are separated from each other and developed，Symbols start to surpass the correspondence with specific objects，Pointing to yourself。"In the 17th and 18th centuries，Unique existence of language，and language as an ancient collaborative sex as a thing in the world，It is dissipated in the function of the appearance; all languages ​​only have the value of the discourse。"" "" words "and" object "relationship reverse，Is the fundamental break in modern society，Final，Symbols as communication medium，Just like the currency as a circulation medium，Only care about your own proliferation function，and cut off the relationship between the relationship with the object。In fact，Similarity of "words" and "things" lingered by Foucault，The finger of the symbol to the finger of the object is completely true and clear，Essentially belongs to the largest form of human society development，It is human and nature during this period、A reflection of the direct unity of the relationship between people and society，The separation of "words" and "things" that he feels sad in his depression、Fracture and even reversal，In essence, it is just industrial civilization、An expression of capital civilization on the symbol，and this，It is precisely unique to the second largest form of human society。Generate this break and upside down，Fundamental changes of the nature of the symbol and function，Not as a cultural factor of a certain concept as Foucault says，Instead, it is determined by the basic contradiction movement of human practice and fully expanded that is the social life，Therefore, it is a historical inevitable。

The second largest social form is the independence of people based on the dependence of things，... In this form，Only form a universal social material transformation、Comprehensive relationship、Multiple aspects of needs and comprehensive ability system。... So，Parent -based，Ancient (and feudal) status with business、Luxury、currency、The development of exchange value fell down，Modern society develops simultaneously with these things。"This is the full development of the commodity economy、Capital fully occupying the stage of dominance。At this stage，The contradiction movement of objectization and non -objectization fully expands，And through capitalist production methods, the comprehensive separation and opposition of materialized labor and living labor。materialized labor as the elements and strength of capital as the value of value，Live labor is just a simple possibility of creating value。This separation and opposition between materialized labor and live labor，The premise of the separation of labor conditions and the separation of labor itself。And this premise is another series of old production relations.，Itself is also reflected in the production relationship of capital, that is, the important feature of capitalist private ownership。This is here，The huge material wealth caused by the materialization of labor，Not all for the workers in the process of its non -objectized process，The production conditions belonging to the personality, that is, the capital ownership。This is the fundamental reversal of the subjective relationship of the subject and object in practice: the way of the object of the activity (materialized labor) is no longer the subject of the active body，Instead of negation of its subjectivity; the method of the main body of the activity (living labor) does not turn your own reality into your own existence，Instead, it becomes simply for him，Simple others，The existence of non -subjects。

At this stage，Due to the rapid development of capitalist production methods，huge growth of productivity，Universalization of interaction，Multiple aspects of needs and comprehensive ability system，Make individuals break through the first social form of personal dependence，"narrow regional individual" is gradually replaced by "historic individuals in the world"，Individuals have considerable independence and development，but is generally dominated by the relationship between things，Comprehensive materialization，It is also a comprehensive alienation of human essential power: the results of human activity (material wealth、Social Relations、Science、Art, etc.) The power of a huge alien is separated and confronted with the workers; a large number of one -sided、Occasionally、Occible individuals are produced and reproduced，The personality of the object and the materialization of the personality。The contradiction movement in practice from this specific social development stage -specifically into the contradiction movement of capitalist production methods -determined，It will inevitably produce the contradictions and confrontation of civilization and culture in this historical period，Tools (means) caused by the activity (means) and the fundamental reversal: the tool (means) becomes the purpose，Become a subject，Other elements have become this purpose、Tools (means) of this subject; from this, it will inevitably make the negative medium of the tool (means)，The stage of the world from the hidden state in the first major social form is swinging to the world，The upside -down and negative nature of social symbols becomes a universal existence，Can refer to and refer to、meaning separation，Swallow it、Refers and meaning。

