The relics of Hongshan nj bet365 were discovered as early as the early 20th century，Its main distribution is in the Xiliao River Basin in northern China and the north and south areas of Yanshan Mountain。Hongshan nj bet365 is a representative archaeological nj bet365 of the middle and late Neolithic Age in northern China，About 6500-5000 years ago。Middle and Late Neolithic Age，Exchanges between various regions are getting closer，Including production technology、Ritual system and religious concepts，There has been a large-scale cultural integration process marked by the expansion of painted pottery and the spread of jade ritual vessels。This period，The Yangshao nj bet365 in the formative period of Chinese civilization is exuding vigorous influence with the Yellow River Basin as the center，The southern end of Hongshan nj bet365 crosses Yanshan Mountain，Echoing Yangshao nj bet365，Integrate your own colors of farming, fishing and hunting into the big family of Chinese civilization。

Miaodigou nj bet365 Period of Yangshao nj bet365，Miaodigou nj bet365 from southern Shanxi and western Henan、The influence of the Guanzhong region’s outward expansion，Enables archeology and cultural integration in most parts of China，Formation of an early cultural community with the Central Plains as the core，The core content is pluralism and unity。This kind of cultural community whose common feature is mainly painted pottery，The south is centered on Miaodigou nj bet365，The north is represented by Hongshan nj bet365。

From the connotation of Hongshan nj bet365、Property、Look at social ideology and other aspects，Hongshan nj bet365 is an important element in the pluralistic and integrated cultural pattern，Is an important symbol of the initial formation of the early Chinese cultural community。Painted pottery of Hongshan nj bet365、The custom of "Shang Jade" and "Chong Long"、Religious sacrifices are its most obvious features，These cultures and ideologies have contacts with the Central Plains and other places、Communication、Blending，Is an important driving force in promoting the origin and formation of civilization。Close connections between prehistoric regional cultures，Communication and integration，Form a common cultural gene，This laid the foundation for the formation and development of a unified multi-ethnic country。

Relevant research results have shown，The production technology and productivity level of Hongshan nj bet365、The complexity of society, ideology and many other aspects，Not inferior and backward compared with other archaeological cultures of the same period，The origin of Chinese civilization、The formation of Chinese nj bet365 has extensive and far-reaching influence，Become the Chinese civilization for future generations、One of the main sources of Chinese nj bet365。In-depth research on Hongshan cultural relics，Revealing the role and contribution of Hongshan nj bet365 in the historical process of the formation of pluralistic and unified Chinese civilization，To deeply understand the exchanges between the Chinese nation、Communication、The history of blending，It is of great significance to firmly establish the consciousness of the Chinese nation’s community。

　　Painted pottery

■Hongshan nj bet365 Jade Dragon Author/Photo provided

The development of Hongshan nj bet365 has gone through about 1500 years，Generally, cultural relics can be divided into three phases from early to late。In the early days of Hongshan nj bet365，Painted pottery regardless of color、Patterns and patterning styles，Both are closely related to the Hougang Phase I nj bet365 in the Central Plains。The early painted pottery of the Hongshan nj bet365 comes from the middle and late stages of the Hougang Phase I nj bet365，There is red、Black and two-color pottery，Use alone，The pattern copies the short parallel vertical lines of Hougang Phase I nj bet365、Parallel slash、Triangular pattern composed of parallel diagonal lines、Wide stripes, etc.。

The painted pottery patterns of the mid-Hongshan nj bet365 absorbed the arc-edge triangular patterns in the painted pottery patterns of the Miaodigou nj bet365、Whole pattern，Innovate on this basis，A new combined painted pottery pattern was formed。Scale pattern painted pottery is an original creation of the middle period of Hongshan nj bet365。Middle period painted pottery，Except for seeing the spiral patterns that are roughly the same as those of the Miaodigou nj bet365，There are also some swirl patterns that express their own characteristics，A repetitively arranged scroll hook pattern was discovered at sites such as Hongshanhou in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia，Some researchers call it "triangular hooked scroll pattern"，Also known as hook pattern。Hook and swirl pattern is one of the most distinctive patterns on Hongshan nj bet365 painted pottery。

The hooked pattern and polished black pottery of the late Hongshan nj bet365 come from the first phase of the Dawenkou nj bet365，Colored pottery patterns with hook-and-loop patterns were discovered at the Dadunzi site in Sihu Town, Pi County, Jiangsu Province，The painted part is larger，The open area is smaller。At the same time，Dawenkou nj bet365 spread to Liaodong Peninsula，No. 4 at Xiaozhushan Site、Hooking lines unearthed from layer 3，is a thin black line，The red area is larger，Similar to the shape of connecting lines in the late Hongshan nj bet365。The connection between the late Hongshan nj bet365 and the Neolithic Age nj bet365 in central and southern Inner Mongolia is strengthened，Grid pattern、Stacked wrong triangle pattern、Chessboard patterns and other patterns originate from Miaozigou nj bet365。

