Hongshan Cultural Restaurant has been discovered as early as the 20th century，Its main body is distributed in the Xiliao River Basin in northern China and the north and south regions of Yanshan。Hongshan Culture is the representative archeological culture of the middle and late stages of the Neolithic Times in North China，About 6500-5000 years from this year。The middle and late stages of the Neolithic Age，Exchanges between regions are becoming increasingly close，Including production technology、etiquette system and religious concept，A large -scale cultural integration process marked with color pottery expansion and jade ritual dissemination。This period，The Yangshao culture of the formation of the Chinese civilization pattern is exuding a vigorous influence with the Yellow River Basin，The southern end of Hongshan Culture crosses Yanshan，Echo with Yangshao Culture，Integrate your own farming and fishing and hunting colors into the big family of Chinese civilization。

The Temple Culture Period of the Miao Digou Culture in Yangshao Culture，Miao Dougou Culture from Jinnan and Western Henan、Expansion influence in the Guanzhong area，Makes archaeological culture in most parts of China，Early cultural community with the Central Plains as the core，Its core content is diversified。This kind of cultural community mainly based on color pottery，The south takes the temple undercut culture as the core，The north is represented by Hongshan Culture。

Connotation from Hongshan Culture、Nature、Social ideology and other aspects, look at it，Hongshan Culture is an important one yuan in a diverse cultural pattern，It was an important sign that was initially formed by the early Chinese cultural community。Color Pottery of Hongshan Culture、"Shangyu" and "Chonglong" customs、Religious sacrifice is its most obvious feature，These culture and ideology exist in communication with the Central Plains、Communication、blending，It is an important driving force to promote the origin and formation of civilization。History of prehistoric culture is closely connected，Exchange fusion，Forms a common cultural gene，thus laid the foundation for the formation and development of the unified multi -ethnic country。

Research results of related research，The production technology and productivity level of Hongshan Culture、The degree of complexity of the society and the ideology of ideology，Compared with other archeological culture of the same period, it is not inferior and backward，Origin of Chinese civilization、The formation of Chinese culture has a wide and profound influence，Become later Chinese civilization、One of the main sources of Chinese culture。In -depth research on Hongshan cultural relics，reveals the role and contribution bet365 live casino games of Hongshan Culture in the formation of a diverse Chinese civilization for the formation of history，To deeply understand the communication between the Chinese nation、Communication、History of blending，A firm establishing awareness of the Chinese nation's community is important。

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■ Hongshan Cultural Yulong Author/Figure

Hongshan Cultural Development has experienced about 1500 years，Generally, it can be divided into cultural relics from morning to three phases。Early in Hongshan Culture，Color pottery, regardless of color、pattern and pattern style，All are closely related to the Hougang No. 1 culture in the Central Plains region。Hongshan Culture Early Pottery comes from the mid -and late period of Hougang's first period of culture，There is red、Black Two Color Pottery，Use alone，Pattern copies of the short -parallel vertical line of the first phase of the culture、Parallel oblique、Triangle patterns composed of parallel slanting lines、Broadband pattern, etc.。

Hongshan Cultural Mid -term Color Pottery pattern absorbs the arc -edge triangular pattern in the temple under the temples of the temple lendor culture、Nest pattern，Based on this, innovate，Forms a new combination of colorful pottery patterns。Scale color pottery is an original in the middle of Hongshan culture。mid -term color pottery，Except for the rotation of rotation of the culture as the temple gap，There are also some rotary patterns that express their own characteristics，Found a re -arranged roll -like decoration in the red mountains of Chifeng, Inner Mongolia，Some researchers call it "triangular hook vortex"，or called hook rotation。Hook rotor is one of the most characteristic patterns of Hongshan Cultural Pottery。

Hongshan Culture's late hook -linked and polished black pottery comes from the first phase of Dawenkou Culture，Dadunzi sites in Sidunzi, Sihu Town, Yixian County, Jiangsu, found that there are hook -linked color pottery patterns，Large paintings，Small range of open space。At the same time，Dawenkou Culture spreads to the Liaodong Peninsula，4 at the Site of Xiaozhu Mountain、3 layers of hook connection，Black color fine line，The range of red land is large，Similar to the shape of the late Hangshan culture。Hongshan Culture Late Cultural Liaison of New Stone Times in the Southern Inner Mongolia，grid、Stack the wrong triangle pattern、Checkerboard plaids, etc. are derived from Miaozigou Culture。

