The world-famous bet365 casino bonus is located in the desert about 60 kilometers south of the lower reaches of the Kongque River in the Lop Nur region of my country，was discovered by the local Rob hunter Aldek in the early 20th century。1934，Swedish archaeologist Bergman came to bet365 casino bonus under the guidance of Oldecker，and conducted small-scale excavations。The grand scale of bet365 casino bonus、Strange burial customs and the rich information about early civilization in the Lop Nur area，Causing widespread attention in the international academic community。However, in the following more than half a century，No successor can reach here，bet365 casino bonus is also hidden deep in the desert，Completely lost。Until 2000，Researcher Wang Binghua and others from the Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology found the bet365 casino bonus again after all the hardships。Approved by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage，The Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology carried out a comprehensive and systematic excavation of bet365 casino bonus from 2002 to 2005，A total of 167 tombs were excavated，Thousands of cultural relics unearthed。

The rich archaeological data of bet365 casino bonus shows that，There is a unique Bronze Age archaeological culture in this area。Because of its rich unearthed relics and good burial environment，Many information about the cemetery has also been relatively comprehensively preserved，At present, many domestic scientific research institutions have carried out multi-field cooperation with the Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology，In areas such as the processing technology and preservation status of unearthed textiles、Research on the metallurgical technology reflected in the unearthed metal products and the analysis of the residues contained in the unearthed straw baskets，All have made good progress。

Commissioned by Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology，Professor Zhu Hong of Jilin University is responsible for and leads the research team to conduct archaeological research on human bones from the human bone data in bet365 casino bonus，The research content involves paleodemography、Paleoethnography、Dental Anthropology、Paleopathology、Molecular archeology and anthropometry, etc.，A series of research results have been achieved in recent years。Analysis of the demography of the earliest people discovered so far in the Lop Nur area from the perspective of human skeletal archeology、Physical Characteristics、Health status、Much information on genetic makeup and the migration and origin of human populations，It is of great significance to further carry out comprehensive archaeological research on bet365 casino bonus。

　　Paleodemographic bet365 casino bonus

The paleodemographic research in human skeletal archeology is carried out around the human bones unearthed from archaeological sites。Researchers can directly or indirectly obtain information such as population size based on human bone materials、Static parameters bet365 casino bonus population such as gender and age structure，And further speculate on the birth bet365 casino bonus population、Death、A series of dynamic parameters related to migration，Also use the population model fitting method to study the population dynamics process。This research can help us predict the population size of ancient people、Population composition、Growth、Life expectancy and fertility status, etc.，Compare the population differences between different ancient groups，Examine population distribution and migration in different places and times，And use population information to infer the health and living conditions bet365 casino bonus population。

Due to the different physiological functions of men and women、The morphological characteristics of the human skull are less affected by the external environment，And the reasons why the gender characteristics of human bones are closely related to the secretion of individual sex hormones，Currently, archaeological research on human skeletons mainly uses the morphological characteristics of the pelvis and skull to determine the gender of adult individuals。The author conducted morphological observation and research on 130 human bone specimens unearthed from bet365 casino bonus，It can be clearly determined that 50 cases are male，61 cases of female individuals，Sex ratio is 0.82：1。

From a biological perspective，In order to adapt to the needs of species reproduction，The ratio of sexes in various organisms in nature should be balanced。Human beings are one of the members of nature，Without human intervention，This rule should also be followed，That is, the ratio of men and women in the same group of people should be close to 1:1，The gender ratio of the bet365 casino bonus population is relatively close to the ideal ratio。What cannot be ignored is，There are still a certain number of individuals whose gender cannot be determined in bet365 casino bonus，If the gender of these individuals can be determined，It may bring the gender ratio in bet365 casino bonus closer to the ideal value。

The morphological characteristics of human teeth and bones will continue to change with age，The pattern of its changes is very obvious。So researchers usually use the eruption sequence of permanent deciduous teeth、The appearance of ossification points and the healing of the epiphysis are used to determine the age of minor individuals；Based on the shape of the pubic symphysis surface and auricular articular surface、The age of adult individuals is determined by the wear and tear of permanent teeth and the healing of skull sutures。By observation，The author found that 56 of the 130 individuals could determine their age，74 cases whose age cannot be determined。The death age distribution of the ancient people in bet365 casino bonus is relatively concentrated，Middle-aged (36-55 years old) account for the largest proportion (41.38%），The second is the prime period (24-35 years old)，Approximately 34.48%。The reason，May be related to the daily life of the ancient people in this cemetery。For example，Hard living conditions lead to insufficient nutritional intake for this population、Low medical level and frequent natural disasters、The outbreak of war, etc.，It may also be related to burial customs and the large number of undetermined genders in cemeteries、The age of the individual is related。

