bet365 live casino games Fang Jun，Male，Shandong Changqing people，January 1966 Born。Now Deputy Secretary -General of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Editor -in -chief of China Social Sciences Magazine，Editing，Professional second level，Professor of the University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences，Doctoral supervisor。The field of professional research is Marxist philosophy, especially historical materialism，Published dozens of papers in newspapers such as "Chinese Social Sciences", "Philosophy Research", "Seeking", and "Guangming Daily"，Publishing (including editor、Combined) 5 parts。

Current，The discussion of the theory of value theory in our academic community is breaking through the framework of simple epistemology，High increase from the perspective of philosophy and history。Actually，This effort is not since today。For example，As early as 1988, there were the discussion of the "logical system and value system" of Marx's historical concept as the research purpose，Point correctly，If the value orientation of Marx's historical view is ignored，The scientific understanding of this historical view often "has the spirit of back science"。

In order to continue this discussion,，This article thinks，Start with the dialectical nature of analysis and practice，Cleptication of the inherent connection of historical inevitability and value revealed by the historical view of materialism，To thoroughly understand the internal connection of the historical view of the historical materialism with its values，Provide sufficient theoretical basis。

　　Basic contradictions and value of practice

Some people think，Can't find the value concept in the philosophical sense in Marx's works。If Marx has not used the word "value" in the philosophical sense，On the grounds of this reason, the above assertion，I'm afraid there is no persuasion。

Actually，Whether Marx has its own philosophical value concept and value theory，Not a difficult problem。Everyone knows，Marx has its own concept of alienation and theory of alienation。Now: Is "alienation" the value concept of philosophy? Is the theory of alienation based on the historical view of materialism, is it a value theory?，Japanese scholars propose value to be positive、negative division。The so -called "positive value"，It is affirmative value; so -called "negative value" is negative value。From this point of view，Alienation should belong to negative value，Is a negative value。Alienation Theory is actually the value of value expressed in the form of negative form。

The so -called alienation，Simply put，is the actual reversal of the main and object relationship。This reversal is based on the actual existence of the main and object relationship — so that the actual existence of the value relationship between the main and guest body。Since Marx regards this upside down as alienation，So，Say Marx has no concept of value in its philosophical sense，It's incredible。Because，The so -called alienation，It can only be an alienation in value relationship; if there is no value relationship at all，It doesn't matter alienation。alienation is regarded as alienation，It is precisely the positive form of objective value of existence as the benchmark、For reference。

Marx's alienation theory，As a negative philosophical value theory，One of its theoretical prerequisites，It is the "Dialectics of the Principles and Creation Principles" by Hegel, which has been transformed. "。Master this denial of dialectics，Only to understand Marx's philosophical value theory。and according to this dialectics，Value as a specific aspect of the main and object relationship in practice，The profound root of its occurrence and development lies in the basic contradictions of practice，That is the contradiction between objectization and non -objectized。

Practice is essentially produced，And a continuous expansion of reproduction，It is not only manifested as processing of objects，is the transformation of the environment，and，It is also more important，reflected as consumption、Enjoy the results of practice，Therefore, it has new quality、The subject that needs and ability，That is the transformation of themselves for themselves。Objectized，is the subjectiveization of the subject，It is the social force and potential of a person (that is, the person formed on the basis of human natural quality) from the main body of the subject，That is, the form of activity is converted into the existence of objective objects。instead of objectization，That is the subjectization of the object，It is the content and form of object (including the results of the active activity of the predecessor) from the existence of objective objects to the main activity，Make the main activity of the objects of the object and objective laws and become objective activities，and build it through possession and enjoying the results of the activity、Developer's essential power。

The main and object relationship of practice is divided into three sides: 1. Material transformation relationship (including material production and material interaction)，This is the basis of all other relationships; 2. Consciousness (including recognition and evaluation); 3. Value relationship，This is the intermediary of the first two relationships。