but，Never understand the upside -down and negation of social symbols in this stage as negative、Mechanical、Simple negation，On the contrary，Dialectics of History，Dialectics of promoting principles and creative principles，It just regards the negation of this symbol as positive、Dialectical negation is abandonment，Negative content contains positive content，Direct negative is at the same time is indirect positive。For example，Analysis of capital，No one is deeper than Marx、sharp and scientifically revealed the essence of capital、The secret of the capitalist exploitation workers、The alienation nature of capital，But no one is more deeply affirmed than Marx's upside down and the positive content contained in the social symbol of capital, which is "the great civilization role of capital": one，Capital unwavering pursuit of universality，While creating a universal production and consumption system，It also created a system that generally uses natural attributes and people's attributes，Breaking the limitations of natural connections such as all regions and blood sects，Created the transformation of history to world history。Its two，Capital constantly stimulates workers' consumption，Strong makes workers new needs，The needs of people's needs are more and more direct natural necessity range，Make people constantly "refine new quality，Develop and transform yourself through production "。Its three，Capital drives workers to continuously create remaining value，So as to create a material element for rich development，"This personality is comprehensive in production and consumption"，Therefore, personal labor performance is the development of the activity itself that has abandoned the direct form of natural necessity。Its four，Capital endlessly deprives workers' remaining labor and remaining time created by workers for society，so that another person in society may use the freedom time to "develop the ability of people who do not pursue any direct practice purpose and the potential of society (science、Art, etc.) "，As a result, the huge progress of science。Five，Capital caused "historic individuals in the world" to replace "narrow regional personal"，huge growth of productivity，Universal world interaction，The same for all members、It provides conditions for the development of people itself。Of course，To achieve this development goal，Within the scope of capital，It is necessary to sacrifice the majority of individuals，"Only the use of a person to make a wine glass，You can drink sweet wine slurry "，Pay a certain price。The historical inevitability and rationality of this cost lies in it that it provides a prerequisite for the comprehensive development of everyone in the future，Therefore, the negation contains positive affirmative factors，It is neither naturally produced，It is not forever。This upside -down and negative historical inevitability and rationality "is a temporary inevitable，The results and purposes of this process (inner) are the form of discarding this foundation itself and discarding the process。”

The third largest social form is "Based on the personal development of individuals and their common social production capacity to become their social wealth"。Only at this stage，A harmonious relationship between people and nature，This harmony is not the direct unity of the original，Abandoned the form of confrontation，reflected as a rich specific unity，The huge growth of material wealth no longer as the power of aliens and workers is relatively resistant to workers，Instead, it is truly reflected as human essential power; the separation and confrontation between economic and social development and human development is over，Achieve unity in a real activity; universal communication no longer becomes a force for dissidents，The form of confrontation between the individual and the community of the society，People no longer submit to "Unreal Community"，Starting to occupy a comprehensive social relationship，"Everyone's free development is the condition of all people's free development"。At this stage，The development of all human forces that do not measure the old mankind with the old scale becomes the purpose itself;，Instead of producing his comprehensiveness; not trying to stay on something that has already become a kind of already become a kind of thing，but in the absolute exercise of the change。In general，Only in communist society，Each talent really becomes a personal person with comprehensive development，"Become the master of your own society，so as bet365 best casino games to become the owner of nature，Become your own owner -free person "。Only at this stage，The separation and confrontation between materialized labor and live labor can finally be overcome，The contradiction between objectization and non -objectization can eliminate the nature of alienation，Really realized rich inner unity，So the upside -down and negative nature of social symbols can be completely eliminated。All this，Of course it is not produced out of thin air，The highest development of the social foundation itself must be obtained by form and productivity，Therefore, it is also consistent with the richest and free development of the person itself，And this development "There is no other premise except the previous historical development。”

　　Conclusion

　　(1) The upside -down and negation nature of social symbols rooted in the basic contradictions of human practice -the contradiction and expansion of objectization and non -objectized，Is the dialectical nature of practice -the relationship with negative nature、Activity and process -stipulated，by a series of historical conditions，It is the historical prescribed by social symbols in a certain social form，It is the specific expression of social symbols as a negative dialectics of historical promotion and creative principles，It is a commonly regular characteristic of social symbols，prominently reflects the essential differences between social symbols and other symbols。