The painted pottery patterns that combine scale patterns and roses discovered by the Hongshan nj bet365 reveal the exchange and integration between the Hongshan nj bet365 and the Miaodigou and other cultures in the Central Plains about 6,000 years ago。Su Bingqi once wrote a poem about "Huashan Rose and Yanshan Dragon"，Highly summarized the cultural connection between the Central Plains and the North。He thinks，The petal patterns and other Yangshao cultural factors begin at the foot of Huashan Mountain，via Shanxi、Hebei to Northeast China，Hongshan nj bet365 "is the collision of two major cultural regions in the north and the Central Plains in the upper reaches of the Daling River、The product of fusion"。The painted pottery and other foreign factors discovered by the Hongshan nj bet365，Reflects that some residents in the Central Plains migrated north to the Xiliao River Basin，But indigenous cultural factors still dominate，Zigzag cylindrical jars and diagonal mouthpieces are typical features of indigenous nj bet365。In the late Hongshan nj bet365 period represented by the main remains of Niuheliang in Lingyuan, Liaoning，Hongshan nj bet365 has begun to exert a greater influence on Yangshao nj bet365。

The spread and influence of prehistoric cultures are mutual、Bidirectional，The painted pottery of Hongshan nj bet365 also had a certain influence on Yangshao nj bet365，For example, the painted pottery with hooked and swirl patterns unearthed from the Miaodigou site in Shaanxian County, Henan，The pattern style is obviously different from the Yangshao nj bet365 painted pottery。Similar painted pottery is rarely found in Yangshao cultural sites，But it is a popular pattern on Hongshan nj bet365 painted pottery，Should be a theme directly introduced from Hongshan nj bet365。

The Dawenkou nj bet365 in the Haidai area also has many similarities with the Hongshan nj bet365 pottery in terms of pottery shapes and painted pottery patterns。At the late stage of Hongshan nj bet365，The painted pottery of Hongshan nj bet365 is not only related to the Central Plains region，It also has some connection with the painted pottery of the Majiayao nj bet365 in the northwest region。So，The correlation of this cultural factor confirms the exchange of prehistoric cultures in the eastern and western regions of northern China。This exchange of painted pottery elements，It’s art exchange，It is also the interpenetration of beliefs，It is a manifestation of cultural identity and convergence。

　"Shang Jade" and "Chong Long" Customs

■Niuheliang Ruins of Hongshan nj bet365 Author/Photo provided

Based on existing information，China’s jade custom can be traced back to the middle and late Neolithic Age。This custom of worshiping jade that began in the Stone Age，Thousands of years of development，Nurtured into a nj bet365 with rich connotations，Penetrate into the depths of Chinese national nj bet365，Spread and expand to the land of China，And continues to this day。

Hongshan nj bet365 jade articles are innovated and developed on the basis of inheriting the Xinglongwa cultural tradition，Reached the peak of prehistoric jade nj bet365。Compared with Xinglongwa nj bet365，Quantity of Hongshan nj bet365 jade articles、The variety of themes has increased significantly。Except for the jade rings common in the Central Plains，The Hongshan nj bet365 also has abundant animal-shaped jades，Like a Dragon、Tiger、Turtle and bird、Owl、Fish、Cicadas and other jade articles with specialized or special purposes，Like a horseshoe hoop、Gouyun jade pendant, etc.。Advanced production technology of Hongshan nj bet365 jadeware，Exquisite carving craftsmanship、Superior，Difficult for non-professionals to do，Profound social implications、Rich，Various functions，It is also commonly used。It can be said，Hongshan nj bet365 Jade Artifacts in Technology、Art and other aspects have reached a very high level。

Research shows，Jades from Hongshan nj bet365 versus Liangzhu nj bet365、Dawenkou nj bet365 and Taosi nj bet365 have varying degrees of influence，However, these effects may be indirect。Guo Dashun thinks，The influence of Hongshan nj bet365 jade articles on later generations，The most direct impact is on the jade articles of the Shang Dynasty。The representative jade artifact of the Shang Dynasty is the jade dragon，The shape of the jue and the image of the head are directly inherited from the Jade Dragon of Hongshan nj bet365。The jade hook-shaped device is handed down from the Hongshan nj bet365。Double-linked jade turtle shell unearthed from Yin Ruins in Anyang during the Shang Dynasty、Simplified Gouyun jade and hook-shaped wares unearthed from Fuhao's tomb、The cloud-shaped jades unearthed from the Zhou Yanguo Tomb in the Liuli River West of Beijing are all the same as those of the Hongshan nj bet365，This is an important example of Hongshan jade’s influence on Shang and Zhou jade。