Direct results of material production，It is a object -oriented way to condense the essential force played by the subject、stored in various material products。Among the various essential forces of the object，Production methods (the transformed object is tool、Equipment、Machine、materialization form of science and technology, etc.) The productivity condensed in the system is the most fundamental force。The objectization of material communication activities forms various social communication forms between people based on production relations。As the process continues，The materialized productivity and communication form formed in the past，Instead，As a prerequisite for the event, restrict the event，Make people's essential power new development。From this perspective，The so -called objectization and non -objectization，It is just the two different ways of existence of human essential power: First, the transformation from the form of activity to objective existence; the first is the transformation from objective existence to the form of activity。Value relationship，The relationship between the product and the development of the activity itself for the development of people，As a product of practice and internal regulations，is the development and development of contradictions between objectization and non -objectized。

Except for the original bet365 live casino games state of the human extremely original，As long as the production and communication have a certain development，will form a spontaneous social division of labor。division of labor to make production and exchanges、Material labor and spiritual labor、Production and Consumption、Labor and enjoying the sharing of different people becomes reality。This differentiation of the activity has caused different social groups that contradict each other，The result of the objectization of the activity is manifested in a negative form，It has formed a private ownership。Private system means human essential power、separation of productivity and activities itself，It means that the product of the activity is slavered by the person itself，Night。So，contradictions of objectization and non -objectized，Here it is manifested as a contradiction between productivity and communication forms，This is the contradiction of human essential power and the implementation form of this power。In other words，Under private conditions，People can only affirm themselves in a negative form。Without no denying it is not sure，This is the dialectics of history，Dialectics as a promotion principle and creative principles。The so -called value relationship，It is just an abstract expression of this contradiction relationship of human development。

Value relationship will certainly have different prescribed in different historical periods。Because of this contradiction, the most concentrated production process is based on capital -based production.、The most prominent performance，Therefore, analysis of this production process，It helps us to understand more deeply how the value relationship is based on the basic contradiction of practice。

We know，The contradictions of objectization and non -objectization are manifested as contradictions between materialized labor and living labor in the labor process。The capitalist production method has caused the separation and opposition of these two ways of labor。materialized labor as value (in the sense of economics)，The power of capital; while living labor as a simple possibility of creating value，Power that is opposite to capital。This separation and opposition of materialized labor and live labor，The premise of the separation of labor conditions and the separation of labor itself。Under this premise，The power of the huge thing caused by the materialization of labor，It is not possessed by the workers in the process of its non -objectized process，The production conditions that are classified as the capital, that is, the capital ownership。This is the fundamental reversal of the main relationship in the event: the existence of the event (materialized labor) of the event is no longer a solid of the activity body，Instead of negation of its subjectivity; the way of the main body of the activity is not to turn its own reality into its own existence，Instead, it becomes simply for him、Simple he is here、The existence of non -subjects。"The reality of human beings" has lost its reality。This is a value relationship shown in the negative form。

but，Capitalist production method to the person's itself，Is a dialectical negation，It is the necessary and inevitable link of the general development process，Therefore, you must not contain a positive factor in the development of people。Production based on capital，On the one hand, create a universal labor system，On the other hand，also created a system that generally uses natural attributes and people's attributes，This "generates the great civilization of capital" (Marx): first，Capital unwavering pursuit of universality，Restrictions on overcoming all regional and natural connections，So that "narrow regional individuals" are gradually replaced by "historic individuals in the world"。2，Capital constantly stimulates workers' consumption，Strong makes workers have new needs，Makes people's demand system beyond the scope of direct natural necessity。Not only that，Expansion of production，Universalization of interaction，It also makes people constantly "refine new quality，Develop and transform itself through production "，So "Personal Personal Personal Personal Personal Power，And the individual who is in a certain social relationship。"" Third，Capital drives workers to continuously create remaining labor，So as to create material elements for the development of rich personality，"This personality is comprehensive in terms of production and consumption"，Therefore, personal labor performance is to discard the development of direct form of natural inevitable activities itself。fourth，The negation of the capitalist production method is not only negative negative，There are also positive aspects，The narrowness of the ancients，Of course, this is achieved in an alienated manner。Capitalism makes productivity highly develop，Only in the development level of productivity，The same of all members of society、It is possible to develop the development of people。To achieve this，To sacrifice the majority of individuals，Pay a certain price。The historical rationality of this cost is that it is paid for the comprehensive development of everyone，Therefore, it contains affirmative value。Direct negative，Contains indirect affirmativeness。