　　(2)，Investigation of the upside -down and negative nature of social symbols，Making social symbolism will inevitably have a critical nature and function。but，Critical investigation of social symbols based on materialist history，It is not the so -called cultural historical view of "real historical narrative" with "historical narrative of conceptual theory"，-The cultural history of conceptual theory as an ideal historical view has long existed，Before the birth of the materialist history，Even the dominant position，But in the contemporary West, it is still like an undead ghost entangled in many thinkers，Cassir、Balt、Foucault、Baltricia and others are no exception，— That is to replace the reality with the criticism of discourse，It is not a moral condemnation of sensualism，Not to mention the metaphysics as natural、Eternal、Stiff、Negative、Isolate things，Instead of focusing on people's actual activities，Scientifically revealed this upside -down and negativeness.、Objective historical conditions for development and even eliminated，Therefore, this kind of criticism is the material of the material、History、Dialectical、Practice。In the words，The critical direction of social symbolism in the view of materialism history is based on practice，Value evaluation standard is the inherent unity of economic and social development and the development of people itself; it is based on reality、Pointing to the future，Therefore, it is revolutionary and constructive critical，This criticism is that all ideal historical views are not available。

As mentioned earlier，Commodity、currency、The upside -down and negative nature of social symbols such as capital，The ability of the symbol to refer to the separation of the referred to、Upside down、Confrontation，Can refer to swallowing what you mean，The separation that can refer to the meaning of meanting means，Can refer to covering the intention finger，It is the result of the development of social symbols to a certain historical stage，Its root is the change of human practice activities at different historical stages，Therefore, it has certain historical inevitability，Its rationality lies in the negativeness contains affordable factors。It is precisely because of this，It is not eternal，but the temporary nature of history。

Marx worshiping things for products、Currency worship and teaching、Criticism of capital worship，It aims to explain people's own、Motalized、Objective social relationships adopt a form of the relationship between the relationship between the matter and the thing，Putting on the coat of the relationship with the relationship，Causes an illusion，Get an illusory form or appearance，But this illusory form or appearance itself is objective、caused by a series of historical conditions、It can dominate the mysterious power of people。Marx points out，Teach by worship to indicate products、currency、Capital is a metaphor，Because they strictly say that it is not equal to religion (not a form of ideas)，Although it is as mysterious as religious。Further say it further，Commodity worship and teaching、Currency worship and teaching、Capital worship is a real upside -down，Real alienation，The relationship between things to the relationship between people、Dispiration、rule is real，Not the creation of concept。I am rather，This kind of real upside down confusing a large number of bourgeois political economists、Critics and romantic literati、politicians and other people who lack dialectical thinking，Make them wrong hallucinations，Just see the product、currency、The relationship between things represented by capital，Or simply regard them as "things" and worship or criticize。

For products、currency、Critical investigation of political symbols such as "Napoleon" and other political symbols，The upside -down and negative nature of social symbols is not related to morality，Not to mention a naughty ghost prank，but the inevitable product of a certain social form adopted by human practice activities to a certain stage，Its magic is exactly in these social forms itself。The founder of Marxism has also specifically analyzed the law、Other areas of social life such as ideology also generally exist in the phenomenon of "reflection of the head and foot inverted"。Engels said，Just as in the currency market，"Reflect，Of course, it reflects the movement of the industrial market in the head and foot inverted，It also reflects in the struggle between the government and the opposition ...，But this struggle is also the same head and foot、No longer directly、but indirectly、Not as a class struggle、Instead, it is reflected as a struggle to maintain various political principles，and this is like this，So it took thousands of years to finally break its truth。"" The principle of reflection of economic relations，It must also be a reflection of the head and foot inverted。... and this upside -when it is not known, it constitutes the kind of thing we call ideology -also reaction to the economic foundation，and can change the economic foundation within a certain limit "。

To eliminate the upside -down and negative of social symbols，It is not the theoretical task，but the task of practice，This requires a series of material conditions，These material conditions itself is the product of long -term painful social development history。

