The world -renowned Xiaohe tomb is located in the desert of about 60 kilometers south of the peacock river in the Lop Nur area in my country，It was discovered by the Labu hunter Oldque, who was living in the local area in the early 20th century。1934，Swedish archeologist Bergerman's guidance at Oldke to the Xiaoshe Cemetery，and a small -scale excavation for it。The magnificent scale of the small river cemetery、Strange funeral customs and the rich early civilization information in the Lop Nur area it contains，Arrived widespread attention in the international academic community。However, in more than half a century since then，No successor can arrive here，Xiaohe Cemetery is also hidden in the desert，Lost completely lost。until 2000，Researcher Wang Binghua and others from the Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology found hard and find a small river cemetery again。Approved by the State Cultural Relics Bureau，Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology, 2002-2005, launched a comprehensive and systematic excavation work on the Xiaohe Cemetery，A total of 167 tombs，Thousands of cultural relics unearthed。

The rich archeological data of the small river cemetery indicates，There is an archeological culture in the bronze era with unique cultural appearance in this area。Because of its rich unearthed relics and a good buried environment，Because of its rich unearthed relics and a good buried environment，Many domestic scientific research units have carried out multi -field cooperation with the Xinjiang Cultural Relics and Archaeological Research Institute，In the processing process and preservation status of the unearthed textiles、Research on metallurgical technology reflected in the unearthed metal products and the analysis of residues contained in the unearthed straw basket，All made good progress。

Entrusted by the Xinjiang Cultural Relics and Archeology Research Institute，Professor Zhu Hong of Jilin University is responsible for and leads the research team to conduct human bone information on human bone bone in the small river cemetery，Research content involves ancient population learning、Ancient people for race、Tooth Anthropology、Ancient pathological science、Molecular archeology and human measuring science，A series of research results have been achieved in recent years。Analysis of the perspective of human skeletal archeology analyzes the population of the earliest group currently found in the Lop Nur area、health status、health status、Genetic composition and the migration and source of the crowd，It is of great significance for further in -depth archeological comprehensive research on the small river cemetery。

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Ancient population studies in human bone archeology are carried out by human bones unearthed around archeological sites。Researchers can obtain directly or indirectly according to human bone materials、Static parameters of population such as gender and age structure，and further speculate that the birth of the population、Death、Migration and other related series of dynamic parameters，At the same time, use the method of fitting of the population model for research on the demographic dynamics process。This research can help us speculate on the population scale of ancient people、Population composition、Growth、expectations of life and fertility, etc.，Compared with the population differences between different ancient Bet365 app download people，Check the population distribution and migration of different places and time，and use population information to speculate on the health and living conditions of the population。

Due to the different physiological functions of men and women、The morphological characteristics of human skulls are less affected by the external environment，and the gender characteristics on the human bone are closely related to the secretion effect of individual hormones，At present, the research of human skeletal archeology is mainly based on the morphological characteristics of pelvis and skulls to make gender judgments of adult individuals。The author conducts morphological observation and research by 130 human bone standards unearthed from the small river cemetery，It can be clearly judged that there are 50 cases of male individuals，61 cases of female individuals，Gender ratio is 0.82: 1。

From the perspective of biology，To meet the needs of species reproduction，The bisexual ratio of various creatures in nature should be balanced。Human beings, as one of the members of nature，Under the absence of no one for intervention，It should also follow this rule，That is, the ratio of men and women in the same population should be close to 1: 1，The ratio of the gender ratio of the small river cemetery and the ideal state is closer。And it cannot be ignored is，There are still a certain number of individuals who cannot determine gender in the small river cemetery，If the gender of these individuals can be judged，It may make the gender ratio of the small river cemetery closer to the ideal value。

The morphological characteristics of human teeth and bones will continue to change with age，The law of its changes is very obvious。Therefore, researchers usually sprout the sequence through constant milk teeth、The emergence of ossification points and the healing of bone crickets to make the age judgment of underage individuals;、The wear situation of the gondent tooth and the healing of the skull bone sewing to make the age judgment of adult individuals。Observation，I found that 56 patients can be determined among 130 individuals，74 cases of age cannot be judged。The dying age distribution of the ancient crowd of the Xiahe Cemetery is more concentrated，The largest proportion of middle age (36-55 years) is the largest (41.38%)，Followed by the age (24-35 years)，about 34.48%。Reasons for the reason，It may have something to do with the daily life of the ancient people of the cemetery。For example，Hard living conditions lead to insufficient nutritional intake of the crowd、Low medical level and multiple natural disasters、The outbreak of war, etc.，It may also be a large amount of gender with burial customs and the existence of the cemetery、Age individual is related。

Discovery when comparing the age distribution of men and women's two sexes，The proportion of bisexual deaths of ancient people in the small river cemetery is generally relatively balanced，There is no obvious difference in various ages，But you can still see a certain difference in the specific distribution。In the youth period (7-14 years old)、Youth (15-23) and middle age (36-55 years old) three stages，Both are men's death ratio higher than women，and the proportion of women is higher than men in their mature periods (24-35 years old)。For this，Our preliminary analysis thinks，Women in the age are in the fertility stage，Under the relatively low medical conditions at that time，Women are likely to be diluted during pregnancy、Poor factors such as childbirth or puzzle dies。For the youth period、Youth and Middle -aged men's death ratio is higher than women，Although there are no bet365 Play online games clear reasons at present，But from the perspective of modern medicine，Men's resistance to disease is lower than women，and in the social environment，Men's opportunities to undertake high -risk do with heavy physical work are obviously more than women。So，We think that physical characteristics and differences in social roles may be the cause of this result。

In the research of human skeletal archeology，The two indicators of "average death age" and "average expected life span" are often used to measure the death status of a group。The average death age is the ratio of the total number of age and the total number of individuals in the cemetery.。According to the judgment results of the gender and age of the ancient crowds of the small river cemetery, we can know，The average death age of all individuals is 26.27 years，Among them, the average death age of male individuals is 29.62 years，Women are 26.91 years old。The average life expectancy refers to how many years can a group of people survive from birth to death，referred to as "average expected life span"，It is one of the important reference indicators to evaluate the quality of survival and health of a country's population。The average life expectancy of the entire group of ancient people in the small river cemetery is 33.29 years，Among them, the average life expectancy of men is 33.80 years，Women are 32.88 years old。Although from the perspective of modern society，The living life of the crowd is very low，But under the natural environment and social environment at that time，The average life expectancy of the crowd of the small river cemetery is still higher than that of other people。

　　Ancient Reward Information

The morphological study of skull bones is the basis of human variety research，It is also an important part of human skeletal archeology。Research on the shape of the skull can help us understand the information related to the far away from the genetic relationship between the crowd and the environmental factors that affect the shape of the skull，and further carry out human evolution、crowd migration and source flow、Research on human racial recognition。Nie Ying and others of the research team selected 48 cases of skull (most of them belonged to the early people of the Xiaoshe Cemetery)，Diversified statistical analysis of non -measured and measuring traits after discovering，The non -measurable traits of the early people of the early people in the small river cemetery show the obvious nature of the modern Europa breed，It also shows a certain characteristics of modern Mongolian race。Statistical analysis results of skull measurement traits show，Early people should belong to the same type in terms of physical characteristics，Differences between the sexes are only gender characteristics differences，Express the characteristics of the same system as a whole。When the people in the ancient group who are closer to the ancient groups of the small group of the small river cemeteries and the ages of the neighboring area are performed by the number of statistical analysis of the skull measurement of the skull，It is found that in Xinjiang and surrounding known archeology culture，The crowd of the small river cemetery is a subject with the ancient European type of Europa.、A relative independent group containing a small number of Mongolian human factors。

Take a comprehensive，The crowd of the small river cemetery should be a transitional race between the eurba race and the Asian and American race，The main body should be related to the ancient European types from the eurba human species from southern Siberia，When entering the Xinjiang region of my country, a long genetic communication with the people of Mongolian bet365 Play online games races，When the ancestors of the ancient residents of the small river cemetery arrived at the Lop Nur area，has become an independent crowd。

　　Tooth Anthropology Information

Tooth Anthropology is a hot spot in the current international academic community。The non -measured traits of human teeth are less affected by external factors such as natural environment，and there is no obvious gender difference，But it is more closely related to human genetics，Therefore, it is considered an important carrier that explores the problem of interrelationship between crowds or internal relationships inside the crowd。In terms of non -measurement morphological characteristics of teeth，Zhang Xu and others of the research group observed the statistics of 36 cases of dental preservation of relatively intact preservation of Xiaohe Cemetery。Study discovered，The ancient crowd of the Xiahe River Cemetery did not exactly belong to the scope of the morphological characteristics of the teeth，Instead, it shows more morphological relationships that are similar to the Western Eurasian people。At the same time，There is also a certain degree of similarity between some characteristics and the Central Asia and South Siberian people。This morphological characteristics are similar or similar，It has extremely important relationships with the special geographical location of the Xiaoshe Cemetery。As the core area of ​​cultural exchanges in ancient Chinese East and West，Xinjiang region has always been there has always been genetic exchanges and fusion between East and West people。

