Eastern Han Dynasty diamond-shaped nj bet365 lattice mural author/photo provided

"Shadow nj bet365 Screen，Who will fold the flowers？”In ancient Chinese classical poetry，There are too many literary works with the theme of "nj bet365 screens"。The special hazy beauty contained in “nj bet365 screen”，It seems to fit the implicit and reserved lyrical style of traditional Chinese literati，Sui has always been widely loved。

　　Occurred earlier

Mentioning nj bet365 screens，Then there must be a nj bet365 first。Neolithic Age，Ancient ancestors lived in caves、The semi-cave dwellers have progressed to the point where they have begun to build ground buildings，Due to lighting、The need for moisture protection and ventilation，Maybe we will gradually add windows，But because above-ground wooden buildings often do not exist，It is naturally difficult to find the remains of early windows in archeology。

Entering the stage of civilized country，Large palace buildings appear in all civilizations。From the perspective of archaeological discoveries，The size of these building foundations is generally very large，Then there must be a nj bet365 on it，Just the size of the nj bet365、How is the shape，It is temporarily difficult to verify。Fortunately，The Taixi ruins in Gaocheng, Hebei, which date to the mid-Shang Dynasty, are well preserved，In building F3、Walls of F4 and F6，There are still traces of ventilation "wind windows"。Among them，F6 is a large building site，The "wind nj bet365" on the dividing wall between the east and west rooms in the north room is 45 cm long、Up to 23 cm wide。This is probably the remains of the earliest nj bet365 discovered by archeology so far。

It can be seen from the literature records，The ancients called the nj bet365 in the current sense "疖"。For example, in "Laozi" there is "Knowing the world without leaving home，See the way of heaven without looking through the nj bet365"，There is a saying in "Mencius" that "there is a karma on the roof，The people in the museum can’t get what they ask for..." "Shuowen Jiezi" says: "牖，Use wood as a nj bet365 through the wall。" Duan Yucai's note: "The one who gives the opportunity，Make it straight with wood，This is the nj bet365 of today。On the wall, it’s called a wall，In the nj bet365 of the house。”That is to say，In the early days, those opened on the wall were called "牖"，"nj bet365" refers to the skylight opened on the roof。

Although the archaeological excavation did not find the actual windows and doors，But from the shape of the tomb、Pottery Mingware Room，And various portrait masonry、Mural information in progress，We can learn，As late as the Han Dynasty，The style of windows already has many shapes，Not just a simple mullion shape、Oblique grid，There should also be more complex patterns。For example，In the Western Han Dynasty Tomb in Langya, Shandong Province discovered in recent years，A row of mullioned windows is placed between the coffin chamber and the side chamber, imitating the buildings during his lifetime。Zaru，There is a mural on the north wall of the front room of the Eastern Han Dynasty Tomb No. 1 in Houshiguo, Mi County, Henan Province，It shows two people wearing white hats、A boy wearing a red robe，Watching the cockfight with concentration。The surface of the painting is a composite diamond pattern that is staggered like a textile pattern，Obviously depicts the image of a nj bet365 lattice，It can be seen that this kind of nj bet365 lattice is very complex and highly decorative。

According to documentation，The earliest use of nj bet365 screens appeared in the Han Dynasty。The legendary novel "Hanwu Cave Ming Ji" written by Guo Xian of the Eastern Han Dynasty contains this record: "The emperor slept in Lingzhuang Hall，Calling Dongfang Shuo to Qingqi nj bet365，Ask the question without leaving the curtain of the Duan Dynasty..." Refer to the development level of the silk weaving industry in the Han Dynasty，Looking at the large-area curtains that were often used indoors and outdoors at that time，It is entirely possible to use textile nj bet365 coverings at this time。To the Southern and Northern Dynasties，The word "screen nj bet365" has been mentioned many times in the literature，For example, it was written in the poem "Meeting a man in Zhixian County and sending his wife to you" included in "New Odes of Yutai" in the Southern Dynasties，"Yundong wanders together，Screen windows open toward each other。nj bet365 sparse eyebrow language degree，Sha Qingyan smiled..." It is also found in Yu Xin's "Ode to the Prodigal Son" of the same period，"The screen nj bet365 is covered only，The tent hangs down。Xin Zheng Bu Nong，I am ashamed to play the flute”。According to this confirmation，nj bet365 screens were widely used in the Southern Dynasties。

