Improving the reliability of psychological research on bet365 mobile betting
March 04, 2021 09:38 Source: "Chinese bet365 mobile betting Journal" March 4, 2021 Issue 2118 Author: Bao Han, Wu Shuang, Cai Huajian

Since ancient times,bet365 mobile betting and their impact on individuals have always been a topic of great interest。To solve the mystery of the name,A large number of simple ideas about bet365 mobile betting have emerged among Chinese people,even horoscope、Five elements and other metaphysical fortune-telling thoughts,Believe that a person’s name can determine his life development。These traditional concepts influence generations of Chinese people。Even in modern society,Many Chinese parents still consider certain metaphysical factors when naming their children,Thought based on the horoscope、bet365 mobile betting based on the five elements can bring good luck to children。Traditional Chinese nomenclature was born in an old society that was extremely lacking in science and technology,Most of their opinions come from the subjective experience of the people,Not subject to scientific objective testing,An important criterion for judging the reliability of scientific research - repeatability is out of the question。

With the progress of the times and the development of science and technology,The methodological paradigm of social science promotes name research “from subjectivity to objectivity、Thinking transformation and concept change from metaphysics to science。From the perspective of history and linguistics,Xiao Yaotian's "Research on Chinese bet365 mobile betting" depicts the changes in Chinese bet365 mobile betting through the ages;From an ethnological and anthropological perspective,Nari Bilige's "Theory of bet365 mobile betting" analyzes the social and cultural connotations of the bet365 mobile betting of various ethnic groups。More than a century ago,Psychology has also begun to adopt empirical research methods,Quantitative research on the psychological and behavioral effects of bet365 mobile betting。However,Similar to other research topics in psychology,Psychological research on bet365 mobile betting also suffers from reproducibility issues。This article will explore the reproducibility of different research directions in the psychology of bet365 mobile betting,And how future research needs to be conducted,To improve the scientific nature of name research、Enhance the reproducibility of research conclusions。

  Combining four research directions in the psychology of bet365 mobile betting

Overall,Name psychology has four different research orientations: one is the "actual impact" orientation,Pay attention to how the different dimensions of the name affect the name holder’s own psychology and behavior;The second is the "social cognition" orientation,Focus on how the different dimensions of a name affect others’ interpersonal evaluations of the name bearer、Stereotype、Prejudice、Discrimination and other psychology and behavior;The third is the "self-information processing" orientation,Focus on people’s information processing advantages or specific brain responses in processing their own bet365 mobile betting (compared to other people’s bet365 mobile betting),And how emotional preference or liking for one’s own name, an implicit self-esteem indicator, predicts other psychological variables;The fourth is the “cultural product” orientation,Focus on how certain dimensions of bet365 mobile betting, as macro indicators of group psychology, reflect changes and differences in cultural psychology。

Among the four research orientations in name psychology,The most repeatable ones are the "cultural products" and "self-information processing" orientations。The "cultural product" orientation uses bet365 mobile betting as an objective measure of cultural psychological characteristics、Cultural products outside the mind。For example,Researchers often use name uniqueness to reflect the level of individualism in a country or region。Consistent findings from cross-cultural studies: Across the globe,The rise of individualism、The decline of collectivism,The accompanying phenomenon includes an increase in the uniqueness of bet365 mobile betting,i.e. people are giving their children less common bet365 mobile betting,Increasing emphasis on the uniqueness of children’s bet365 mobile betting、Different,And hope that the child can stand out。The "self-information processing" orientation uses bet365 mobile betting as identifiers to distinguish oneself from others,Does not pay attention to the specific content or dimensions of the name。General findings from research,People have obvious cognitive processing advantages when processing their own bet365 mobile betting,For example, pay attention to resource allocation more、Faster recognition speed, etc.;An individual’s preference or liking for his or her own name can reflect implicit self-esteem (an individual’s unconscious positive evaluation of himself),And can predict explicit self-esteem (an individual’s conscious positive evaluation of themselves) and subjective well-being。The main research conclusions of the above two orientations are in North America、Europe、East Asia has been repeatedly verified to a certain extent,Highly repeatable。

"The research on name psychology with a "social cognition" orientation is highly reproducible。In short,This orientation aims to examine name stereotypes and their impact on interpersonal psychology and behavior。The gender stereotype of the name is particularly prominent,masculine、Neutralization、Feminine bet365 mobile betting will activate corresponding gender stereotypes: people tend to think that individuals with masculine bet365 mobile betting have more stereotypical male traits,Individuals with feminine bet365 mobile betting have more stereotypical female traits,Individuals with androgynous bet365 mobile betting may have both masculine and feminine qualities。This stereotype will further affect interpersonal behavior or willingness: people are more willing to interact with individuals whose bet365 mobile betting match their gender or have gender-neutral bet365 mobile betting。Another example,The fluency of pronouncing bet365 mobile betting can also affect interpersonal trust: compared to individuals whose bet365 mobile betting are difficult to pronounce,People are more likely to trust individuals whose bet365 mobile betting are easy to pronounce。Overall,The effect of name stereotype is relatively stable、Repeatable,The research is less controversial。