Colorful patterns based on the combination of scales and roses discovered by Hongshan Culture revealed the communication and integration between the culture such as Hongshan Culture and the temple bottom gap between Hongshan Culture and Central Plains.。Su Bingqi once used the verse of "Huashan Rose Yanshan Dragon"，Highly summarized the cultural connection between Central Plains and the North。He thinks，Petal pattern and other Yangshao cultural factors start from the foot of Huashan，Volume Bet365 app download through Shanxi、Hebei to Northeast China，Hongshan Culture "is the two major cultural districts in the north and the Central Plains collide with each other in the upper reaches of the Daling River、Product of Frequent Fresh "。Color pottery discovered by Hongshan Culture，Reflect that some residents in the Central Plains are migrated north to the Xiliao River Basin，​​But indigenous cultural factors still account for the main position，If the word tube tank and inclined mouth are the typical features of indigenous culture。Late Hongshan Culture, represented by the main relics of Lingyuan Niuliang Liaoning Niuliang Liangyuan，Hongshan Culture has begun to have a greater impact on Yangshao culture。

The spread and influence between prehistoric culture is mutual、Two -way，Hongshan Cultural Ceramics has also had a certain impact on Yangshao Culture，Hook rotor color pottery unearthed at the site of the temple bottom gap in Shaanxi County, Henan Province，Tattoo style is obviously different from Yangshao Cultural Pottery。Similar color pottery is rarely found in the Yangshao cultural site，But it is the popular pattern of Hongshan Cultural Pottery，It should be the topic introduced directly from Hongshan Culture。

Dawenkou Culture in the Haiyu area also has more similarity with Hongshan Cultural Pottery in terms of pottery shape and colorful pottery patterns。Late in Hongshan Culture，The colorful pottery of Hongshan Culture is not only with the Central Plains，and also have some connection with the colorful pottery in Majiayao culture in Northwest China。So，The correlation between this cultural factors confirms the exchange of prehistoric culture in northern and western regions of China。Communication of this colorful pottery element，Is art exchange，It is also a mutual penetration of faith，It is a manifestation of cultural identity and convergence。

　"Shangyu" and "Chonglong" customs

■ Red Mountain Cultural Niuhe Liang Site Author/Figure Figure

According to the existing information，Chinese Shangyu customs can be traced back to the middle and late stages of the Neolithic era。This kind of jade and Shangyu customs starting from the Stone Age，After thousands of years of development，Breeding and a culture with rich connotation，deep into the depths of Huaxia national culture，spread and expand to the land of China，and continue to this day。

Hongshan Cultural Jade Innovation and Development on the basis of inheriting Xinglongwa Culture Tradition，reached the peak of prehistoric jade culture。Compared with Xinglongwa Culture，Number of Hongshan Cultural Jade、The theme of the types increase significantly。Except for the commonly ringing jade in the Central Plains region，Hongshan Culture is also rich in animal -shaped jade，Rulong、Tiger、Turtle and Bird、鸮、Fish、Cicada and other jade wares with special or special purposes，Such as a horseshoe hoe、Gou Yunyu Pei, etc.。Hongshan Cultural Jade Making Technology bet365 best casino games Advanced，Exquisite carving technology、Superb，It is difficult for non -professional personnel to do，Social meaning profound、Rich，Diverse features，It is also very common in use。It can be said，Hongshan Cultural Jade is in technology、Art and other aspects have reached a considerable degree。

Research indicates，Hongshan Culture Jade Big Liangzhu Culture、Dawenkou culture and Tao Temple culture have different degrees of influence，But these effects may be indirect。Guo Dushun thinks，Hongshan Cultural Jade's influence on future generations，The most direct is the impact on the jade artificial jade。Representative jade in Shang Dynasty jade is the jade carving dragon，Its shape and the first image have a direct inheritance relationship with Hongshan Cultural Yulong。Jade hooks are passed down from Hongshan Culture。Shuanglian Jade Turtle Shells unearthed from Yin Ruins, Anyang, Shang Dynasty、Simplified hook cloud jade and hooks unearthed from women's tomb、Gouyun -shaped jade unearthed from the tomb of Yanguo, Western Zhou Dynasty in Beijing, all are the same as Hongshan Culture，This is an important example of Hongshanyu's influence of Zhou Yu。

Hongshan cultural characteristic jade spreads north to the northeast，Over the Haiyu area to the south，Lingjia Beach Culture, which affects the Jianghuai Basin。Lingjiatan ruins appear similar to the cultural shapes of Hongshan but different from materials and craftsmanship，Including Double Link、rounded square、hoop decoration、Y -shaped device, etc.，Using local raw materials and production technology produces the same shape as Hongshan culture，To a certain extent, it represents the recognition and acceptance of the social significance attached to the utensils。Integrate Red Mountain -style jade in various archeological culture、Use the jade system，can be seen，The external impact of Hongshan Culture is similar to its own social development and expansion，More equal communication methods，Mainly the influence of culture and ideology。

"Chonglong" is one of the important contents of the Chinese cultural tradition，penetration in all aspects of Chinese culture。Dragon is a combination of multiple animals，Represents the integration of multiple culture。A variety of animals affect each other、Combine with each other，After continuous art processing、Refine，evolved to the final setting of the Shang Dynasty，Become the ontology of the Dragons of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Qin and Han dynasties。Chonglong Culture in China is far away，Inheritance to this day。Archaeological Discovery Historic Chonglong Relics and Risks，The most concentrated distribution in the Hongshan cultural relics in the Liaohe River Basin of Yanbei、The largest number，Themes and styles are also the most abundant。can be determined，Yanbei West Liao River Basin is one of the earliest origin of China's "Chonglong" culture。

bet365 live casino games Hongshan Cultural Period，Especially the late stage，A large number of dragon -shaped relics and relics were found in the Yanbei West Liao River Basin，Mainly Yulong、Shilong。Where，"Pig Dragon Shape" —— Jade Pig Dragon is a typical device category of Hongshan Culture，It is also one of the earliest "dragons" that has been seen to date。Hongshan Cultural Yulong is the largest number of Neolithic Age in China、The most complete image、The clearest composition、Yulong, which has more clear features，There is a pivotal status in the history of the development of Chinese dragon culture。Where，Discover the earliest、The most representative is the "C" -shaped jade dragon found in Samsung in Weng Niuteqi, Inner Mongolia in 1971。This Yulong pig head snake body，Fine Fine，It is the earliest known Jade Dragon。Hongshan Culture's various shapes of jade dragons are in shape、Production and other aspects has been highly standardized，Whether in the general image characteristics or detailed art processing，It has amazing consistency，Reflected the shape of the dragon、The concept of dragon is initially set in people's hearts，Chonglong becomes a common social and cultural phenomenon。

Chonglong custom of Hongshan Culture、Chonglong Culture has a profound impact on future generations。To the Longshan era，Chonglong customs derived from Hongshan Culture began to popularize to the Yellow River Basin and Jianghuai。To the lower level of the Xiajia Store、Three generations and later，Chonglong customs of China condensed into the deep structure of Chinese traditional culture，and have long -term important effects in later Chinese history。Some scholars research，The colorful pottery dragon pattern unearthed from the highest level of the Tao Temple site on behalf of the Longshan era，From the overall shape to the local scale pattern performance，All are connected with the dragon pattern of Hongshan Culture。

　Religion and sacrifice

Hongshan Culture has developed drought agriculture、Advanced handicrafts、Unified original religious belief，The key stage in the process of prehistoric cultural development in northern China。The Goddess Temple discovered by Hongshan Culture、Altar and Qishizuka and Sacred Ceremony，It reflects that Hongshan culture is not just in the general primitive settlement stage，Instead, it has entered a higher stage of social development。

