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"Film window screen，Who will fold it? "In the classical poems in ancient my country，There are too many literary works with the theme of "window screen"。The special hazy beauty contained in "window screen"，It seems to be exactly the lyrical method of implicit restraint in our country，Sui has always been widely loved。

　　Early age

Mention window screen，So you must first have a window。Neolithic Age，Ancient ancestors from the hole、Half Point Judu improves to start building ground buildings，Due to lighting、needs to prevent moisture and ventilation，Maybe it may be built slowly，But because the wooden construction buildings on the ground often do not exist，Naturally, it is difficult to find the ruins of early windows。

Enter the country stage of civilization，Large palace buildings appear in various civilizations。Look at it from archeology，The volume of these building bases is generally very large，Then there will be windows on it，Just the size of the window、How about the shape，It is difficult to verify for the time being。Lucky is，During the middle of the Shang Dynasty, Hebei Tancheng West site due to better preservation，In the building F3、F4 and F6 walls，There are still ventilated "wind windows" traces。Where，F6 is a large building base address，The "wind window" on the east and west rooms of the north room is 45 cm、up to 23 cm wide。This is probably the relic of the earliest window of archeological discovery at present。

I can know from the literature record，The ancients of the ancients called the current window of "牖"。If there is "Lao Tzu" in "Lao Tzu"，Don't see the Tao of the Heaven "，"Mencius" is "there is a job on the，The people of the librarian seeks to the people ... "" Said the text "said:" 牖，Passing on the wall with wood as a window。"Duan Yu Note:" Window -hander，Using Mu Hengzhi，That is the window of today。Say 牖 in the wall，Window in the house。"" That is to bet365 best casino games say，The early driving on the wall is called "牖"，"Window" refers to the skylight opened on the roof。

Although archeological excavations have no physical discovery of the physical object of the window，But from the shape of the tomb、Ceramics House Room，and various portraits masonry、mural information，We can know，By late to the two Han Dynasty，The style of the window has a variety of shapes，Not only does it have a simple straight shape、Candidic Form，It should also have a more complicated pattern。For example，In the Langya Western Han Tomb, Shandong in recent years，Between the coffin room and the border compartment, a row of straight windows are placed in the bailing building。Another example，There is a mural on the north wall of the Eastern Han Tomb, Midi No. 1 in Mi County, Henan Province，Expressing two heads wearing white、Boy wearing a Zhu robe，Watching the scene of the chicken in concentration。and the surface layer of the screen is similar to the composite diamond pattern of the texture pattern.，Drawing obviously the image of the window，It can be seen that this kind of window pupae is very complicated and decorated。

According to the literature record，The earliest use of window screens appeared in the Han Dynasty。The magic novel "Hanwu Dong Mingji" made by Guo Xian, the Eastern Han Dynasty.，Call Oriental Shuo Qingqi Window，Do not separate the scene and ask ... "Reference to the development of the silk weaving industry during the Han Dynasty，and a large area of ​​curtains often used indoor and outside at that time，At this time, using a textile cover window is completely possible。From the Northern and Southern Dynasties，The word "screen window" is mentioned many times in the literature，Ru Cheng's "Xin Yong Yong Yong" in the Southern Dynasties "Yixian Meeting Ren Weaving Rate Women" poem，"Cloud Dong Wandering，The screen window is opened。Window sparse eyebrows，Said Laughing ... "At the same time, there is also" Dangzi Fu "at the same time，"The screen will hide，Luo account long。Xinzheng does not get，flute shame bet365 best casino games blowing "。Confirmation of it，Window screens have been used mostly in the Southern Dynasties。