 Name psychology research with a “real impact” orientation has lower reproducibility。In recent decades,Making decisions、Achievements、Health、Nearly a hundred empirical studies in the four fields of personality have examined the actual impact of surnames or given bet365 mobile betting on individuals (mostly correlational relationships),Existing supporting evidence,There is also unsupportive evidence。As of now,The effects that have received more supporting evidence include: name uniqueness (the objective frequency of use of a name in the national population) on career decisions、Career achievements、Psychological needs、Mental Health、Prediction of criminal behavior;Name gender preference (masculine、Neutralization、femininity) and its conformity with individual gender on career achievements、Prediction of problem behavior;Name meaning positivity (subjectively rated by raters) prediction of mental health, etc.。Opposite,There are also some effects (e.g. most dimensions of first and last bet365 mobile betting are related to academic achievement、Physical health、The relationship between personality traits, etc.) has not been fully supported or has been basically falsified。Overall,The psychological and behavioral effects of a name are greater than the effects of a surname;And in the different dimensions of bet365 mobile betting,Uniqueness means the effect is relatively stable、Reliable、A repeatable dimension。However,The actual impact of bet365 mobile betting on individual psychology and behavior,Most of them are correlations rather than causation,and the effect size is small。Actually,There are many factors that affect psychology and behavior,Name is just one of hundreds of factors,We must not over exaggerate the name effect、Over-interpretation of research conclusions。

Through a simple review of the four research directions in name psychology,It’s not difficult for us to find,Reproducibility problems do exist in psychology research on bet365 mobile betting,But the degree is different: for the psychological research on bet365 mobile betting involving macro-social and cultural changes (such as changes in the uniqueness of bet365 mobile betting) and basic human cognitive processes (such as the advantageous effect of self-information processing),The most reproducible effect;Research on the psychology of bet365 mobile betting involving interpersonal impressions and evaluations (such as name stereotypes),Higher reproducibility of effects;For psychological research on bet365 mobile betting involving an individual’s own psychology and behavior (such as bet365 mobile betting and individual decisions or achievements),Low reproducibility of effects。

  Adopt a more rigorous approach to name psychology bet365 mobile betting

Reproducibility is an important criterion for judging the reliability of scientific research,Directly affects the scientific nature of research conclusions、Credibility、Validity。And the special topic of "name",It has always been regarded as "metaphysics" rather than "science"。Need to point out,Traditional "nameology" is not a science,The opinion is untested,Not enough to believe;Even the psychological research on bet365 mobile betting using quantitative empirical methods,There are still some effects that cannot be repeated。However,This does not mean that name psychology cannot become a scientific knowledge。In order to remove the false and preserve the true from many traditional folk concepts about bet365 mobile betting,Also to deepen our understanding of human self、Society、Cultural understanding,It is necessary to adopt more rigorous methods、A more reliable way to conduct psychological research on bet365 mobile betting。

Future,Researchers can enhance the reproducibility of name psychology research from the following aspects: (1) Measurement、Inspection、Control multiple name dimensions,Control family background、Confounding variables such as parental characteristics;(2) Use big data to enhance the reliability of results,Try to cover enough first and last bet365 mobile betting;(3) Use multiple methods to explore causal relationships,For example,You can use econometric methods,Focus on solving the omitted variable bias、Reverse causation、Factors such as measurement error that threaten internal validity or causality;(4) Conduct multi-country research,Examining cross-cultural universality,In particular, more research on Asian bet365 mobile betting is needed,Compare with the effect of Western bet365 mobile betting。

 Name Psychology as a special field of psychology,We are experiencing a reproducibility crisis with other fields and even the social sciences as a whole。Facing the crisis,Researchers need to continue to uphold an objective and truth-seeking attitude,Using the paradigm of scientific evidence,Collect credible and valid data,Carry out robust and solid bet365 mobile betting;The public needs to think carefully and critically,Change the concept of metaphysical fortune telling,Absorb the findings of scientific bet365 mobile betting,Promote the practice of openness and diversity。

  (This article is a phased result bet365 mobile betting National Social Science Fund’s major project “Culture and Psychological Changes in the Process of Chinese Social Change” (17ZDA324)

(Author’s unit: Personality and Social Psychology bet365 mobile betting Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences、Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences)

Editor: Zhang Yueying
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