The jade articles characteristic of Hongshan nj bet365 spread northward to the Northeast region，Going south through Haidai area，Lingjiatan nj bet365 that influenced the Jianghuai River Basin。In the Lingjiatan site, jade articles similar in shape to the Hongshan nj bet365 but with different materials and craftsmanship appeared，Including double jade、Rounded Square Bi、Hoop ornament、Y-shaped devices, etc.，Utensils with the same shape as those of Hongshan nj bet365 produced using local raw materials and production techniques，To a certain extent, it represents the recognition and acceptance of the social significance attached to the artifact。Integrating Hongshan-style jades from various archaeological cultures、Jade system，It can be seen，The external influence of Hongshan nj bet365 is similar to its own social development and expansion，Adopting more equal communication methods，Mainly influenced by nj bet365 and ideology。

"Chonglong" is one of the important contents of Chinese cultural tradition，Penetrate in all aspects of Chinese nj bet365。A dragon is a combination of many animals，Represents the integration of multiculturalism。Multiple animals interact with each other、Combined with each other，After continuous artistic processing、Refined，Evolved to the final shape of the Shang Dynasty，Became the true form of the dragon in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period as well as in all dynasties after the Qin and Han dynasties。China’s nj bet365 of worshiping dragons has a long history，Inherited to this day。Prehistoric Chonglong relics and relics discovered by archeology，The most concentrated distribution of Hongshan cultural relics in the Xiliao River Basin of northern Yan Dynasty、Maximum number，The themes and shapes are also the most abundant。It can be concluded，The Xiliao River Basin in northern Yan is one of the earliest origins of China's "Chonglong" nj bet365。

Hongshan nj bet365 Period，Especially in the late stages，A large number of dragon-shaped relics and relics have been discovered in the Xiliao River Basin of Northern Yan，Mainly Jade Dragon、Shilong。Among them，"Pig-headed dragon-shaped vessel" - Jade pig dragon is a typical vessel of Hongshan nj bet365，It is also one of the earliest "dragon" objects seen so far。The Hongshan nj bet365 jade dragon has the largest number in China during the Neolithic Age、The most complete image、The clearest composition、A jade dragon with clear functions，Plays a decisive role in the development history of Chinese dragon nj bet365。Among them，Earliest discovered、The most representative one is the "C" shaped jade dragon discovered in Sanxingtala, Wengniute Banner, Inner Mongolia in 1971。The jade dragon with pig head and snake body，Finely crafted，is the earliest known jade dragon。Jade dragons in various shapes from Hongshan nj bet365、Production and other aspects have been highly standardized，Whether it is in terms of overall image characteristics or detailed artistic processing，All have amazing consistency，Reflects the shape of the dragon、The concept of dragon is initially finalized in people's minds，Chonglong has become a common social and cultural phenomenon。

The custom of worshiping the dragon in Hongshan nj bet365、Chonglong nj bet365 has a profound impact on later generations。To the Longshan Era，The custom of worshiping the dragon originating from the Hongshan nj bet365 began to spread to the Yellow River Basin and the Jianghuai River。Zhixiajiadian Lower Class nj bet365、Three generations and beyond，China’s custom of worshiping the dragon has condensed and penetrated into the deep structure of Chinese traditional nj bet365，And had a long-term and important influence in later Chinese history。Researched by scholars，The painted pottery dragon pattern unearthed from the Taosi site in the Central Plains region represents the highest level of the Longshan period，From overall shape to local scale expression，All are related to the dragon pattern of Hongshan nj bet365。

　Religion and Sacrifice

Hongshan nj bet365 has developed dry farming、Advanced handicraft industry、Unified primitive religious beliefs，At a critical stage in the development of prehistoric nj bet365 in northern China。The goddess temple discovered by Hongshan nj bet365、Altars, stone tombs, burnt sacrifice remains, etc.，Reflects that Hongshan nj bet365 is no longer just in the general primitive settlement stage，But it has entered a higher stage of social development。