　　The material is mostly yarn fabric

　The reason why “nj bet365 screen” is called “nj bet365 screen”，Not difficult to understand，It must be a layer of gauze-like covering on the nj bet365。According to the explanation in "Nongsang Ji Yao" of Yuan Dynasty，That is, "summer and autumn... papering windows with paper，Because it avoids flies and blocks the flow of traffic，Suffering from Tianqing fever，Yin means dampness produces white fermentation，It’s not convenient to be cloudy or sunny；Paper the windows with gauze... to shield the flies and let out the atmosphere..." Although this refers specifically to silkworm rearing，But the benefits of using screen windows are explained in one sentence，Can achieve ventilation effect，It can also block people’s sight，Also blocks mosquitoes。

Among the materials selected in modern times，This kind of gauze mesh is mostly a stronger and more durable metal yarn or chemical fiber，In ancient times, screens made of thin bamboo silk also appeared。Of course，The most commonly used material for nj bet365 screens is textile gauze fabric，In textile materials，“Yarn” refers to the kind of textile with sparse warp and weft threads，Small holes on the surface，The yarn structure can be plain weave，It can also be twisted warp rib fabric，The biggest feature is ventilation and thinness。Due to larger pores，Gauze fabric is probably more suitable than other types of fabrics。

Because “Luo” fabrics are often used as nj bet365 screen materials，So screen windows are often called "Luo windows"，For example, in Li Shangyin's poem "One foot of red roses embraces the green jun"，That’s what the saying goes like “the nj bet365 is open but you don’t know the dust that goes around the street”。There are also plain weave fabrics "whisker" used to paste windows，Han Yu、In Meng Jiao's "Chengnan Coupled Poems"，There is a sentence about "the nj bet365 is full of doubts and the beauty is closed"。And in ancient fabrics，The fabric closest to "yarn" is "縠"。The difference is，The fabric is being weaved，Use reinforced twisted silk threads with different twist directions as warp and weft or adjacent warp threads，Configured with different twist intervals，As a result, crepe lines are often formed on the surface of the fabric，To achieve unique artistic effects。In ancient times，It is true that "縠" fabrics are sometimes used on windows，Appeared in poetry，"Qingxu reflects the nj bet365 縠，Happy for warm rain and clear weather”，"The clouds disperse in the pond and there are thousands of scales，Moon moving nj bet365 with two or three lattice”，etc.。

In "Notes of Laoxue'an" written by Lu You in the Song Dynasty，It was mentioned that Mrs. Huarui of Shu after the Five Dynasties had a palace. The poem goes like this: "Red brocade mud windows surround four corridors"，This shows that there are cases in history of using brocade to paste windows。Actually，We can totally understand，Different people have different values ​​or aesthetics，Choose which fabric to use to paper the windows，Maybe it’s very random to begin with。Before all sectors of society generally accepted the use of gauze fabrics on windows，People must have tried various materials，After long-term repeated experiments and comparisons。So said，nj bet365 screens never appeared suddenly in a certain period，It should be the result of a long-term experimental selection。It’s just that the process of this experiment is due to the lack of literature and physical objects，There is no way to know now，We can only speculate that the appearance of nj bet365 screens may have occurred in the Han Dynasty or earlier，Is this true，We can only look forward to more archaeological discoveries in the future。

　　Pluck nj bet365 with bat longevity pattern in Chuxiu Palace of the Forbidden City Author/photo provided

　　Outstanding practical functions

To Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties，Due to the prosperity of poetry，The image of nj bet365 screens appears very frequently in literary works。Many poets are happy to describe nj bet365 screens，Like Lu Guimeng's "The nj bet365 screen is thin under the moonlight steps"，How much fragrance penetrates”，Bai Juyi's "Painting Hall on the third day of March，The catkins flutter on the screen nj bet365 and the orioles flutter on the eaves"，Wei Mao’s “Sitting Alone at the Screen nj bet365 Embroidering，Orioles singing under the redbud flowers”，etc.。

It is worth pointing out that，In addition to ventilation, ancient nj bet365 screens，There is also an important practical function。After setting up the nj bet365 screen，It often appears darker indoors and more light outdoors，In this case，This creates a unique visual effect，That is, people indoors can clearly see the situation outside，On the contrary, people outside cannot see clearly inside。In view of this，The use of nj bet365 screens provided the possibility for boudoir women in ancient times to communicate with the outside world。Contained in "Cefu Yuangui"，When Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty was discussing the affairs of the Crown Prince with his ministers，“Hundreds of concubines and concubines were lined up inside the screen nj bet365 and listened”。Especially when the young master and the young lady look at each other through the nj bet365 screen, it is a common scene in literary works。In the Yuan Dynasty novel "The Story of the Boudoir" (also known as "The Story of the Moon Pavilion")，There is a saying that "the number one scholar came to the humble house in an instant...ask the lady to peek inside the screen nj bet365..." And the screen nj bet365 here，Depending on the situation, it probably refers to indoor use，Similar to the Bisha cabinet of the Qing Dynasty。