　　Materials are mostly gauze fabrics

"window screen" is called "window screen"，It is not difficult to understand，It must be placed on the window with a layer of gauze blocking。According to the explanation of the "Nong Sang series" in the Yuan Dynasty，"Xiaqiu ... Paper Window，Due to avoid flying and covering the atmosphere，Tianqing 罨 fever disease，Yin is wet white，Yinyou is inconvenient; use the screen of screens ... covering the flies through the atmosphere ... "Although here is specifically referring to nourishing silkworm，But the benefits of using screens in a word，can achieve the effect of ventilation，You can cover people's sight，Can also block mosquitoes。

Among the materials selected in the modern and contemporary，Most of this gauze mesh is more durable metal gauze or chemical fiber，In ancient times, there have been screens woven from fine bamboo silk。Of course，The most used materials for window screens are still textiles of gauze，In textile materials，"Sin" refers to the kind of textiles that are more sparsely woven by the latitude and weft，The surface presents small holes，The organizational structure of the yarn can be a flat -grained fabric，It can also be a rampura mesh，The biggest feature is ventilation and lightness。Due to the larger pores，Gauze fabrics are more suitable than other types of fabrics。

Due to the "Luo" fabric as a window screen material，So screens are often called "Luo Window"，As in Li Shangyin's poems, "One -bumper red rose 拥 筠，Luo window does not know around the street "is said.。Also with the use of flat fabrics "绡" Window，Han Yu、"Poetry of the South Lianhe" in Mengjiao，There is a sentence of "Doubt of the Window"。In ancient fabrics，The most closest fabric and "縠" and "縠"。The difference is，When the fabric is weaving，Use different twisting reinforced wire wires as latitude and weft or adjacent meridians，Configuration with different twisting intervals，As a result, the surface of the fabric often forms，bet365 Play online games to achieve a unique artistic effect。In ancient，Indeed, there is also a situation where the "縠" fabric is used on the window，Over the poem，"Qingxu Ying Window，Hi warm rain make sunny "，"Cloud Sanchi Ten Thousand Tablets，Monthly move window 縠 two or three 棂 "，etc.。

In the "Lao Xuezhu Note" of Luyou in the Song Dynasty，It was mentioned that Mrs. Shu Hua Rui had a palace cloud "Red Jin Mud Window around the four corridors"，This shows that there are still cases that are used to use the window in history。Actually，We can understand，Different people according to different values ​​or aesthetics，Choose which kind of fabric to use the window，It may be very random。and generally accept the use of gauze fabrics on the window in all sectors of society，People must have tried various materials，and long -term repeated experiment comparison。So，The window screen is by no means suddenly generated in a certain period，but should be a result of a long -term experimental selection。It's just that the process of this experiment is due to the lack of literature and physical objects，I can’t know it now，We can only speculate that the appearance of window screens may be in both men or earlier，Is it true，I can only look forward to more archeological discovery in the future。

　　The Palace of the Palace Palace Stock Palace Bat Shoucai Window Author/Figure Figure

　　Practical function is prominent

From the Five Dynasties of the Sui and Tang Dynasties，Due to the prosperity of poetry，The image of the window screen appears very frequently in literary works。Many poets are willing to describe window screens，Such as a turtle "Moon Mingming under the window screen thin，How much fragrance comes in "，Bai Juyi's "Painting Hall on March 3，Flade Watchwood Window Ying Ritter "，Wei Yan's "Sitting alone when embroidery，Under the Bauhinia 啭 啭 鹂 鹂 "，etc.。

It is worth pointing out，Ancient window screens except for ventilation，There is also an important practical function。Since the window screen is set，Often the indoor is darker and the outdoor light is more sufficient，In this case，It has formed Bet365 app download a unique visual effect，That is, people in the room can clearly see the outdoor situation，On the contrary, people outside cannot see inside。In view of this，Use window screens to provide possibilities to communicate with the outside world for the inconvenience to show up with the outside world。"Book of Palace Yuan Gui" in the load，Tang Taizong and the ministers when discussing the king of the king，"The concubine is listed in hundreds of people in the screen of the screen"。Especially Miss Ms. Miss Window screen is a bridge section commonly used in literary works。Yuan Dynasty novel "Boudoir Ji" (also known as "Yue Ting Ji")，There is "the current champion goes to the cold house ... Please see Mrs. Madam in the screen window ..." The screen window here，According to the situation, it means that it is used indoors，Similar to the Bisa Cabinet of the Qing Dynasty。