other，Xiaohe Cemetery crowd and the camp in Xinjiang、Yanghai、Sharing certain dental morphological features between ancient crowds of Jilin Terrace Cemetery。Researchers think，The similarity of this morphological characteristics may be caused by the genetic mutations caused by the combination of the early people，It is produced in the context of genetic integration and exchanges in the entire Eurasian hinterland。After calculating Smith Biological distance，Researchers discovered that the ancient crowd of the small river cemetery and the Black Sea Group、There is a relatively similar biology distance between the near -east group，and Xinjiang Camp Driven、The distance between ancient people such as Jilin Terrace is not too far。Generally speaking，The crowd of the small river cemetery is basically between the two major people in Eurasia，The morphological characteristics reflected in the non -measurable character of its teeth are extremely complicated，This morphological characteristics may have a certain causal relationship with the early crowd migration and gene exchanges in this area。

　　Ancient Sympathetic Information

Ancient pathology is mainly a medical examination of human bones unearthed from archeological sites，Therefore, the cause and frequency of internal diseases in the crowd within a certain period of time，At the same time, it will also inspect multiple people in the same area or in the same period，Discuss society from the disease mode obtained、Economic and other differences。Scientific ancient pathological science survey can reliably reflect the social customs of individual or group life、Dietary habits、Labor status and climate environment for life。Combining the research of ancient pathological science with the crowd with archeology and culture research，can provide as detailed information for the lives of the ancient ancestors。

He Lotian and others from the research team conducted statistical analysis of the teeth wear and oral diseases of the small river.，Try to reveal the food composition of the small river from the perspective of ancient pathological science、Dietary habits and socioeconomic lifestyles。Studies show，The degree of teeth of the small river crowd bet365 live casino games is much higher than that of other different eras、Different regions、Ancient residents of different economic lifestyles; the occurrence rate of round pillow pillows and temporal mandibular arthritis is high，The phenomenon of teeth cracking，and the difference between the teeth of the front and rear teeth is not large。Researchers think，The cause of this phenomenon，On the one hand, because the food processing technology is relatively backward，The food is rough and hard; on the other hand, because the economic lifestyle and food of the small river are more complicated，Different foods have a different effect on the degree of teeth wear of the front and rear tooth。In addition，The frequent living environment around the wind and sand around the small river cemetery also has an impact on the wear rate of the teeth。

Except tooth wear，Researchers also quantified the deposition of the cauldron of the Xiaohe people。Research results show，Food of the small river crowd is rich in protein and carbohydrates，And the water quality of the Peacock River (and its tributary small river) it depends on it is harder。Under the common role of these factors，The crowd of Xiaohe has formed an unusually severe dental stones。Display results of statistical comparative results of tooth grinding and dental dentalization of both sex display，Both sex、The abrasion of the jaw canine canine teeth is significantly different，It indicates that it may be in some handicraft industries，There is a division of labor between men and women。and there is no significant difference in the degree of abrasion degree of the two sexes and all dental stones。Analysis of the social status difference between the collection of samples and its tomb information combined with the differences in the tomb materials，It can be seen that during this period，The difference in social status between sexes may not make the food composition and food distribution a significant difference。

　　Molecular archeology information

Molecular archeology refers to the use of modern molecular biology、Quality spectrometry technology, etc. found in archeological relics、Museum preserved、In the permanent frozen soil layer and the biological materials stored in the cave sediment (such as human bones、Tooth and animal remains、Plant relics, etc.) and ancient humans produced、The tools that have been processed or used and the residues attached above (such as the food residue inside the pottery in life、Rock painting pigments of artworks、Stone、Residues attached to the animal fur of the animal) biological macromolecules for extraction and appraisal。Research background based on group genetics，Analysis and comparison of molecular levels for the obtained genetic material，Then study the origin and evolution of human beings、Migration and hybrid of ancient population、Gender of individuals in the tomb、Relationship identification、Organization and structure of ancient society、Ancient human pathology and eating habits、domestication and evolutionary process such as animal and plants and other series of archaeological issues，It is currently a very popular research direction in the international academic community。

