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Jade is an extremely important funeral and etiquette in the Western Han Dynasty。"Eria · Interpretation": "珪 珪 珪 二 玠 玠，璋 琡 琡，璧，Meat Beckles is good -looking，Good Meat is the 瑗，The meat is good, if the meat is called the ring。"Archeologist Xia Yan believes，璧 璧 here、瑗、The distinction of the ring is the result of the systemic of Confucianism，It is not limited to this definition among the utensils unearthed。

There are a lot of phenomenon of burial jade in the Warring States Period，This tradition follows the early Western Han Dynasty，After the Western Han Dynasty,，The number of burial jade tadpoles has decreased significantly。Ruyan Tomb of the Han Dynasty and the unearthed jade in the tomb of the South Vietnam have a considerable scale，The number and type of burial jade are very rich。The tomb owners of these two tombs are princes kings，But the identity is different，Its commonality and differences are very valuable (see the study of "Comparison of the Jade Big Tomb Jade and Manchu Tomb Jade in the South Vietnamese Tomb"，"Archeology and Cultural Relics" 1998, No. 1)，It can reflect the level of jade in the Western Han Dynasty，and the Chinese aesthetic style and spiritual pursuit。

Full City Han Tomb found in the 1960s，Nearly 200 pieces unearthed from jade，69 of them; the tomb of the King of South Vietnam was found in the 1980s，More than 240 jade articles unearthed，Among them, 71 pieces of jade 璧。Although the number of jade tadpoles unearthed from the two is close to，But the combination relationship between the shape of the jade and the jade is very different，It can be divided into two categories: the first category is to be used for funeral，Mainly distributed in the corpse，Forms a group of Jade Aids; the second category is to decorate Jade，Usually a group of jade pendants。

　　Burial for funeral

Burial jade can be divided into four types。Type Ⅰ bet365 best casino games jade tadpoles are single pattern，Type types are mainly vortex、Pu patterns and valley patterns。Type II Jade Two has two districts of ornaments，Inner ring decorated vortex or pneumatic，outer ring decorated with dragon pattern、Phoenix bird pattern or hook lightning。Type -Ⅰ and type II jade are the mainstream forms of burial jade，and most of them are inside and outside the tomb owner，Before and after the owner of the tomb。This phenomenon is in the Han Tomb of the Manchu City M1、M2 and South Vietnamese King's Tomb，And these jade crickets also found traces of tied fabrics。Most scholars think，These jade creams are specifically used for burial，At that time, it should be bundled together with a certain arrangement method with a certain arrangement.，Surrounded by the body around the body，Forms a group of jade。

18 pieces of jade cushions in the inner chest and back of the M1 tomb owner of the Han tomb of the Han Dynasty，Among them, type I 9 pieces、Type II 9 pieces; Manchu City Han Tomb M2 also has a group of jade storage in the front chest and back of the owner of the tomb，15 pieces in total，Among them, type Ⅰ 6 pieces、Type II 9 pieces。There are 14 pieces of jade in the Yuyi of the King's Tomb of the King of South Vietnam，All type Ⅰ。The difference is，There are also 15 pieces of jade 璧，Among them, type Ⅰ 5 pieces、Type II 10 pieces。

"Zhou Li · Chunguan Zongbo III Condor" records: "Eya is enlightened，驵、璋、璧、琮、Ao、璜 渠，Shushu 琮。"Zheng Xuan Note:" 璧 璧，琮 in the abdomen。"This may be the origin of the group jade。A group of jade，It should be the tomb owner hopes to achieve the immortal purpose after death。

Type III jade patterns are divided into three districts, China and foreign countries。The number of type III jade unearthed from the tomb of the King of South Vietnam is not large，A total of 5 pieces，and the Han tomb of the city is not found type III Jade。There are three types of decoration combinations: dragon pattern+vortex+dragon pattern、Dragon pattern+vortex+Suzaku pattern、Dragon pattern+valley pattern+夔 dragon pattern。There is no psor or phoenix pattern。These 5 pieces bet365 best casino games of jade are all from the main coffin room，Among them, 2 pieces are located on the lid，3 pieces from "head box"。This type of jade belongs to the style of the Warring States Period，Still continuing in the early Western Han Dynasty，But it is rare to see after the middle of the Western Han Dynasty。Discovered this type of jade，It should be related to the national conditions of South Vietnam。South Vietnam State belongs、Cut the minority regime of one party，Being semi -closed autonomy，So cultural input is also limited。This type III jade and its style may be the entering to enter the South Vietnamese country in the early Western Han Dynasty。

IV Jade Tale is only 1 piece，Due to the coffin of the M1 main room of the Han tomb of Mancheng，is the green jade plain noodle。This type of jade can be traced back to the Neolithic era，Ruoshan Cultural Cemetery (See Wang Mingda's "First Discussion on the Cemetery of Anti -Shan Liangzhu Cultural Cemetery"，"Cultural Relics", No. 12, 1989)。other，26 pieces of this type of jade。

　　Jade for decoration

Jade with decorative jade mainly refers to the jade cricket in the jade or group jade。During the Warring States Period, there was a penetrating carving and decorative jade，The Western Han Dynasty not only continued this styling style，I also made many artistic innovation，Such as the double -tornado cloud -grained carving carving jade unearthed from the Han tomb M1 of the city of the city, it has a high artistic accomplishment。

Nanyue Wang Tomb has 9 pieces of penetrating carved with jade，6 of which are weips in the group of jade。Dragon pattern and phoenix patterns are the main themes of penetrating carved jade。3 pieces of jade with two groups of symmetrical attachments at the outer edge of Yuyu，2 pieces of jade with 3 sets of attached to the outer edge。This kind of jade cricket with two or 3 groups of transparent carving has appeared during the Warring States Period，and the decoration is generally located on the left and right sides，Small size，The jade 璧 unearthed from the M58 of Qufu Lu State M58 is this style (see "Qufu Lu State Old City"，Qilu Shu Club, 1982)，Through carved carved jade unearthed from the bet365 live casino games tomb of the king of the South Viet。

Double Towel Clouds unearthed from the tomb of the Han Dynasty，Its penetrating carving is located above the jade，larger than the body of Jade，Shuanglong is curved upward shape，Features with new types of decoration。The lower part of the lower part is the complete valley pattern，Simple decoration，Break out of the double -tornado moisture pattern of the upper penetrated carved，Moved the subject to the penetrated carving and decoration，Exquisite and atmospheric。To the Eastern Han Dynasty，It also continues the style of the penetrated carving and decoration，As the Beizhuang Han Tomb of Dingxian County, Hebei, this style of jade is unearthed (see the "Excavation Report of Beizhuang Han Tomb, Dingxian County, Hebei"，"Journal of Archeology" 1964, No. 2)。The Eastern Han Dynasty also created a special style，There is a transparent carving with auspicious inscription，The jade unearthed from the Ganquan Tiger Dun Han Tomb is carved with the inscription of "Yisai" (see "The Tomb of the Ganquan Tiger Hang Han Tomb of Ganquan County, Jiangsu"，"Cultural Relics", No. 10, 1991)。

Another，Small type Ⅰ jade can also be used as decorations in group jade pendants。Group Yupei has appeared in the Zhou Dynasty。Zhou Dynasty nobles show their status through walking and slowly，Slow walking，Identity becomes more honorable。Wearing a group of jade pendants to play "傩"，The more complex of the group of jade pendants，The smaller the wearer, the smaller the wearer，The slower walking (see Sun Qingwei's "Research on the Jade System of the Zhou Dynasty"，Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 2008 Edition)。The Warring States Period to the early Western Han Dynasty，The main body of Yu Pei is mostly jade、Yuzhu and Yuhuan, etc.，For example, the group of jade pendants unearthed from the hometown of Qufu Luluo。The group jade unearthed from the tomb of the King of South Vietnam still has this feature，Among them, 6 groups of jade pendants use type I jade as a component，unearthed in the front room、East Earlier and East Room。and there is no unearthed group of jade pendant in M1 in the Han tomb bet365 Play online games of Mancheng，Instead of agate beads; there is no jade among the jade pendants unearthed from M2、Yuyu or Yuhuan，Instead, it consists of 6 pieces of jade ornaments and 44 beads，The style is already very different。

A double connection D186 unearthed from the tomb of the king of South Vietnam，Under the double shoes of the owner of the tomb，Some scholars think，This jade not only has a decorative effect，It may also have funeral functions (see Liu Zunzhi's "Research on the bet365 live casino games tomb of the king of the Han Dynasty"，Social Science Literature Press 2012 Edition)，Because there is a trace of the fabric binding above，Maybe it is specifically tied to the feet of the tomb owner，belonging to the burial jade。It is worth mentioning is，D50-13 of the King's Tomb of South Vietnam is a three-dragon title ring，Out of the genitals of the owner of the tomb in Yuyi。This is reminiscent of，Man City Han Tomb M1 Liu Sheng uses the modified jade 琮 as the genital case，M2 Douya cover it with Gui Jade Ware，All as part of the Jiuqiao plug。and the King of South Vietnam Zhao Yan without nine tricks，I think，This Sanlong Two Ring also has the functions similar to genital hoods and Gui -type jade，The category of funeral jade，The function of decoration and burial at the same time。

　　commonality and differences

The commonality and differences of the commonality unearthed from the tomb of the Han Dynasty and the tomb of the King of South Vietnam，The identity of the two princely kings has a great relationship。Manchu Tomb M1 Tomb Master Zhongshan King Liu Sheng is the son of Emperor Han Jing Liu Qi、Brother Hanwu Emperor Liu Che; Dou Yan, the owner of the M2 tomb, is Liu Sheng's wife -the mother of the Empress Dou;。

The age of the Han Tomb M1 in the Manchu City is 113 BC，M2 is a few years later than M1，The Tomb of the King of South Vietnam is 122 BC，Only about 10 years before and after the three tombs，The bet365 live casino games tomb of the king of the King of the same historical period。The types and styles of their burial jade articles inherited the tradition of jade in the Warring States Period，At the same time, it also has certain innovation。The culture where Zhongshan is located Bet365 app download belongs to Central Plains Culture，Therefore, the style of jade unearthed from the tomb of the Han Dynasty represents the mainstream style of the middle of the Western Han Dynasty。and South Vietnam State is located in South China，Vietnamese Culture belonging to ethnic minority areas，It has a certain lag in the flow of receiving Central Plains culture。

Because of the influence of regional and political factors，The number of jade tibs in the Han Dynasty is less than the tomb of the King of South Vietnam，The size is also smaller，But the workmanship is more exquisite，and uniform size，Jade specifications are higher，Fresh style with the jade in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty。and the jade specifications unearthed from the tomb of the King of South Vietnam are relatively low，The size of the jade is very large，Jade style is still similar to the style of jade style from the Warring States Period to the early Western Han Dynasty。From this we can see，Zhongshan King as the orthodox royal princes king，The jade materials occupied are more abundant，Can be used with excellent materials to make a funeral jade。For the King of South Vietnam，The jade materials occupied by the jade materials are relatively scarce，Each piece of jade needs to be fully utilized，So there are different sizes、The phenomenon of different quality of materials。

Yuyu has appeared in the Neolithic era。In the Shang and Zhou Dynasties，Yuyu is a symbol of the aristocratic identity，16 pieces of jade 璧，16 pieces of jade 璧。To the Warring States Period，Pu patterns and valley patterns and dragon patterns appeared on jade crickets、Bird pattern and animal pattern，In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the style of the Warring States Period also continued。"Zhou Li · Chunguan Zongbo · Grand Bo": "Two or sixs of jade，Eli Heaven and Earth Sifang: Yi Cangli Litian、、Eastern with Qinggui Li Liang、Southern、Baihu Li West、To the north。There are animal coins，Put the color of each of its instruments。"Emphasized that Yuyu appeared as Ruiyu as Li Tian。To the Han Dynasty，Jade is mostly used for etiquette and funeral，Mostly appear between the coffin of the owner of the tomb or placed on the chest and back of the tomb owner，Forms a group of jade，It can also be inlaid on the bet365 live casino games coffin，Make into a jade lacquer coffin，or as a decorative jade in the group jade。

To sum up，Yuyu as an important instrumental class in the jade culture of the Han Dynasty，Is the carrier pursued by the Han people's material civilization and spiritual pursuit，Had a very important role in the burial system and etiquette culture。Han Dynasty jade culture inherited the style of the previous generation、Technology，In constant innovation and development，Created the unique jade culture system that belongs to the Han Dynasty，It also develops the jade culture of the Han Dynasty into a peak in the history of Chinese jade culture，With an irreplaceable status。

　　(Author Unit: Institute of Archeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)