Speaking of Bisha Cabinet，We found an interesting phenomenon，The color of the window screen seems to have been blue -green from a long time。Why do you use blue -green window screens? We analyze，It may be relative to other colors，Blue -green is generally easy to give people quiet、A soothing feeling，Especially the screens are often used in summer，Blue -green looks cooler。Another，When the sun is shot into the house，Filter of the blue -green screens，The inside of the house will look brighter。Maybe the clever ancient people also discovered these characteristics very early，So we see from the literature that every time the screen is mentioned，All are called "green screens" and "blue screens"。until the window screen in the Forbidden City of the Ming and Qing Dynasties，You can also find that you are connected to the outdoor director，Still choose this blue -green。

Of course, everything is not absolute，The ancients also used other color window screens。As the Tang Dynasty and Ning's "Palace Words", you can see "embroidery in the Red Robin Window，亸 sleeve leisure 隈 隈 隈 "; Ke Qian's" Four Titles and Li Yishan "in the Ming Dynasty (second)" Cui Xiang Xiang Skirt Xiaofeng，Drawing East of the Window of the screen Bet365 lotto review ", etc.。People are most familiar with，I'm afraid the description in "Dream of Red Mansions"，Mother Jia came to Daiyu's residence，It is found that Daiyu’s window screen is a bit old，It will make people change to a gauze called "Soft Tobacco"。The silver red selected by Daiyu's "Xia Yingchang"，and the Yingyuan of Baoyu's Yongyuan probably used the same red window screen，Otherwise, why come "under the screen of the kissed screen，Posmoral Children "?

　　Various decorative techniques

Ming and Qing Dynasties，Literary nobles also invented the decoration method of sticking gold or painting on the window screen。In the Ming Shentai's "Shengming Miscellaneous Drama", there is a drama: "I just take the golden powder screen to take the diamond flower，Learn Comb Palace Sample。"Li Yu said in" Said "in the Qing Dynasty and said:" If this window is made of another screen, a window，Painted with lamps and birds，To the night bon lamp in it，From the outside, it is a fan lamp，Swiping in the day，The color of the glory is also the same as the viewing lamp。"" Window screen painted flowers and birds must be beautiful!

Current，There are still some physical objects in the Qing Dynasty in the Forbidden City，Golden window screens used in the compound fan in the Ningshou Palace in Ningshou Palace are extremely complicated and delicate。Ningshou Palace was built for Emperor Qianlong's elderly pension。According to the system analysis of Wang Yunli, the Palace Museum Wang Yunli, it can be seen that this window screen process is very complicated，Its inner core is mulberry silk woven，Its outer paint，Put a gold foil outside the paint，Draw the heart in the window screen，There are also various patterns of gold lacquer，It is evident!

In the micro -photo of the Fuwang Pavilion window provided by Wang Yunli，We can still see，The fabric characteristics of this kind of window screen are also sophisticated。The organizational structure of the window screen belongs to the second classic twisted yarn，Obviously visible weft lines are thick without twisting，Clear and twist，Whenever Bet365 app download two meridians are twisted on the weft，and every long line，The meridians must be twice with each other。Compared to ordinary flat -grained fabrics，The characteristics of this weaving method，The tissue point of the fabric will be relatively fixed，It is not easy to occur phenomenon，The fabric must be more tough，As a window screen material, it is more capable when resisting the wind and rain，I have to say that this is an outstanding manifestation of the extraordinary wisdom of the ancient working people in my country。Window screen of Fuwang Pavilion in the Forbidden City，It should be said that it can represent the highest level of the production of ancient window screens in my country。

　　(Author Unit: Institute of Archeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)