　　(3) Since the birth of Marxism，The historical view of materialism never lacks opponents and enemies。In contemporary，French thinker Portryia is more special，and get extensive applause in the Western academic and public opinion circles，It is largely due to one of the participants of the "German Ideology" legal translation，Baltricia is regarded as Marxist "traitors" (in the sense of non -moral evaluation)，Attack Marx from the internal Marxism，Especially Marx's political economy and materialist view，And，Baldricia's writings are full of extended use of Marx's sentences，Among them, it is often ironic。In fact，Baltricia has never been a Marxist believers。Professor Zhang Yibing, a famous scholar in our country, has systematically systematically systematically systematically systematically systematically、sharp refutation。Here, I just want to point out three points:

First，Baltricia's criticism of production ("so -called production realm")，Criticism of the value of use ("so -called use value to worship the education")，used to attack Marx，Among them, it is full of his thoughts of Marx's thoughts、Even the distortion of strong words，Can't be said to be rigorous、The fair academic attitude，Violation of science。Just as Engels in 1891, when criticizing the Balt's flow of materialism, distorted the historical view of materialism as the economic decision theory，"If Balt believes that we deny the politics of the economic movement, etc., any reaction to the movement itself，Then he is a struggle with the windmill。"" Balt's criticism of Marx，It's really ridiculous。He first created a historical theory of materialism，What should be said to be Marx's theory，Then discover，It's not the case at all in Marx's works。But he did not draw conclusions，Is him，Balt，Impoir some incorrect things to Marx，On the contrary，But say Marx's self -conflict "!

Second，Baltricia against Marx's political economy，Opposition to historical materialism，Negotiation of Marx's use value of the product、Exchange value、Analysis of Value，"Symbol exchange exchange" in the ancient times，Then it is proposed that only "symbolic exchange" can make humans get out of "consumer society", "use value to worship and teach" and "can refer to property education"，Realizing the redemption of people and society。It should be said，Baltricia's criticism of social reality under contemporary capital is witty、Playful，But it may not be deep，In terms of critical direction, it is still a "brainstorm" based on conceptual theory，Looks radical，But it cannot touch this comprehensive alienation、The absurd social score，More importantly, his criticism points to the past (primitive society)，Therefore, it is just a modern dwelling that has been endlessly stretched for thousands of years，But it becomes more refined、More learning、More confusing。As described earlier，The rule of symbols，The upside down of the symbol，Can swallow everything，It is an inevitable product that has developed to a certain historical stage，Eliminate its upside down、Negative、Unreal nature is the task of practice，Cutting it into a criticism of the concept，No matter how fierce the words are words，All are pale and weak，What's more, Baltricia is also expected to be in ancient times that humans have longed for farewell。Marx had deeply criticized，Facing the commodity economy、Comprehensive alienation caused by large industries and capital，Some people (such as German historian Doumel's flow) use a sensible attitude as "moral corruption" and "individual sacrifice" and cry，In an attempt to eliminate this alienation with the method of restoring ancient romantic rural poetry。Marx pointed out: "In the early stages of development，A single person looks more comprehensive，That's because he has not caused his rich relationship，and has not yet made this relationship as the social power and social relationship that is independent of himself.。Nostalgia's original rich，It's ridiculous，I believe it must stay in that kind of completely empty deficiency，Also ridiculous。”

third，Baltricia believes that the Gulf War has never happened，What happened only was the "Image" of the War "。This is really "amazing words"。Can the wounded and the relatives of the deceased in the Bay War of more than 100,000 Gulf War recognized his high theory? I'm afraid I can't。

　　(4) Compared to most symbolic thinkers (of course，Language is also the product of society) analysis，The founder of Marxistism, the product、currency、Capital and Politics、Law、Critical investigation of the upside -down and negative nature of ideology such as ideology，Especially the methodology contained in it，It is richer、Deep and lively content，Therefore, this survey can greatly enrich the theoretical building of symbolics, especially the methodology system。

(5) Engels said in a letter to Franz Merlin in 1891: "We first put the focus on the political facts that lead politics、The concept of law and other ideology, as well as the action of these concepts as an intermediary，And must do this。But when we did this, we ignored forms for the content aspect，That is what method and method of these concepts and methods。"and social symbol，That is "form"，To say a certain sense，is "Form Form"。That's why，In -depth social symbols based on the historical view of materialism、Fine studies，Then build a scientific social symbol theory，It is an important aspect of deepening historical materialism，Zhao shows the new world of contemporary development of materialist history。