The "Goddess Temple" of the Niuheliang Site Group is represented by the existing central main room of the main building，Spread out multiple rooms，Symmetrical to the central axis，Additional auxiliary buildings，Form a center、The prototype of a multi-unit symmetrical and changeable palace。The main god is worshiped in the ruins、Group of gods and associated animal idols，Wall painting, etc.。Guo Dashun has discussed this: "The Structure of the Goddess Temple、The layout has taken the prototype of the ancestral temple。”“The clear priorities of the goddess temple、Symmetrical、Complex structures and layouts that echo back and forth，The scale and level are far from the ordinary single room in a residential address in prehistoric times、Twin rooms or even multiple houses can be compared，It is the first of its kind in the layout of palaces and ancestral temples in later generations。”Each tomb group at the Niuheliang site has its own idol worship and sacrificial activities，But the goddess temple is a public place where a larger group holds sacrifices，Has common ancestral properties，The statues enshrined in the goddess temple have polytheistic worship content surrounding the main god。The Niuheliang site may be the Hongshan nj bet365 community’s sacrifice to their common ancestors，Should be the highest level settlement center of Hongshan nj bet365。

The altar found in the Niuheliang ruins of the Hongshan nj bet365 is circular in plan，Divided into three layers: inner, outer and inner。Gradually increasing from outside to inside，The entire altar is in the shape of a triple circular altar。The triple circular altar of the Hongshan nj bet365 has many similarities with the structure of the Temple of Heaven used for worshiping heaven in later generations，Three-fold round altar，Gradually increasing from outside to inside。For the Niuheliang site，Su Bingqi thinks，Forum、Temple、The tomb is matching，Should be similar to the Temple of Heaven in Beijing during the Ming and Qing Dynasties、Ancestral Temple and Ming Tombs。Wang Wei also thinks so，The shape and structure of the round altar of the Hongshan nj bet365 is the earliest among similar sites in my country，It is of great significance for studying the origin and development of ancient Chinese religion and sacrificial system。

The stone tombs of Hongshan nj bet365 are spectacular。The 11 stone tomb groups in Niuheliang are each located on an independent hill，Each represents a social group。The scale and structure of the 11 stone tomb groups are different，There is a distinction between primary and secondary。The stone tombs in the same tomb group are in the central tomb、Step-style tomb、Differentiation of four levels of tombs between Category A stone tombs and Category B stone tombs。The combination of tombs and altars is an important feature of the stone tombs of the Hongshan nj bet365，Place an altar on the tomb，Explain that stone tombs are not only tombs，It also has the function of offering sacrifices。In addition to the jades buried in the sarcophagus in the stone tomb，There are many cylindrical painted pottery around the stone tomb，These painted cylinders should be placed there as sacrificial vessels。A large number of stone tombs existed in the late Hongshan nj bet365 and formed a burial system，Shows that the people of Hongshan are against the sky、Place、Innovative understanding of the relationship between these three people and the relationship between people，And present this understanding in the form of materialized carrier of stone tomb。

Relics nj bet365 Burning Sacrifice were discovered on the platform building complex at the first site of Niuheliang，Different pottery has been found in the Burning Sacrifice ruins at different locations、Stone tools、Jade material、Beast Bones、A combination of nuts，Sacrificial pits with artifacts buried etc. were discovered。These findings are consistent with the "burning fire to sacrifice to heaven" recorded in "Zhou Rites", "Book of Rites" and other documents、The burial place of sacrifice、The etiquette system is similar to "offering naked clothes to the late king" and other similar etiquette systems。The different burning objects found in the Burning Sacrifice ruins explain the sacrificial grade regulations mentioned in the literature，It shows that a relatively complete sacrificial etiquette system and related etiquette systems have appeared at the Niuheliang site。

Except for the Niuheliang site in the western Liaohe River Basin，The Gaomiao Ruins in Hunan during the Neolithic Age、Lingjiatan and other ruins in Anhui，Large-scale sacrificial remains of the "ladder" type in the lowlands and the "circle mound" type on the mountain tops have been found，Indicates that ancient ancestors in the Neolithic Age already had a relatively complex view of the universe、Explicit religious sacrificial acts，And passed down hereafter、Integration and development，Extended to the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties，Even the entire ancient China after Qin and Han Dynasties。Most scholars believe，The characteristic of Chinese traditional nj bet365 is etiquette，Respect Heaven and Earth、Sacrifice ancestors、Advocating monarchy is its basic content，As an important factor and symbol of Chinese civilization, "ritual" originated from the religion and sacrifice of the Neolithic Age。The ritual system of Hongshan nj bet365 based on the sacrificial ritual system is the prototype of the ritual system and ritual activity system recorded in later literature，The influence of its religious and sacrificial behaviors on ancient Chinese philosophical thought、Systems, etc. have had a profound impact，Becoming one of the core cultural genes of the Chinese nation。

　　(Author’s unit: Inner Mongolia Academy of Social Sciences；Inner Mongolia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology)