"Summary of Chinese Copper" (Chen Mengjia，The April Edition of Zhonghua Book Company) is a "new work" that only met with readers for more than half a century for more than half a century。Everyone may feel strange to this bronze research monograph，But mentioned that Chen Mengjia published in 1962, "The Record of the Copper Copper of the Chinese Copper of the United States Empires" (newly restored original name of "Chinese Copper Collection in the United States"，In April 2019, the Chinese Book Company published a booking book，The following referred to as "Meiji Record")，The research community in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties and bronze is famous for its name。This ministerial classic catalog cited by the academic community for a long time，In fact, it is only the "Figure Edition" part of the "Chinese Copper Summary"。It was just because the "Summary" was too long，Deleted today，Danglie will be available in the future "(" Self Order of the Chinese Copper Collection in the United States ")，I never thought that this release is more than 60 years。

Lucky is，The Institute of Archeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences has always preserved the English manuscript of the book，In recent years，Translate by Wang Shimin invited Wang Rui and others，And Zhang Changshou、Wang Shimin repeatedly read the translation，"Chinese Copper Summary" was finally able to "come out in one go"。

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1944，Chen Mengjia embarked on an academic journey to the United States。The main purpose of this trip is "I hope to do a general inspection of public and private collections，Introduce this batch of materials to the academic world，At the same time, let the authenticity of certain utensils、Age and historical significance to better Bet365 app download understand "，"In three years，All public and private hides are identified、Measurement，Top film of the inscription、Take pictures respectively，and pursue the passage of its circulation。The most important number of copper wares I saw is more than a thousand ... In order to collect these photos，Many travelers have also traveled，Difficulties，Pretty -tongue work "(" Chinese Copper Comprehensive Records ")。"Beauty Collection" was published in China in 1962，Introduce the boutique of Chinese bronze in the United States to the Chinese academic community，A considerable academic impact was produced，But Chen Meng's family understands the level of the concept of Chinese bronze in China，But because of historical reasons, unknown。

1941 before Chen Meng's house went to the United States，Rong Geng published epoch -making bronze research monograph "Shang Zhou Yi Tong Tao"，Starting from the original、Discover、Category、Times、Inscription、Pattern、Casting method、Value、Rust removal、Top ink、Imitation、Differential、Destruction、Favorites、Document and other aspects，For the first time, a comprehensive and systematic test of Chinese bronze wares，Traditional golden stone research has been exceeded in one fell swoop，The ontology of the bronze ware as the main research object，instead of just regarding it as the carrier of the inscription。

Chen Mengjia's early Teacher Tong Geng，In literature、Goldstone and ancient Chinese characters have quite rich knowledge reserves，And wrote "Overview of Chinese Copper" for the publishing "Overseas Chinese Copper List" in 1946。He pays attention to the research method of archeology and anthropology，The key to the study of the study of bronze sharply，Positioning "If a piece of bronze is used as a standard device in historical and metaphysics research，First of all, you must make an appraisal of its age and authenticity。In the bet365 live casino games process of determining and interpretation of the age of the literature，Dynasties have become a complex problem that cannot be avoided "。So，The establishment of the Chinese bronze age sequence，Research focus on becoming a review of "Chinese Copper"。

But，These Tibetan Chinese bronze facing Chen Mengjia is not scientifically excavated，Although "each piece of copper is not isolated，It is the era、Lord of the area and owner's information。Its device type、Drosts and inscriptions are in contact with certain copper (group) "，But still needs to be "relying on copper in the exact age and unearthed place as the standard device to study ... then use new materials、New archeological excavation results、New understanding in literature research and pottery、Jade、Bone products and other archeological data comparison of archeological materials are continuously checked、Total Fortune、Revision。So，In the first chapter of "Research Methods and Materials" and Chapter 2 "Research Brief History"，The author focuses on the pen and ink in Chapter 3 "Important Publication"、Chapter 4 "Archaeological Excavation and Discovery" and Chapter 5 "Regional Distribution" started as detailed discussion as possible。These all provide sufficient knowledge reserves and background information for the next research。

　Innovative bronze type division

"Shangzhou Yi Instrument Exam" is included in the Qing Dynasty old collection、Different Chinese bronze wares in Japan，The number of Chinese bronze wares seen by Chen Mengjia in the United States，The type is more complicated。Workers desire to be good，It must first benefit its instrument。Study on the classification of bronze wares，He believes "when discussing type learning，It is necessary to have a set of standard terms "。From this，In Chapter 6 "Term"，Chen Mengjia is under the premise of "clearing the meaning of various' parts' 'in bet365 best casino games the bronze"，Disassemble the bronze in various parts of the copper ware into a cover、Device、Holder part、Support part and decorative attachment，further disassembling according to the corresponding personality characteristics，Created a set of strictly defined terms。On the basis of strict definition，According to a certain logical relationship，Try to disassemble the characteristics of the utensil as much as possible。