Therefore，Activity of the activity caused by capitalist production，Negative to the person itself，It is not the "misunderstanding" of human development as the development of human development,，Instead, it has its historical necessity and reasonableness，But this inevitability and rationality are by no means an absolute understanding of the ideal history of the ideal history、Eternal inevitable，"It's a temporary inevitability，The results and purposes of this process (internal) are the form of discarding this foundation itself and discarding the process "。This means，Value relationship as a positive relationship between reality，As the root cause of the basic contradiction of practice, an objective inevitable relationship，Not a kind of established state that is always so forever，instead as direction、The process of "inherent purpose" (that is, the purpose of the development of the person itself) that the tendency to Marx。Although this relationship will be expressed in a negative form under certain historical conditions，But from the general historical trend，It is more manifested as the abandonment and transcendence of this denial。

From the above analysis，You can get the following points of the concept of value of philosophical significance:

First，Value is not the relationship of pure ideas in imagination，It is a specific aspect of the practical relationship of the main object，It is the inevitable inevitable relationship formed by the basic contradiction of practice。According to the popular opinions for many years，Main and bet365 live casino games object relationships are divided into practical relationships、Cognitive relationship and value relationship。This will consciously exclude the value relationship unconsciously outside the practice activity。Actually，Value relationship is created by practice，Organization part of the practical relationship，It is a element that stipulates or restricts the direction of practice。

2，Value relationship is "the reality of human beings" and "the relationship between human beings"，That is, the relationship between the development of the person of the real world as the purpose of the person itself。It should not be briefly understood from the perspective of urgent merit and even practicalism.、Direct usefulness of possessiveness。In the most fundamental sense，The so -called value relationship is nothing more than a unique way to exist as a social subject，This unique way of existence，If you summarize it in one sentence，It is to survive with development。This is determined by the law of human needs。For people in normal state，If you don't want to develop，Can't maintain your own survival。World，People are the only creature that develops to survive。The survival of a person is like a boat against the water，If you do not advance, you will retreat;，It means degeneration。

Third，Value as an objective relationship of the development of people as real world，Vector with time、Direction。means，This relationship is not some of the existing static relationship，A dynamic relationship that always tends to the future。The object in practice for the value relationship of the subject，In essence, it contains future objective trends that determine the current objective trend。In human activities and achievements，The most valuable，It is those who not only belong to the past and the present，and also belong to the future、things with unlimited development potential。This vectorability of value、Direction，It is an objective basis for people's consciousness。

Fourth，Value is a dialectical relationship with negativeness as the medium。It is so，Between the creative activities of human beings、The direct consequences of the activity and indirect consequences，The interconnection that penetrates the affirmative and negative factors、Conversion of each other。From the perspective of the total development trend，is to constantly abandon its negative factor，Real denial，That is to achieve the affirmation and confirmation of the essential power of people at a higher level。This is a critical、The profound root of the revolutionary activities。It is not difficult to understand thus，Value is also a dialectical unity of absolute and relative nature。Value is the historical development and change，Its affirmative factors and negative factors (positive effects and negative effects) are in the endless transformation and change，This is the relativity of value。But there is absolutely absolute: whether it is conducive to the development of the person as the subject of the society，Is the absolute scale of value evaluation，There is no room for the diverse theory of the value of the value of relativity。

Fifth，Value is the objective relationship of self -consciousness as the medium。Practice itself is also a activity of value realization or creative value，This kind of activity cannot be separated from people's conscious efforts。The spiritual movement that promotes people to act，It is the "ideal intention" that originated from the "dissatisfaction" of people's "dissatisfaction" on the status quo。The ideal of dissatisfaction with the status quo and changing the status quo，The result of value evaluation of the status quo。To do this，It is necessary to have the corresponding level of self -awareness function and abstract ability。Evaluation as a process of concept，It is the real contradiction of realistic contradictions in people's self -consciousness。

　　Historical inevitability and value

Some people think，Historical materialism only talks about decisive theory and ignores people's ability，Therefore。If you accept this view，I don’t want to deny the historical decision theory，It is not denying that there is an objective cause and effect in the historical field.， Then there must be a theoretical problem: What is the basis for people in historical activities? If you think that you can find the basis of value selection from historical inevitability，So why can you still adhere to the theory of history? And if you think this is not outside the historical inevitability，So what is the foundation of unifying the choice and decision theory?