Found when comparing the distribution of age at death for men and women，The death ratio of both sexes in the ancient population of bet365 casino bonus is generally relatively balanced，No significant differences among various age groups，But it can still be seen that there are certain differences in the specific distribution。In adolescence (7-14 years old)、The three stages of youth (15-23 years old) and middle age (36-55 years old)，The death rate of men is higher than that of women，In the prime of life (24-35 years old), the death rate of women is higher than that of men。To this，Our preliminary analysis is that，Adult women are in the reproductive stage，Under the relatively low medical conditions at the time，Women are likely to suffer from dystocia during pregnancy、Death due to factors such as poor living environment conditions during childbirth or puerperium。For adolescence、The mortality rate of men in adolescence and middle age is higher than that of women，There is currently no clear reason，But from the perspective of modern medicine，Men have lower resistance to disease than women，And in a social environment，Men have significantly more opportunities to undertake high-risk behaviors and heavy physical labor than women。Therefore，We believe that differences in physical characteristics and social roles may be the reasons for this result。

In the archaeological study of human skeleton，The two indicators of "average age at death" and "average life expectancy" are often used to measure the mortality status of a group。The average age at death is the ratio of the total estimated age of all individuals in the cemetery whose age can be determined to the total number of individuals。Based on the results of determining the gender and age of the ancient people in bet365 casino bonus，The average age of death for all individuals is 26.27 years old，The average age of death for male individuals is 29.62 years old，Female is 26.91 years old。Average life expectancy refers to the average number of years a group of people can live from birth to death，referred to as "average life expectancy"，It is one of the important reference indicators for evaluating the quality of life and health level of a country’s population。The average life expectancy of the entire group of ancient people in bet365 casino bonus is 33.29 years old，The average life expectancy of men is 33.80 years old，Female is 32.88 years old。Although from the perspective of modern society，The survival life of this group of people is very low，But under the natural environment and social environment at that time，The average life expectancy of the people in bet365 casino bonus is still higher than that of other groups。

　　bet365 casino bonus ethnographic information

Morphological study of skull is the basis of ethnographic research，It is also an important part of human skeleton archeology。The study of skull morphology can help us understand information about the genetic relationships between populations and the environmental factors that affect skull morphology，And further develop on human evolution、Crowd migration and origin、Research on human race identification, etc.。Nie Ying and others from the research team selected 48 skulls (mostly belonging to the early bet365 casino bonus population)，Discovered after conducting multivariate statistical analysis of non-measured traits and measured traits，The non-measured cranial traits of the early people in bet365 casino bonus show obvious characteristics of modern Europa people，Shows certain characteristics of modern Mongolian race。Display of statistical analysis results of skull measurement traits，Early populations should be of the same type in terms of physical characteristics，The difference between the sexes is only the difference in gender characteristics，Exhibiting characteristics of the same species as a whole。When conducting multivariate statistical analysis of cranial measurement traits between the bet365 casino bonus population and the ancient groups in the surrounding areas that are relatively close in age，Discovered in currently known archaeological cultures in Xinjiang and surrounding areas，The bet365 casino bonus population is an ancient European type with the Europa race as the main body、Relatively independent group of people with a small amount of Mongoloid elements。

Taking a comprehensive view，The people in bet365 casino bonus should belong to the transitional race between the European race and the Asian American race，The subject should be related to the ancient European type of Europa from southern Siberia，When entering the Xinjiang region of my country, there was a long-term genetic exchange with the Mongoloid people，When the ancestors of the ancient residents of bet365 casino bonus arrived in the Lop Nur area，has become an independent group。

　　Dental Anthropology bet365 casino bonus

Dental anthropology is currently a hot field in the international academic community。Because the non-measured properties of human teeth are less affected by external factors such as the natural environment，And there is no obvious gender difference，But it is closely related to human genetics，Therefore it is considered an important vehicle to explore the relationship between groups or within groups。In terms of non-metric morphological characteristics of teeth，Zhang Xu and others from the research team conducted observations and statistics on 36 individuals with relatively well-preserved teeth unearthed from bet365 casino bonus。Discovered by research，The dental morphological characteristics of the ancient people in bet365 casino bonus do not entirely fall within the category of eastern Asian populations，But it shows more similar morphological relationships with western Eurasian populations。At the same time，There is also a certain degree of similarity with Central Asian and Southern Siberian populations in some characteristics。The similarity or similarity of this morphological characteristics，It has an extremely important relationship with the special geographical location of bet365 casino bonus。As the core area of ​​cultural exchange between the East and the West in ancient my country，Xinjiang has always had a history of genetic exchange and integration between Eastern and Western populations。

In addition，Crowds in bet365 casino bonus and Camps in Xinjiang、Yanghai、Some dental morphological characteristics are shared among ancient people in Jilintai Cemetery。Researchers think，This similarity in morphological characteristics may be caused by genetic mutations that occurred after early human populations merged with each other，It was produced in the context of genetic fusion and exchange within the hinterland of the entire Eurasian continent。After calculating Smith biological distance，Researchers discovered the ancient people in bet365 casino bonus and the Black Sea Formation、There are relatively similar biological distances between Near Eastern groups，With Xinjiang Yingpan Group、The distance between Jilin Taiwan group and other ancient groups is not too far。Overall，The crowd in bet365 casino bonus is basically between the two major groups in Europe and Asia，The morphological characteristics reflected by the non-measured characteristics of its teeth are extremely complex，This morphological feature may have a certain causal relationship with early human migration and genetic exchange in this area。

　　Paleopathology bet365 casino bonus

Paleopathology is mainly the medical examination of human bones unearthed from archaeological sites，To explore the causes and frequency of diseases within a certain period of time，At the same time, multiple groups of bet365 casino bonus in the same area or at the same time will be investigated，Discussing Society from Obtained Disease Patterns、Differences in economy and other aspects。Scientific paleopathological examination can reliably reflect the social customs in the lives of individuals or groups、Eating Habits、Working conditions and living climate environment, etc.。Integrating paleopathological research on populations with archaeological cultural research，It can provide as detailed information as possible to restore the life of ancient ancestors。

He Letian and others from the research team conducted a statistical analysis on tooth wear and oral diseases in the Xiaohe population，Trying to reveal the food composition of Xiaohe people from a paleopathological perspective、Eating habits and socioeconomic lifestyle。Research shows，The degree of tooth wear of the Xiaohe people is much higher than that of other eras、Different regions、Ancient residents with different economic lifestyles；It has a higher incidence of palatine round occiput and temporomandibular arthritis，There is chipping of teeth，And there is not much difference in tooth wear between the front and back。Researchers think，The reason for this phenomenon，On the one hand, it is because food processing technology is relatively backward，Rough and hard food；On the other hand, the economic lifestyle and food composition of the Xiaohe people are relatively complex，Different foods have different effects on the degree of wear of front and rear teeth。In addition，The frequently windy and sandy living environment around bet365 casino bonus also has a significant impact on the wear rate of teeth。

In addition to tooth wear，The researchers also conducted a quantitative analysis on the dental calculus deposition of the bet365 casino bonus people。Research results show，The food of bet365 casino bonus people is rich in protein and carbohydrates，And the water quality of the Kongque River (and its tributary rivers) on which it relies for survival is relatively hard。Under the combined effect of these factors，The bet365 casino bonus people formed extremely serious dental calculus deposits。Statistical comparison results of differences in tooth wear and calculus between genders，Both gender、There is a significant difference in the wear of mandibular canine teeth，Indicates that it may be in some handicrafts，There is a division of labor between men and women in bet365 casino bonus people。There is no significant difference in the degree of other tooth wear and all dental calculus deposition conditions between the sexes。Analysis based on the strata where the samples were collected and the social status differences reflected in the tomb data，It can be seen that during this period，The difference in social status between the sexes may not result in obvious differences in their food composition and food distribution。

　　Molecular Archeology bet365 casino bonus

Molecular archeology refers to the use of modern molecular biology、Mass spectrometry technology and other methods found in archaeological remains、Preserved by the museum、Biological materials (such as human bones) preserved in permafrost and cave sediments、Teeth and animal remains、Plant remains, etc.) and ancient human production、Processed or used tools and the residues attached to them (such as food residues inside household pottery、Rock Paints for Artwork、Stone tools、Extraction and identification of biological macromolecules from residues attached to animal fur。Based on the research background of population genetics，Molecular level analysis and comparison bet365 casino bonus obtained genetic material，Then study the origin and evolution of human beings、Migration and mixing of ancient populations、The gender bet365 casino bonus individual in the tomb、Family relationship identification、Organization and structure of ancient society、Pathology and eating habits of ancient humans、A series of archaeological issues such as the domestication and evolutionary process of animals and plants，It is a very popular research direction in the international academic community。

　In Molecular Archeology Research，Li Chunxiang and others from the research group have previously conducted maternal mitochondrial analysis and paternal Y chromosome analysis on human remains unearthed from bet365 casino bonus，Achieved some phased results。In recent years，Zhang Fan and others from the research team also selected samples from bet365 casino bonus、Gumugou Cemetery、A total of 19 human bones from the northern cemetery of the Keriya River were studied by whole-genome sequencing。Research results show，Although the test samples came from three different sites，But the genetic structure of the three populations is very similar，They may come from a common group，This is for further discussion of bet365 casino bonus、The relationship between the archaeological cultures represented by the Gumugou Cemetery and the Kriya River North Cemetery provides new evidence。Also found，The bet365 casino bonus population should belong to a distant relative population with a small effective group，It was the special desert environment that caused the bet365 casino bonus population to experience long-term genetic isolation，That is, there was no genetic exchange between the early people of bet365 casino bonus and other surrounding ancient people。By calculation，Researchers also found that the bet365 casino bonus population genetically represents an ancient Eurasian lineage，It is formed by mixing the ancient Eurasian people and related people in ancient Northeast Asia，The time of its formation is probably between 10,000 and 6,000 years ago，May be one of the earliest ancient populations in Xinjiang, my country，There is no genetic connection between the Bronze Age Eurasian steppe people, the Central Asian agricultural people and the early bet365 casino bonus people，Genetically denies the "steppe hypothesis" and "oasis agriculture hypothesis" proposed by previous archaeological research。

　　Anthropometric bet365 casino bonus

Height is a basic manifestation of human physical characteristics，Although genes are the main factor affecting height，But when comparing the average height of most people，Height actually reflects a person’s health。A common method is to substitute the maximum measurement value bet365 casino bonus long bone into the corresponding calculation formula，Thus, the approximate height value of ancient people can be obtained。

Comprehensive consideration of the geographical location of bet365 casino bonus、The cultural aspect of archeology、Factors such as the results of ancient ethnography and ancient DNA research on its population，The author chose Pearson、M.Trot and C.Glesser、C.Tappertuis and J.The one-dimensional formula used by Harden and others and suitable for estimating height of Europa people，That is, using the maximum length of the left and right femurs of men and women respectively，First calculate the height according to the formula，Then calculate the height variation range and average height of men and women respectively。Known by calculation，The variation range of male height in bet365 casino bonus is 161.582—178.828cm，The average height is 167.93cm；The variation range of female height is 146.560—168.755cm，The average height is 155.49cm。Discovered when comparing the height of the bet365 casino bonus crowd with other ancient populations，Generally, the average height of men is higher，The average height of women is lower。

　　Conclusion

Judging from the current archaeological research and human skeleton archaeological results，The ancient people in bet365 casino bonus should be an independent group of people living in the Lop Nur area of ​​my country around 4,000 years ago。The particularity of their living environment prevents them from interacting with their surrounding populations at the genetic level，But it is still a distantly related group with a relatively small population，And the gender ratio is relatively balanced。To jointly cope with the difficult living environment，The ancient people in bet365 casino bonus may have different social divisions of labor between men and women and a relatively fair distribution of resources。The research results of paleoethnography and dental anthropology show to varying degrees，The bet365 casino bonus people may have common ancestors with the ancient people who once lived in southern Siberia。Based on archaeological research，bet365 casino bonus Culture is also similar to some archaeological cultures in southern Siberia in many aspects，This may remind us，In the future, research on the origins of "Xiaohe Culture" can focus on this area。The latest molecular archaeological research results show，The early population of bet365 casino bonus should be a mixture of ancient Eurasian populations and ancient Northeast Asian related populations，The era was probably between 10,000 and 6,000 years ago，After forming a relatively independent group of people, they gradually entered the Xinjiang region of my country。

Recently，Some archaeologists have expressed different opinions on the research results of ancient ethnography and molecular archaeology，I think there is a contradiction between the two。These two research results are demonstrated from different levels，The former shows that the bet365 casino bonus people are related in phenotypic characteristics to the ancient people who once lived in southern Siberia，The discussion is about the relationship between groups of people；The latter discusses the origin of the early people in bet365 casino bonus。People have biological and social attributes。The research results of molecular archeology are based on the perspective of the origin of the population，Reject the “steppe hypothesis” and “oasis agriculture hypothesis” in archaeological research，It is the research conclusion of biological attributes；The study of archaeological culture is based on the perspective of material culture，Belongs to the research category of social attributes。Also，The research time range of the two is also different，The former is earlier than the latter。

At this stage，What we should think about is how to better combine the research on the origin of people in bet365 casino bonus with the archaeological research on "Xiaohe Culture"。As some scholars said，Both the "Xiaohe culture" and the origin of the Xiaohe people have not yet been resolved，In the future, comprehensive multidisciplinary research is needed，Geoethnography、Molecular archeology and other research are more closely integrated with archaeological research，Only in this way can the historical face of "Xiaohe Culture" be more completely revealed。

(Author’s unit: School of bet365 casino bonus, Jilin University)