In molecular archeology research，Li Chunxiang and others of the research group have performed a mitochondria analysis of the human remains unearthed from Xiaohe cemetery in the early stage and the patriarchal Y chromosomal analysis，I got some phased results。In recent years，Zhang Fan and others of the research group choose to use the small river cemetery、Tomb Grand Cemetery、A total of 19 cases of human bone in the northern cemetery of the Keria River conducted a whole bet365 live casino games genome sequencing research。Research results show，Although the test sample comes from three different sites，But the genetic structure of the three people is very similar，They may come from a common group，This is to further explore the small river cemetery、The relationship between the archaeological culture represented by the three cemeteries and the northern cemetery of the Creya River provides new evidence。I also found it at the same time，The crowd of the small river cemetery should belong to a distant group with a small number of effective groups，It is a special desert environment that makes the Xiaohe Cemetery crowd experience long -term genetic isolation，That is, the early people of Xiaohe Cemetery and other ancient people in the surroundings do not exist at the genetic level。Calculation，Researchers also found that the small river cemetery group represents the ancient spectrum of Eurasia，It is formed by the ancient Nordic Eurasian crowd and the relevant people of ancient Northeast Asia，Its formation time is between 10000 and 6000 years away，Maybe one of the earliest ancient populations in Xinjiang, my country，and there is no genetic connection between the Eurasian grassland crowd and the Central Asian agricultural population and the early crowd of the small river cemetery in the bronze period，Inherited the "grassland hypothesis" and "oasis agricultural hypothesis" proposed by archaeological research before。

　　Human measurement information

Height is a basic manifestation of human constitutional characteristics，Although genes are the main factor affecting height，But when comparing the average height of most people，Height actually reflects human health。The common method is to replace the maximum measurement value of the long bone into the corresponding calculation formula，Therefore, the approximate high value of the ancient population is obtained。

Consider the location of the small river cemetery、Archaeological Cultural Fighting、Factors such as ancient people and the results of ancient DNA research on their crowd，I chose Pilson、m. Trot and C. Gracence、C. Tabertus, J. Harden and others use it and is suitable for the one -dollar formula for the Europa to calculate the height，The maximum length of the two -sex spare femoral bones of men and women，Calculate the height based on the formula，Then calculate the height mutation range and average height of the sexual height of men and women。Through calculation, we can know，The variation range of male height in the small river cemetery is 161.582-178.828 cm，The average height is 167.93 cm; the mutant range of women's height is 146.560-168.755 cm，The average height is 155.49 cm。Discover when the height of the people of the small river cemetery compared with other ancient people，Generally presents a higher average height level of men，And the situation where the average height level of women is lower。

　　Conclusion

From the current existing archeological research and the results of human skeletal archeology，The ancient crowd in the small river cemetery should be an independent crowd living in the Lop Nur region in my country around 4,000 years.。The particularity of the living environment has led them not to communicate with the genetic level with the neighboring population，but still a distant person with a relatively small population scale，and the proportion of the sexes is relatively balanced。To deal with the hard living environment，Ancient people in the small river cemetery may have different social divisions of men and women, and have relatively fair resource allocation。The research results of ancient people's breeding and tooth anthropology are expressed to varying degrees，The crowd of the small river cemetery may have a common ancestor with the ancient people who once lived in southern bet365 Play online games Siberia。Based on archeological research，Xiaohe Cemetery Culture is similar to some archeological culture in South Siberia in many ways，This may prompt us，The research on the research flow of "Xiaohe Culture" in the future will focus on this area。The latest molecular archeological research results indicate，The early crowd of the Xiaoshe Cemetery should be a mixed formation of ancient Nordic Europe，The era is about 10000-6000 years away，After forming a relatively independent crowd, it gradually entered the area of ​​Xinjiang, my country。

Recent，Archaeologists put forward different opinions on the research results of ancient human science and molecular archeology，Think that the two have contradictions。These two research results are demonstrated from different levels，The former shows that the crowd of Xiaohe Cemetery is connected in terms of table -style characteristics of ancient people who have lived in southern Bibici，Discussion is the relationship between the crowd; the latter is to discuss the origin of the early crowd of the Xiaoshe Cemetery。People have biological attributes and social attributes。The research results of molecular archeology are from the perspective of the crowd，Negative "grassland hypothesis" and "oasis agricultural hypothesis" in archeological research，It is the research conclusion of biological attributes; the research of archaeological culture is from the perspective of material culture，Research category of social attributes。Another，The research range of the two is also different，The former should be earlier than the latter。

At this stage，What we should think about is how to better combine the research of the Xiahe Cemetery crowd with the archeological research of "Xiaohe Culture"。As some scholars say，Both the "Xiaohe Culture" and the source flow of the people of the Xiaohe have not yet been solved，Comprehensive research on multidisciplinary disciplines in the future，Learn the ancients、Molecular archeology and other studies and archeology are more closely integrated，can we reveal the historical appearance of "Xiaohe Culture" more completely。

(Author Unit: College of Archeology at Jilin University)