Actually，This theoretical dilemma，From the root cause of understanding, it comes from a major misunderstanding，That is, according to the traditional scientificism of the West，Perseverance of historical inevitability as something that is no different from natural inevitability。Follow this tradition，There are only two options in the historical view: either denying the historical process as the historical process is dominated by objective laws;，Use the so -called choice theory to supplement the decision theory，or adhere to the historical view of "transcending the confrontation of decision theory and non -decision theory"。

We think，To really solve this theoretical problem，It is necessary to break through the narrow perspective of scientist or naturalism to understand social laws，Clarifying the essential characteristics of historical inevitability than natural inevitable，Display the internal association of the relationship between history and inevitability and value。

It is true，Historical inevitability and natural inevitability have the objective nature of not human will and consciousness as a transfer。In this sense,，There is no difference between the two。But，Different scope and method of the two effects，Different from the undertaking process for them，Therefore, you must not have different properties and characteristics。

Natural necessity，The essential contact between as unconscious natural things，It is inherent in nature that exists in human beings，is a kind of free inevitable。The nature of nature takes its own way according to its nature and inherent laws。No one's social activities，It will not meet the needs of those who are in the society in a free form。On the contrary，In this free form, it is often manifested as the nature of aliens for people: it shows and launch various natural forces、flood、Beast、Fire、Cruise vibration, etc. -to oppose people。In this sense,，Nature's relationship with human beings is a negative relationship。People are natural existence，Single is that he is a natural creature，It is very small in nature、In the disadvantage。If the law of nature can also serve people，That's just because people can consciously understand and use natural bet365 Play online games inevitable as social creatures，It is not derived from nature's inevitability itself。Of course，Natural inevitability and people as natural creatures will also have some kind of interest; but this interest relationship often occurs in narrow animals，It is a matter of pure nature，It does not have the meaning of value。

Different from this，The so -called historical inevitability，Not naturally inevitable、Direct extension，It is formed in human social practice activities，and the inevitability of dominating role in the activity of the people of the society and the subject。Although this inevitability can not be pre -made or canceled at will，But it cannot exist in isolation of people's activities。The objectivity of historical inevitability，It is not the objectivity of the free sense as natural inevitable，but the objectivity of society，The so -called social objectivity，Its essential meaning lies in the objectiveization of human social essence。This kind of objectivity does not take people's consciousness for transfer，But it can’t be said that it can be transferred with people’s activities。Therefore，As Marx pointed out，Historical inevitability is by no means that what Pu Ludong said is "existing in people's lively and active life"，The mysterious thing of "No relationship with the people who constitutes the society"。Persex social laws as things that can exist independently outside the scope of people，In fact, it is equivalent to saying that people's activities can get rid of the constraints of historical necessity and do whatever they want。

Hegel said in the preface of "Principles of Law Philosophy"，Laws are divided into two categories: natural laws and laws of law "。The former is simple and clear，Is outside the person itself，It is an unless "set in"; the latter is the set of things，originated from humans，Is in the direction。This is a very inspiring thought。

Historical inevitability is a historical connection between people's activities for generations，It is the essential connection between the activities of the real conditions and the results of the results，Is the purpose of the event、means and results、Internal connection between direct consequences and indirect consequences。The external world is determined by its objective nature and complex general connection，There are a variety of possibilities。The implementation of these possibilities depends on various accidental factors，or "Opportunity"。But，Within the scope of people's historical activities，Only the possibility of actual connection with the objective need to develop with society and people itself，and the actual play of the essential power of the person，Only achieved it，Only when you can accumulate as inevitable。Each inevitable，At first, it appeared as one of the accidental factors，It's just because people are constantly repeated、Circular activity，Only developed into an inevitable thing。In this way from accident to inevitable、From the process of transforming possible to reality，The choice and decision of people plays an indispensable role。Therefore，People’s value evaluation and value selection，In fact, it also constitutes the inevitable link in the cause and effect chain of historical development。The so -called historical inevitability，It also contains the inevitability of people's choice。In this sense,，Value factors are internal things that are inherent in historical inevitability。