Niuheliang Site "God Temple" is manifested as the main building with the central main room，Divided out multiple rooms，Symptomy with the middle axis，Configured Affiliated Building，Form a center、Multi -unit symmetrical and changeable temple prototype。The main god is dedicated to the site、Group God and Affiliated Animal Idol，Wall painting, etc.。Guo Dushun has discussed this: "The structure of the Temple of Goddess、The layout has been prototype of Zongmiao。"" "This primary and secondary of the God of Virgin Temple、Symptoms bet365 Play online games of left and right、The complex structure and layout echoed before and after，Its scale and level are far from the single room of general residence in pre -historical periods、Both rooms or even many houses can be compared with，Instead, the first -generation temple and the layout of the Zongmiao Temple。"Each mounds of Niuheliang site have their own worship idols and sacrifice activities，But the Temple of Goddess is a larger group of groups of sacrifice public places，Have the nature of the ancestor，The idol worshiped in the Goddess of Goddess has a multi -god worship content around the Lord God。Niuheliang site may be the sacrifice of the cultural community of Hongshan Culture to the common ancestor，It should be the highest level of settlement center of Hongshan culture。

The plane found in the altar found in the Red Mountain Cultural Niuheliang Site is circular，Three layers of Chinese and foreign internal and foreign。Gradually rise from the outside to the inside，The entire altar is a triple round altar。The triple circular altar of Hongshan Culture is similar to the structure of the altar used for sacrificing the heavens.，That is the same three triple round altar，Gradually rise from the outside to the inside。For Niuhe Liang Site，Su Bingqi thinks，Altar、Temple、The mound is supporting，It should be approximately similar to the altar of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing、Taimiao and Thirteen Tombs。Wang Wei also thinks，The shape and structure of the circular altar of Hongshan Culture is the earliest in the same period of similar sites in my country，It is of great significance to study the origin and development of ancient religious and sacrifice systems in China。

Hongshan Culture's Jishi Tennis is spectacular。Niuheliang 11 Jishuzuka groups are on each of the independent hills，each represents a social group。The scale and structure of the 11 stagnica groups are different，The difference between the main secondary and secondary。There is a central tomb in the same one in the same mound in Jishuizhu、step -level tomb、Class A Tomb and Class B Tomb Tomb of the Tomb of the Tomb Level Differential。The combination of the mounds of the mound is an important feature of the Hongshan Cultural Jiming Stone Town，Altar on the top of the mound，Explain that Jishizuka is not only a tomb，At the same time, it has the function of sacrifice。In addition to the burial of the sarcophagus, there are jade wares，There are many tube -shaped painted pottery around Jishizuka，These painted cylinders should be placed as a sacrifice。Qishizuka exists in the late Hongshan culture and forms a burial system，It shows that the people of Hongshan are on the sky、Place、The relationship between people and people and the relationship between people have innovative understanding，and present this understanding in the form of a materialized carrier of the stagnant stone mound。

Niuhe Liang found the ruins of sacrifice on the Tier Building complex，Different pottery was Bet365 lotto review found in different positions at different locations、Stoneware、Jade material、Beast Bone、Combination of Nuts，The sacrifice pit with utensils was found。These discoveries "Sacrifice Sky with" Zhou Li "and" Book of Rites "、瘗 Buried Sacrifice Land、Dedication and enjoying the first king "and other etiquette systems are similar。Different incinerations found in the ruins of the sacrifice interpret the provisions of the sacrifice level in the literature，It shows that a relatively complete sacrifice etiquette system and related etiquette have appeared.。

Except the Niuliang site in the Xiliao River Basin，Gao Temple Site in Hunan, Neolithic Age、Lingjia Beach and other sites in Anhui，All found "ladder" category of lowlands and large sacrifice relics in the "Hill" category on the top of the mountain，It shows that the ancient ancestors in the Neolithic era already had a more complicated view of the universe、Clear religious sacrifice behavior，Inheritance afterwards、blending and development，Living until Xia Shang Wednesday generation，and even the entire ancient China after the Qin and Han dynasties。Most scholars think，The characteristics of traditional Chinese culture are the ceremony system，Gongtian Di、Sacrifice ancestor、Shang Junquan is its basic content，The "Li", which is an important factor and sign of Chinese civilization, originated from the religion and sacrifice of the Neolithic Age。The ritual system of Hongshan Culture based on the sacrifice etiquette system is the prototype of the etiquette and etiquette activity system recorded by later generations，Its religious and sacrifice behavior of the philosophy of ancient China、The system has had a profound impact，one of the core cultural genes of the Chinese nation。

　　(Author Unit: Inner Mongolia Academy of Social Sciences; Institute of Inner Mongolia Cultural Relics and Archeology)