Speaking of Bisha Cabinet，We discovered an interesting phenomenon，The color of the nj bet365 screen seems to have been blue-green from a long time ago。Why do everyone use blue-green nj bet365 screens？We analyze，Possibly relative to other colors，Blue-green is generally easy to give people tranquility、Soothing feeling，Especially screen windows are often used in summer，Blue-green looks cooler。Again，When the sun shines into the house，Filtered by the blue-green screen，The interior of the house tends to appear brighter。Perhaps the smart ancients also discovered these characteristics very early，So we see that screen windows are often mentioned in the literature，They are all called "green screen nj bet365" and "blue screen nj bet365"。All the way to the nj bet365 screens in the Forbidden City of the Ming and Qing Dynasties，You can also find anything connected to the outdoors，Still choose this blue-green color。

Of course nothing is absolute，The ancients also used nj bet365 screens of other colors。For example, in He Ning's "Gong Ci" of the Tang Dynasty, there is a "Red Luo nj bet365 embroidering partial servants"，亸秀香嚈jasper cage”；"Untitled Four Poems and Li Yishan" (Part 2) by Ke Qian of the Ming Dynasty has "Cui Sleeves and Hunan Skirt Stand in the Xiaofeng，Painted “Eastern Border” outside the purple screen nj bet365, etc.。The most familiar，I'm afraid it's still the description in "A Dream of Red Mansions"，Jia Mu and her entourage came to Daiyu’s residence，I found that Daiyu’s nj bet365 screen was a bit old，He asked people to wear a yarn called "soft smoke"。The one I chose for Daiyu called "Xiayingsha" is silvery red，The Yihongyuan where Baoyu lived probably also used the same red nj bet365 screen，Otherwise, how could there be "Axi under the screen nj bet365"?，The sentence of "Young Master is passionate"？

　　Diverse decorative techniques

Ming and Qing dynasties，Literati and nobles also invented the decorative technique of applying gold or painting on nj bet365 screens。For example, there is a line in "The First Collection of Shengming Zaju" written by Shen Tai of the Ming Dynasty: "I am just shining on the gold and pink screen nj bet365 to shine on the water chestnuts，Learn how to comb the palace。"Li Yu in the Qing Dynasty introduced a kind of nj bet365 in "Xian Qing Ou Ji" and said: "This nj bet365 is like making another screen nj bet365，Painted with lantern-colored flowers and birds，The night bonfire is inside，Looking from the outside, it is another fan lamp，Looking inside during the day，Photography is no different from viewing lanterns。”This nj bet365 screen with flowers and birds painted on it must be very beautiful！

Currently，There are still some actual nj bet365 screens from the Qing Dynasty in the Forbidden City，For example, the golden nj bet365 screens used on the partitions in the Fuwang Pavilion in Ningshou Palace are extremely complex and delicate。Ningshou Palace was built for Emperor Qianlong’s retirement。According to the systematic analysis conducted by Wang Yunli of the Palace Museum, it can be seen that the nj bet365 screen technology is very complicated，The inner core is woven from mulberry silk，The exterior is painted，Paint gold foil on top of paint，And draw the center part of the nj bet365 screen，There are also various patterns with gold paint，The exquisiteness is evident！

From the photomicrograph of Fuwang Pavilion nj bet365 screen provided by Wang Yunli，We can also see，The fabric characteristics of this kind of nj bet365 screen are also unique。The organizational structure of the nj bet365 screen belongs to the second warp skein，It is obvious that the weft is thick and untwisted，The warp is thin and twisted，Every two strands of warp are twisted to the weft，And every time a latitude line is crossed，The warp threads must be twisted twice。Compared with ordinary plain weave fabric，Characteristics of this weaving method，The tissue points of the fabric will be relatively fixed，Not prone to slippage，The fabric must be stronger，As a nj bet365 screen material, it is more effective in resisting wind and rain，I have to say that this is an outstanding manifestation of the extraordinary wisdom of the working people in ancient my country。And the nj bet365 screen of Fuwang Pavilion in the Forbidden City，It should be said that it represents the highest level of nj bet365 screen production in ancient my country。

　　(Author’s unit: Institute of Archeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)