Hegel said: "Everyone who is reality is reasonable，All reasonable is reality。"" But，Just like the correct elaboration of Engels，Reality does not mean existing，The attributes of reality are only what is the inevitable thing at the same time。"Realism indicates in its expansion process as inevitable"，and the inevitable thing in the final analysis will indicate that you are also reasonable。"Reasonable" here，According to the understanding of Marxism，It contains the meaning of dual: First, the theory of the inherent nature of the objective world，Second, the social needs of the people are the principle of social nature，The principle of the principle of human Taoism。or，First, the common scale of the objective world，The second is the principle of the inner scale of the person，The principle of value scale。Historical inevitability as the development process of realism，It is the process of continuous resolving the contradictions of these two scale，It is the dialectical unity process of the two。From this fundamental sense，Value relationship itself is a regular relationship。This is the root cause of the objectiveness of value relationship。

Historical inevitability，or social historical laws，Say according to its content，Generally, it can be relatively divided into three categories: First, the necessity of reflecting the survival and development of social organism、The inevitability of the trend of social progress，If the necessity of assigning social labor in a certain proportion，Production relationships must be suitable for the laws of productivity development requirements; second, the inevitability of the objective trend of people's own development，The "three forms" of the social development revealed by Marx are the inevitability displayed by the development of people itself; the third is the inevitability of reflecting the relationship between social progress and the development of people itself，If the environmental change and the change of the person itself tend to be consistent，Society will eventually overcome confrontation and achieve consistency of social progress and individual development。But，If you examine the organic connection between these inevitability from the perspective of the system，No matter what kind of，can be attributed to the inevitability of the development of the person itself。Because Marx said: "People’s social history is always just the history of their individual development"，"The entire history is nothing more than the constant change of human nature"。Changes in the environment，Social progress，In the end, it is based on the comprehensive development of the person itself。In this case，The development of a person itself is the most essential content of historical inevitability。The internal connection of value relationship with historical inevitability is also here。

Say further，The expansion of historical necessity shows such an irresistible objective trend: humans are increasingly overcome their own natural freedom、Primitive and barbaric，Constantly improving your socialization level, that is, constantly "humanization"。As Marx said: "History becomes the history of mankind with the development of people's productivity and the increasing development of people's social relationships"。"Productivity and Social Relations -These two are different aspects of the development of individuals in society"。Therefore，Bet365 app download People cannot choose productivity and production relations at will，But this does not mean that productive forces and production relations can become something that exists from the development of the person itself。The "dependency relationship of people" shown by Marx，After "the independence of a person based on the dependence of the object" to the development of the "free personality"，It clearly shows: the more progressive society is，The greater the more people's personality development，In communist society，The free development of each person has become the fundamental condition of the development of the whole society。From this total trend，You can see，Humanitarian factors (that is, the affirmative factor for the person itself) is the inherent in the inevitable of history。8278_8297，The reason why progress is continuously promoted as a goal，The reason is here。so -called value，That is, the humanitarian factors inherent in the inevitability of historical inevitability。

Of course，Don’t deny，As the analysis above，Historical inevitability also often shows negatives to people。Under certain conditions, reactionary forces Anti -humanity and consequences，It also has a certain historical necessity。But this is just the history、Temporary、The inevitability of being replaced。Historical inevitability is different from the inevitability of biological evolution，Therefore, in human society，From the fundamental trend，Not the principle of weak meat and strong food，but the principle of humanity，That is, justice will inevitably defeat evil、The principle of truth, goodness and beauty will inevitably defeat fake evil and ugly。Marx once said: "There is something similar in human history。The law of historical retribution is，Forging retribution tools，Not the oppressed person，but the oppressive person。""，"Evil is bad news，Good news for good news "，Not all religious beliefs，but the twists and turns of historical inevitability, the so -called retribution law。Marx、Engels also talked about it many times，"Historical Iron" is also a law: how the reactionaryists played the role of the executor of the revolutionary will in some revolutions。Despite the backwardness of the reactionary forces, the consequences of destruction of humanity，But in the end, you must make a ruthless correction of them by "the irony of history"。This is the negative dialectics of the principle of promoting the principle of push from the perspective of value theory。

In short，We do not need to find the basis of value selection in addition to historical inevitability，Historical inevitability as a negative dialectics，Itself has an objective value orientation。Usually，We regard dialectics as a dialectical methodology，This is not wrong，But it's not enough。Dialectical Revolutionary Criticism，- It also contains the understanding of current things in the recognition of existing things -it is deeply indicated，It is not only a dialectical methodology，It is also a dialectical value，Is the organic unity of the two。Understand only in the sense of dialectics，Or see it as the skills of argument、Tools，And ignoring dialectics must have a strong sense of historical and clear value orientation as a support，Can't really understand the nature of dialectics。The basis of the unity of truth and values ​​in the historical view of materialism is also here。From the perspective of practice，betrayal of dialectics，Always associated with some narrow and unreasonable values; in the field of social history，Idealism is the easiest to form alliance with metaphysics，The root cause，In addition to the limitation of epistemology，Of course, it cannot deny the limitations of values。Ideal History Observatory either deny the objectivity of historical inevitability，Either the objectivity of this objective in the free sense of natural inevitability，Results of doing this，It will take a certain way of historical development as a product of nature、Eternal thing。Marx once said，Dialectics，In its mysterious form，Once once became a fashionable thing in modern Germany，Because it seems to make the existing things look glorious; but in its reasonable form，It caused the anger and panic of the bourgeoisie and their criminals，Because dialectics is a constant exercise for each historical form，Therefore, it is also understood from its temporary aspect，Here，What makes them "completely different from the head"。Therefore, it is not difficult to understand，Fully and accurately grasped historical inevitability，there will be the correct value choice; and only the values ​​of Marxism are adhered to，Only to scientifically understand historical inevitability。

　　The value concept of philosophy and economics

The relationship between the value concept of philosophy and the value concept of economics，It is one of the focus of the discussion of value theory in recent years。We think，Further clarifying this problem helps more deeply understand the values ​​of Marxism，Methodism that helps to solve the theory of value theory。

One of the most popular opinions at present，is the concept of philosophy as similar to or equivalent to economics "use value"，Too much emphasis on the difference between the value concept of philosophy and the "value" category of economics，but can't see the connection between the two (one of the authors of this article Liu Ben also held this proposition)。Many scholars even think，The "value" category of political economics cannot provide more things in the field of "use value" for the study of philosophical value theory，The reason is that the "value" of economics is a temporary、The category of history，"Universality" that does not have the concept of philosophy。This is questionable。

From Marx's view，From use value to exchange value，Then to value，is the result of a series of abstract processes。But this abstraction did not happen in the mind at first，Instead, it occurs in production and communication，The objective abstraction process implemented through "Practice Inference"。Each step is the link and results of the actual activity process，All reflect the objective logic of practical development。When people don’t know what the value of the product is，It has begun to exchange different types of labor products as things that can be applied for。"The value is not written on the amount what it is。Not only that，Value also converts each labor product into a pictograph of society。Later，People try their best to guess the meaning of this pictographic text，To understand the secrets of their own social products，Because the items are specified as value，Just like language，Is a social product of people "。The reason why the product as a value body becomes a "pictograph of society"，The nature of "feeling and super feeling" it obtained in practice。As an item，It is something that feels; as value，Can't see it，Only through Bet365 lotto review the abstraction of thinking。Actually，Isn't the value in the philosophical sense? A labor results，As a product value，It is a simple condensation of human labor that can be applied without differences; value in the philosophical sense，It is the condensation of human essential power。A stone ax displayed in the museum，When our ancestors made it when they were directly needed at the time，I will not think of what it means to modern people。But when we visited it today，But it is a milestone that is used as a milestone for human beings、A "fossil" of cultural value to look at。This has actually abandoned its direct and perceptual and direct useful、One -sidedness and fleeting，and treat it as a "pictograph of society"。Therefore，I have mastered the scientific abstract method of Marx's research product value，Further abstraction of product value，It can reveal the charming connotation of the concept of philosophical value。

Analysis of the value of the product indicates，For the essence of the concept of value of philosophy，It is precisely the "value" category of political economics revealed by Marx (especially the methodology used by Marx when analyzing this category).、Rich content:

First，"The value of the product 'is just the kind of in the form of historical development.，Although it is something in another form，This is the sociality of labor that exists for the consumption of social labor "，Therefore, it is just "a certain historical form that exists in all social forms"。The essence of product value contains the purpose of the purpose of the product value is quite fun。What exists in all social forms，The reason why labor is possible，It is just that people start producing began to exceed individuals and directly need，That is something beyond the things that are reflected as natural necessity。Differential with the activity、Expansion of interaction，The private nature of the event is gradually denied，Individual labor is becoming more and more transformed into social labor。But in a long history，The society of labor is more reflected in things that are in the subordinate position，Natural form of labor、Special form is a direct social form of labor，Not as on the production of goods，The commonality of labor is the direct social form of labor。Therefore，Here，The so -called sociality of labor，What is reflected by a certain exchange value，More at the end of the ancient community，Therefore, with the development of this form，These communities also disintegrate，And capital is based on the full development of this historical form。

Production based on capital，Just as the above that has been pointed out above，The affirmative value contained in the form of alienation is，It has created a highly developed productive forces and universal world communication forms far beyond the sum of any era in the past，This makes the formation of individuals developed comprehensive，No longer as a fantasy，Instead, it is established as a real historical movement。Therefore，If the value of the product is reflected in the sociality of labor in all social forms，Different historical forms adopted through this common content，Reveal the development of human activities itself and the development of the people caused by it，Isn't it the work that the value theory of philosophy must do?

2，The relationship between the value of the use of a single person is different，The exchange value reflects the social relationship that is generally manifested in the form of materialization，Because it is the premise of social labor based on the entity of all products，It has nothing to do with the natural nature of the product。The production based on the value of exchange value is constantly producing the comprehensive alienation of people，It also produces the universality and comprehensiveness of personal relationships and personal abilities，This is a production based on use value。It is just a change in exchange value，We have seen the practical possibility and continuous transcendence of people's comprehensive and full development of people。

Third，As use value，Itself does not have the infinite degree of value，It is always used as a specific、One -sided、It exists with some kinds of items，Therefore, it is the required object for a certain limit。But，Value，Especially the value of transforming into capital，But does not have this limit，It always has to break through various boundaries，Continuous proliferation is its nature，means pursuing wealth itself as its own purpose。From Marx's view，If you throw away the narrow bourgeois form，The so -called wealth，Essentials are just personal needs caused by universal communication、、Enjoy、Universal development of productivity, etc.，It is the absolute play of human creative talent。"This play，There is no other premise except the previous historical development，The previous historical development has made this comprehensive development，That is, the full development of all human power that does not measure the old mankind with the old scale becomes the purpose itself。"So，It is exactly the most developed historical form of value -within the scope of capital，Material History History Mathematics proposed its own theoretical mission and practical requirements in a timely manner: Criticism、Overcoming this narrow form that itself is reflected in a boundary，Reveal the rich and profound content behind this form，Then it is full of content、Wide and in -depth development Find the appropriate form。

but，What needs to be particularly emphasized here is，Never draw a conclusion，The concept of value in philosophy is just a simple transplantation of the concept of economics，Can't equate the two。Since the "value" of the product is just the "certain historical form" of the labor society，So，It cannot have historic limitations。I only abandoned this historical limitations，It is possible to establish a strict scientific philosophical value concept。

One，The sociality of labor reflected in the value of the product，is abstract social，that is, the social nature of abstract labor that is discounted by the characteristics of the characteristics of each specific labor。Disviation of quantitative countermeasures、Destroy quality with quantity，It is an important feature of commodity exchange。"Just as the difference in all the products of the product is eliminated on the currency，Currency as an radical album to destroy all differences。"" in the market for commodity exchange，Whether value proliferation is the only evaluation scale，Regardless of beauty and ugliness、Good and evil、True and false，As long as it is best -selling，It is considered a good thing。Measure the quality of all art products can be at the box office value as the standard，For example, a precious artwork can be equivalent to a plate of yellow video; bet365 live casino games personality、Guobeng can be exchanged with foreign currency。One sentence，Positive value and negative value、True value and pseudo value can be equal to the currency。Therefore，Currency is regarded as a wealth without personality。We said that the full development of the commodity economy created conditions for the free development of individuality，This is just as far as it creates realistic possibilities，And the value of the product is just as far as its direct reality，But the premise of negating personality。"Exchange value (and currency relationship) development，Same bribery，Universal purchase is one thing。General phenomenon of prostitution，The quality of manifestation、Ability、、A inevitable stage of the social nature of the event "。But，This is just the history、Temporary inevitability，Therefore, it is also a historical limitations。Different from this，The concept of philosophy value abandon this limitation，The value evaluation of the social development of people from quantity to quality，Pay attention to the development of people's personality，Evaluation scale with truth, goodness and beauty。