Classification on the basis of naming and functional research，It is the prerequisite for the study of the type of bronze type。Since the Northern Song Dynasty，Ancestor scholars According to the records of ancient literature，A constructive name of the bronze ware。The "Classification Classification" of "Chinese Copper Summary" fully considers the use of bronze wares，Combined with self -name and unearthed、Records of the handed down literature，and connect with the archeological discovery at the time as much as possible，Divide ancient Chinese bronze rituals into 48 category，and the 4 categories of them are drafted。

Chen Mengjia's type of study research on Chinese bronze wares，"Focus on analyzing the formal changes of each type of copper in the long evolution and the differences between different types。Below each category，First list the overall characteristics of this type of copper，List the definition of each type。Some types are also divided into subtypes，Separate the difference between different sub -types "。Division of the type of bronze ritual，"Focus on emphasizing historical evolution between types"，Different "types" are sorted in turn according to Roman numbers，"I、Ⅱ、III's division is not only based on the age，Considering the change of form "。

Take Ding as an example，Divided it into type Ⅰ (Yuan Ding)、Type II (Ding Ding Ding)、Type III (Fang Ding)、IV (Beast Foot Ding)、ⅴ type (vertical belly tripod)、ⅵ type (hemisphere Bet365 app download belly tripod)、ⅶ type (ball belly tripod)、ⅷ type (empty -footed)、ⅸ type (Han Dynasty Ding) and other nine types。Now it seems，Type I、ⅴ type and ⅵ type actually belong to the difference between the "style" with the relationship between the morning and evening relationship under the same "type"。The relationship between ⅶ type and ⅸ type is the same，and the ⅸ type is named "Han Dynasty Ding"，It also fully shows its inter -generation colors and styles。

The classification named by Roman letters in sequence，Facing the coexistence relationship between "type" and "type"，The author said frankly: "A certain type of copper will also be due to people's good and evil and the subtle differences，There are many different forms in the same period，Ru Ding Ⅰ-ⅳ At the same time is an example。"But，Under the background of the times at that time，Chapter 8 "Types" is the most innovative content in "Chinese Copper Summary"，Division of Chinese bronze wares for the first time，Has a milestone academic historical significance。

Type Study of the Types of Copper Copper，It helps us to look back at the classification and arrangement of Bronze in the "U.S. Collection"。For example, all cases of the 1962 version of "U.S. Collection" pointed out: "This episode is based on the category of the utensils，So A1-A117 is Ding。In this No. 117，It is divided into nine species according to its different shapes，That is 'Dingyi' to 'Ding Jiu'，Among them, ‘Ding Er A28-A54’ is a crotch Ding，‘Ding San’ is Fang Ding。"Classification or arrangement，It is the type science research results from "Chinese Copper Summary"。

　Summarize the characteristics of the bronze ornamentation era

Style and decoration is another important contribution of Chen Mengjia in the field of bronze research。"Chinese Copper Summary" is no longer satisfied with a simple classification of bronze ornaments，Grouping based on the unearthed utensils、Classification bet365 best casino games of decorations and other chronological copper wares may be based on land、Type、The general age indicated by the inscription，The decoration of Chinese bronze wares is classified into the business generation、Early Western Zhou Dynasty、mid -period Western Zhou、Western Zhou Dynasty、Spring and Autumn Period、The Warring States Period、Seven historical periods including the Han Dynasty，and the characteristics of the era of bronze ornaments in various historical hours。

Especially in the interrogation of the Copper Copper，Comparison with the bronze ornament of the Shang Dynasty，Chen Mengjia summarizes the characteristics of the Western Zhou style as: "(1) Inheriting the characteristics of a large number of business -style styles; (2) the disappearance of cicadas; (3) 餮 pattern lost its main position; (4) birds bird Tattoos and dragon patterns become important，new decorative patterns were generated on the basis of the two;。""，The era of bronze ornaments is characterized by one of the important basis for the Chinese bronze wares collected in "American Collection"，"This chapter is written after the catalog is completed，We found that the copper style arrangement of this chapter and the 850 pieces of copper in the catalog are rare or there is no conflict。We risk the business style from the early bronze wares of the early Western Zhou Dynasty，The conclusion may be conclusion "，Dialectical unity of practice and theory。

"Chinese Copper Summary" is another bronze research masterpiece after "Shang Zhou Yi Term Test"，Author Chen Mengjia's inspection of a large number of Chinese bronze wares hidden in the United States，Creative contribution in the research and decoration research of Chinese bronze wares。For Chen Mengjia's academic journey，On the basis of discussing the King of the Western Zhou Dynasty，Divided the Western Zhou Dynasty for the first time into early、Middle、In the evening III，and summarize the characteristics bet365 best casino games of the bronze wares of various phases。This laid a solid research basis for his next "Copper Copper for the Western Zhou Dynasty"。For the research history of Chinese bronze wares，"Chinese Copper Summary" for excellent contribution in type studies and decorative research，Undoubtedly making it a shining bead of the sea of ​​glory。

　(Author Unit: Institute of Archeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)