Its two，If the value of the product reflects the universal social relationship between people under the shell of the object，Therefore, it reflects the comprehensive dependence of people and the rule of things brought about by this、Relations to people's independence、Confrontation of use value and exchange value、Confrontation of private labor and social labor，So，The value of philosophy is to expose the alienity of this "humanization"、Temporary and historical necessity。The value of the product reflects the sociality of labor，It is achieved in the form of upside -ups.。Marx's political economy criticism reveals this inverted root，The value theory of the historical view of materialism must be revealed through this reversal that the person who is covered by the full alienation form is fully and comprehensively developed.。

Its three，The pursuit of product value，In particular, the development of value forms of capital，The narrow boundary of production with the purpose of using simple one -sided use value is to，Give play to the "great civilization role" while，Leading the development of human categories and sharp confrontation of individual development，This also causes the boundary that you cannot overcome。To get rid of the crisis，Capital often has to sacrifice those positive civilization results。This is the nature of the anti -cultural nature of capital, which is the most developed value form。From the philosophical point of view，All anti -culture things，It must also be anti -value。Therefore，Eliminate the form of confrontation，Make the development of man itself really established as the purpose of human practice，and consistent with the free development of each individual，It becomes very necessary，This also shows the objective necessity of discarding the value of the product。

As mentioned earlier，Value is an objective relationship with negativeness as the medium。The value of the analysis here、Commodity value、The relationship between the "value" of philosophy，It just provides a typical example of the negation process of the negation process of human value development。First，Negative value of the value of the product，No completely canceled the value itself，but just abandoned the one -sidedness of the use value、Simple simplicity that is easy to be connected on the basis of natural necessity with a single person，and the value of the use of yourself in this form of abandonment becomes the value of the use of others。Of course this is the exchange value as the medium。The value concept in the philosophical sense，It can be regarded as a comprehensive use value and product value，Negative negation: on the one hand，It denys the alienation nature of the value of the product (the value of the person itself is the value of the person's own depreciation)，Measures all values ​​with the person itself as the scale; on the other hand，It also denies the disadvantages of the difference in the value of the product value.，At a higher level，That is, the dignity of the value of use value is restored in this sense when satisfying people as the subject of society as a social subject。Therefore, it can be said，The relationship between the concept of value of philosophy and the value concept of economics or the value concept of economics，Dialectical relations with negativeness as the medium。

This can be seen，Reality value affirmation，Contains negation of previous value; at the same time，It also constitutes the negative links and conditions of the existing value in the future，The highest essence of the value as the value of the value is specifically reflected in the value of value from the past、In the end of the end of the future from the present to the future, the endless eternal change of the flow of Chuanliu。

Scientific definition of philosophy in the field of value category，Full of us、Accurate、In -depth understanding of the historical materialist view is of great significance。As well as known，All historical views of Marx's historical perspective aims to reveal the development law of human society，Revealing capitalist formation、The historical inevitable of development until the perishage，Reveal the objective inevitability of the communist system to replace capitalism。Revelation of the laws of historical development，At the same time, it also contains the disclosure of the laws of the specific historical value change; criticism of capitalist social forms，It also contains a criticism of comprehensive alienation in the value of value in capitalist society; ... should be pointed out，In Marx，Later work，It is by no means to be away，Both are essentially unified，In other words，The historical view of science is essentially the value of science。

　　(Originally "Philosophy Research" 1993, No. 11)

　　Small Note:The author of this article cooperates with Liu Ben (see the article "Marx's Faithful Believers")，It is a work that marks the qualitative change of academic ideas。From this start，The author firmly thinks，Research on Marxist philosophical value theory should break through the framework of simply epistemology (at that time, the research on value theory in the domestic philosophy community was mostly like this)，High increase from the view of philosophy and history。If compared with this article and income of this book, the first paper，It can be clearly seen that the author is in the theoretical vision、Major changes in academic thought。